The international connections and activities of central banks aroused considerable suspicion during the 1940s, not least amongst some of the framers of the Bretton Woods settlement. Special hostility was reserved for the Bank for International Settlements, which had been tainted by its pre-war enthusiasm for the gold standard, and by the perception that it was a collaborator of the Axis powers. The Bretton Woods agreements were intergovernmental, and central banks were assigned a largely subordinate, technical role in their functioning. Between 1945 and the end of the Bretton Woods exchange rate system in the early 1970s, however, central banks and the BIS fought to rebuild their influence in the international arena. Their success, though not immediate, owed much to the shortcomings of Bretton Woods and its principal agent, the International Monetary Fund (IMF). By the 1970s, central banks were well on their way to regaining the status that they had lost in the 1930s and 1940s.