Histories of libraries have tended to focus on buildings and books, with people mainly introduced in the character of librarians. However, it could be argued that public libraries are much more about people than they are about books. Few British public libraries have sought to develop ‘great’ collections in the way that research libraries have, the majority of the buildings make small claim to importance, and public libraries have generally defined their mission as a response to the needs of people. The nineteenth-century promoters of the public library idea, such as James Silk Buckingham, William Ewart and Edward Edwards, definitely saw libraries as a mechanism for social improvement rather than as monuments to scholarship. This meant institutions open to all. As Edwards put it,

At least four main categories of people connected with public libraries deserve discussion. These are: the local campaigners and politicians responsible for setting up and guiding the libraries; the community of actual and potential users; the librarians; and the benefactors whose gifts played an important role in raising the level of activity in public libraries. This chapter will concentrate on the period 1850–1919 during which the character of the British public library was formed. It will do so by looking at each of the four groups in turn, but some aspects of social change and its consequences from 1919 to 2000 will also be outlined.