The problem of critical theory

Kant epitomized the revolutionary rationalism of the Enlightenment when he said, “Our age is the age of criticism, to which everything must be subjected.” The age's critical spirit led to revolutions in several domains: a technological revolution in the name of control over nature, social revolutions in the name of democracy, economic revolutions in the name of industrial and socialist economies, and cultural revolutions in the name of free inquiry, self-expression, and rational thought. The impact of these developments is difficult even to estimate; the modern world is a transformed world whose legacy cannot, in many ways, be undone.

Yet a number of challenges to modernism have placed its legacy in an ambiguous light. On the one hand, traditionalists such as Gadamer highlight the contingent and historical grounds of even rationalist thought, pointing to its roots in the prejudices of our ancestors. According to Gadamer, all thought is at once motivated and bound by historically conditioned ideas and commitments.