The urban landscape, a complex combination of built surfaces, routes, squares, waterways and monumental structures is a social production. This chapter identifies the specific and shared characteristics of the spatial and material configurations of the towns in the Low Countries. Discussing a large number of short case studies, it explores four types of spatial intervention revealing the complexity of the history of the cityscape: the construction of a city site; the choice and production of a city centre; the demarcation of boundaries; and the foundation of hospitals. Built in order to symbolise town identity, canals, city hall, belfry, walls and hospitals both provided important services and also communicated political power. Internal conflicts in urban society altered their messages. Both festivals and revolts took place at certain well-defined sites. For the citizens, urban infrastructure was an intensely experienced political space.