Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-15T19:40:19.940Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2023

Patrick L. Mason
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Economics of Structural Racism
Stratification Economics and US Labor Markets
, pp. 343 - 362
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aja, Alan with Bustillo, Daniel, Darity, William Jr., and Hamilton, Darrick. (2013). “Jobs instead of austerity: A bold policy proposal for economic justice.” Social Research: An International Quarterly, 80(3):781794.Google Scholar
Ajilore, Olugbenga and Shirey, Shane. (2017). “Do #all lives matter? An evaluation of race and excessive use of force by police.” Atlantic Economic Journal, 45(2):201212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akerlof, George A. (2002). “Behavioral macroeconomics and macroeconomic behavior.” American Economic Review, 92(3):411433.Google Scholar
Akerlof, George A. and Kranton, Rachel E.. (2000). “Economics and identity.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3):715753.Google Scholar
Albisa, Cathy and Palmquist, Ben with Scott, Brittany, Sellers, Sean, and Farr, Marigo. (2020). A New Social Contract: Collective Solutions Built by and for Communities. New York: Partners for Dignity and Rights. Available at: https://dignityandrights.org/initiative/new-social-contract. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Alexander, Michelle. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Alexis, Marcus. (1962). “Some Negro–White differences in consumption.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 21(1):1128.Google Scholar
Alexis, Marcus. (1970). “Patterns of black consumption 1935–1960.” Journal of Black Studies, 1(1):5574.Google Scholar
Altonji, Joseph and Doraszelski, Ulrich. (2005). “The role of permanent income and demographics in Black/White differences in wealth.” Journal of Human Resources, XL(1):130.Google Scholar
Altonji, Joseph, Doraszelski, Ulrich, and Segal, Lewis M.. (2000). “Black/white differences in wealth.” Economic Perspectives, 24(1):3850.Google Scholar
Anderson, Bernard. (1996). “The ebb and flow of enforcing executive order 11246.” The American Economic Review, 86(2):298301.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. Mark, Crost, Benjamin, and Rees, Daniel I.. (2020). “Do economic downturns fuel racial animus?Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 175:918.Google Scholar
Andrews, Evan. (2019). “8 Things You May Not Know about the Battle of the Bulge,” History. A&E Television Networks, LLC. December 6, 2019. Available at: www.history.com/news/8-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-battle-of-the-bulge. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Ang, Desmond. (2020). “The Effects of Police Violence on Inner-City Students,” Kennedy School of Government. Harvard. Working paper. June 7, 2020.Google Scholar
Antman, Francisca and Duncan, Brian. (2015). “Incentives to identify: Racial identity in the age of affirmative action.” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(3):710713.Google Scholar
The Aspen Institute. (2004). “Structural Racism and Community Building.” Available at: www.racialequitytools.org/resourcefiles/aspeninst3.pdf. Last accessed March 25, 2022.Google Scholar
Austen-Smith, David and Fryer, Roland G. Jr. (2005). “An economic analysis of ‘acting white’.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(2):551583.Google Scholar
Bates, Timothy M. (1997). Race, Self-employment, and Upward Mobility: An Iilusive American Dream. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Baum, Dan. (2016). “How to win the war on drugs.” Harper’s Magazine, April 2016. Available at: https://harpers.org/archive/2016/04/legalize-it-all/Bonczar. Last accessed February 4, 2022.Google Scholar
Becker, Gary S. (1957). The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bell, Derrick. (1992). Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Benjamin, Daniel J., Choi, James J., and Strickland, A. Joshua. (2010). “Social identity and preferences.” American Economic Review, 100(4):19131928.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Jared. (1995). Where’s the Payoff? The Gap between Black Academic Progress and Economic Gains. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Marianne, Chugh, Dolly, and Mullainathan, Sendhil. (2005). “Implicit discrimination.” American Economic Review, 95(2):9498.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Marianne and Mullainathan, Sendhil. (2004). “Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination.” American Economic Review, 94(4):9911013.Google Scholar
Bianchi, Suzanne M. and Spain, Daphne. (1986). American Women in Transition. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Billingsley, Andrew. (1992). Climbing Jacob’s Ladder: The Enduring Legacies of the African American Family. New York: Simon and Shuster.Google Scholar
Blackmon, Douglass. (2012). “Slavery by Another Name.” PBS. March 8, 2022.Google Scholar
Blair, Irene V., Judd, Charles M., and Chapleau, Kristine M.. (2004). “The influence of Afrocentric facial features in criminal sentencing.” Psychological Science, 15(10):674679.Google Scholar
Blair, Irene V., Judd, Charles M., Sadler, Melody S., and Jenkins, Christopher. (2002). “The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: Judging by features and categories.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1):525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blau, Francine and Graham, John W.. (1990). “Black–white differences in wealth and asset composition.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105(2):321339.Google Scholar
Blumer, Herbert. (1958). “Race prejudice as a sense of group position.” The Pacific Sociological Review, 1(1):37.Google Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence D. (2011). “Somewhere between Jim Crow & post-racialism.” Daedalus, 140(2):1136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodenhorn, Howard N. (2002). “The Mulatto advantage: The biological consequences of complexion in rural antebellum Virginia.” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 33(1):2146.Google Scholar
Bodenhorn, Howard N. (2003). “The complexion gap: The economic consequences of color among free African-Americans in the rural antebellum south.” Advances in Agricultural Economic History, 2:4173.Google Scholar
Bodenhorn, Howard N. and Ruebeck, Christopher S.. (2003). “The Economics of Identity and the Endogeneity of Race.” Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9962.Google Scholar
Bodenhorn, Howard N. and Ruebeck, Christopher S.. (2007). “Colourism and African-American wealth: Evidence from the nineteenth-century South.” Journal of Population Economics, 20(3):599620.Google Scholar
Bonczar, Thomas P. (2003). “Prevalence of Imprisonment in the US Population, 1974–2001.” Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ 197976. August.Google Scholar
Bound, John and Freeman, Richard. (1992). “What went wrong? The erosion of relative earnings and employment among young black men in the 1980s.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(1):201232.Google Scholar
Boushey, Heather. (2002). “The Effects of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act on Working Families.” Economic Policy Institute. March 2, 2002. Available at: www.epi.org/publication/webfeatures_viewpoints_tanf_testimony/. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Bowen, William G. and Bok, Derek. (1998). The Shape of the River: Long Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bowman, P. J. (1989). “Research perspectives on Black men: Role strain and adaptation across the adult life cycle.” In Jones, Reginald Lanier (ed.), Black Adult Development and Aging. Oakland, CA: Cobb & Henry Publishers, pp. 117150.Google Scholar
Bowman, P. J. (1988). “Postindustrial displacement and family role strains: Challenges to the black family.” In Voydanoff, Patricia and Majka, Linda C. (eds.), Families and Economic Distress: Coping Strategies and Social Policy. New York: Sage Publications, Inc., pp. 7596.Google Scholar
Bowman, Phillip J. and Sanders, Reliford. (1998). “Unmarried African American fathers: A comparative life span analysis.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 29(1):3956.Google Scholar
Bradford, William D. (2003). “The wealth dynamics of entrepreneurship for black and white families in the US.” Review of Income and Wealth, 49(1):89116.Google Scholar
Breitman, George (ed.). (1965). Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speaks and Statements. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Brodkin, Karen. (1998). How Jews Became White Folks & What that Says about Race in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Robert A. and Frank, James. (2006). “Race and officer decision making: Examining differences in arrest outcomes between Black and White officers.” Justice Quarterly, 23(1):96–12.Google Scholar
Burgin, Audrieanna T. (2021). “Parental wealth on educational attainment.” Essays on educational attainment and labor outcomes. Doctoral dissertation, Florida State University.Google Scholar
Burma, John H. (1946). “The measurement of Negro ‘passing’.” American Journal of Sociology, 52(1):1822.Google Scholar
Cammett, Ann. (2014). “Deadbeat dads & welfare queens: How metaphor shapes poverty law.” Boston College Journal of Law & Social Justice, 34:233.Google Scholar
Carpenter, Seth B. and Rodgers, William M. III. (2004). “The disparate labor market impacts of monetary policy.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 23(4):813830.Google Scholar
Carpenter, Seth B. (2005). “The disparate labor market impacts of monetary policy.” Labor History, 46(1):5777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carper, N. Gordon. (1976). “Slavery revisited: Peonage in the South.” Phylon, 37(1):8599.Google Scholar
Cherry, Robert. (1976). “Racial thought and the early economics profession.” Review of Social Economy, 34(2):147162.Google Scholar
Chetty, Raj, Hendren, Nathaniel, Jones, Maggie R., and Porter, Sonya R.. (2020). “Race and economic opportunity in the United States: An intergenerational perspective.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(2):711783.Google Scholar
Chiteji, Ngina. (2007). “To have and to hold: An analysis of young adult debt.” In Danziger, Sheldon and Rouse, Cecilia Elena (eds.), The Price of Independence: The Economics of Early Adulthood. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 231258.Google Scholar
Chiteji, Ngina. (2010). “Wealth in the extended family: An American dilemma.” Du Bois Review, 7(2):357379.Google Scholar
Chiteji, Ngina. (2014). “Does incarceration affect inequality during old age?” Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, Spring/Summer.Google Scholar
Chiteji, Ngina. (2017). “Prodigal sons: Incarceration, punishment, and morality.” Faith & Economics, 70(Fall):349.Google Scholar
Chiteji, Ngina S. and Hamilton, Darrick. (2002). “Family connections and the black–white wealth gap among middle-class families.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 30(1):928.Google Scholar
Chiteji, Ngina S. and Hamilton, Darrick. (2005). “Family matters: Kin networks and asset accumulation.” In Sherraden, Michael (ed.), Inclusion in the American Dream: Assets, Poverty, and Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 87111.Google Scholar
Churchill, Ward and Wall, Jim Vander. (1990). The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI’s Secret Wars Against Domestic Dissent. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Citizens Police Data Project. (2016). Available at: https://cpdb.co/data/AB9XY8/citizens-police-data-project. Last accessed April 27, 2016.Google Scholar
Close, Billy R. and Mason, Patrick L.. (2006). “After the traffic stops: Officer characteristics and enforcement actions.” The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 6(1):143.Google Scholar
Close, Billy R. and Mason, Patrick L.. (2007). “Searching for efficient enforcement: Officer characteristics and racially biased policing.” Review of Law & Economics, 3(2):263321.Google Scholar
Coleman, Major G. (2003). “Job skill and black male wage discrimination.” Social Science Quarterly, 84(4):892906.Google Scholar
College Entrance Examination Board. (2016). “College Bound Seniors Report: Total Group Profile [National] Report,” 1996 to 2004, 1996–97 through 2006–07, and 1986-87 through 2015–2016.Google Scholar
Collins, William J. and Margo, Robert A.. (2003). “Historical Perspectives on Racial Differences in Schooling in the United States.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working paper 9770.Google Scholar
Cook, Nicolai and Heyes, Anthony. (2021). “A boss like me.” Social Science Research Network. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3958790. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Cornwell, Christopher and Trumbull, William N.. (1994). “Estimating the economic model of crime with panel data.” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76(2):360366.Google Scholar
Cox, Oliver C. (1940). “Sex ratio and marital status among Negroes.” American Sociological Review, 5(6):937947.Google Scholar
Cox, Robynn J. A. (2010). “Crime, incarceration, and employment in light of the great recession.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 37(3–4):283294.Google Scholar
Cox, Robynn J. A. (2012). “The impact of mass incarceration on the lives of African American women.” Review of Black Political Economy, 39(2):203212.Google Scholar
Cox, Robynn J. A., Cunningham, Jamein P., and Ortega, Alberto. (2020). “Impact of affirmative action legislation on police killings of civilians.” University of Memphis. Working paper presented at the Association for Public Policy and Management Conference, November 2020.Google Scholar
Craigie, Terry-Ann. (2021). “Men’s incarceration and women’s labor market outcomes.” Feminist Economics, 27(4):128.Google Scholar
Craigie, Terry-Ann, Myers, Samuel L. Jr. and Darity, William A. Jr. (2018). “Racial differences in the effect of marriageable males on female family headship.” Journal of Demographic Economics, 84(3):231256.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberle Williams. (1988). “Race, reform, and retrenchment: Transformation and legitimation in antidiscrimination law.” Harvard Law Review, 101(7):13311387.Google Scholar
Cullen, James. (2018). “The History of Mass Incarceration.” Brennan Center for Justice, July 20, 2018. Available at: www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/history-mass-incarceration. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Cunningham, Jamein P. and Gillezeau, Rob. (2019). “Don’t shoot! The impact of historical African American protests on police killing of civilians.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 37(1):134.Google Scholar
Darity, William A. (1987). “Abram Harris: An odyssey from Howard to Chicago.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 15(3):440.Google Scholar
Darity, William Jr.. (1989). “What’s left of the economic theory of discrimination?” In Shulman, Steve and Darity, William Jr. (eds). The Question of Discrimination: Racial Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, pp. 335374.Google Scholar
Darity, William Jr.. (1994). “Many roads to extinction: Early AEA economists and the Black disappearance hypothesis.” History of Economics Review, 21(1):4764.Google Scholar
Darity, William Jr., Dietrich, Jason, and Guilkey, David K.. (1997). “Racial and ethnic inequality in the United States: A secular perspective.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 87(2):301305.Google Scholar
Darity, William Jr., Dietrich, Jason, and Guilkey, David K.. (2001). “Persistent advantage or disadvantage?: Evidence in support of the intergenerational drag hypothesis.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 60(2):435470.Google Scholar
Darity, William Jr., Guilkey, David K., and Winfrey, William. (1996). “Explaining differences in economic performance among racial and ethnic groups in the USA: The data examined.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 55(4):411425.Google Scholar
Darity, William Jr. and Hamilton, Darrick. (2012). “Bold policies for economic justice.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 39(1):7985.Google Scholar
Darity, William Jr., Hamilton, Darrick, and Stewart, James B.. (2015). “A Tour de Force in understanding intergroup inequality: An introduction to stratification economics.” Review of Black Political Economy, 42(1–2):16.Google Scholar
Darity, William Jr. and Mason, Patrick L.. (1998). “Evidence on discrimination in employment: Codes of color, codes of gender.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2):6390.Google Scholar
Darity, William Jr., Mason, Patrick L., and Stewart, James B.. (2006). “The economics of identity: The origin and persistence of racial norms.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organizations, 60(3):283305.Google Scholar
Darity, William Jr. and Mullen, Kirsten. (2020). From Here to Equality. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Darity, William Jr. and Williams, Rhonda M.. (1985). “Peddlers forever?: Culture, competition, and discrimination.” The American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 75(2):256261.Google Scholar
Daskalova, Vessela. (2018). “Discrimination, social identity, and coordination: An experiment.” Games and Economic Behavior, 107:238252.Google Scholar
Dawson, Michael C. (2001). Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary African-American Political Ideologies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
DeAngelo, Gregory, Gittings, Kaj R., and Pena, Anita Alves. (2018). “Interracial face-to-face crimes and the socioeconomics of neighborhoods: Evidence from policing records.” International Review of Law and Economics, 56:113.Google Scholar
Derenoncourt, Ellora. (2022). “Can you move to opportunity? Evidence from the Great Migration.” American Economic Review, 112(2):369408.Google Scholar
Derenoncourt, Ellora, Kim, Chi Hyun, Kuhn, Moritz, and Schularick, Moritz. (2021). “The racial wealth gap: 1860–1920.” Princeton University: Working paper, August 29, 2021.Google Scholar
Diamond, John B. and Huguley, James P.. (2014). “Testing the oppositional culture explanation in desegregated schools: The impact of racial differences in academic orientations on school performance.” Social Forces, 93(2):747777.Google Scholar
Dickinson, David L., Masclet, David, and Peterle, Emmanuel. (2018). “Discrimination as favoritism: The private benefits and social costs of in-group favoritism in an experimental labor market.” European Economic Review, 104:220236.Google Scholar
Diffey, Louisa and Steffes, Sarah. (2017). “Age Requirements for Free and Compulsory Education. 50-State Review.” Denver, Colorado: Education Commission of the States. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED577460.pdf. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Dimarche, Ketsia Stephanie. (2020). “Parental wealth, personality traits, immigrant status and education attainment.” Essays on the economic outcomes of children of immigrants. Doctoral dissertation, Florida State University.Google Scholar
Dollar, Cindy Brooks. (2014). “Racial threat theory: Assessing the evidence, requesting redesign.” Journal of Criminology, 983026(4).Google Scholar
Donohue, John J. III and Heckman, James. (1991). “Continuous versus episodic change: the impact of civil rights policy on the economic status of blacks.” Journal of Economic Literature, 32(4):16031643.Google Scholar
Du Bois, William E. B. (1899). The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Du Bois, William E. B. (1903). “Of the dawn of freedom.” In The Souls of Black Folk, Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.Google Scholar
Du Bois, William E. B. (1908). The Negro American Family. The Atlanta University Publications, 13. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta University Press.Google Scholar
Du Bois, William E. B. (1935). Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Du Bois, William E. B. (1940). Dusk of Dawn: An Essay toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.Google Scholar
Economic Policy Institute, State of Working America Data Library, “Union Coverage” (2021).Google Scholar
Eitle, David, Stolzenberg, Lisa, and D’Alessio, Stewart J.. (2005). “Police organizational factors, the racial composition of the police, and the probability of arrest.” Justice Quarterly, 22(1):3057.Google Scholar
Elliott, Diana B., Krivickas, Kristy, Brault, Matthew W., and Kreider, Rose M.. (2012). “Historical Marriage Trends from 1890–2010: A Focus on Race Differences.” Social, economics, and housing Statistics Division, United States Census Bureau, Working Paper Number 2012-12.Google Scholar
Equal Justice Initiative. (2017). “Lynching in America: Confronting the legacy of racial terror, third edition.” Montgomery, AL. Available at: https://eji.org/reports/lynching-in-america/. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Equal Justice Initiative. (2018). “Slavery in America: The Montgomery Slave Trade.” Available at: https://eji.org/reports/slavery-in-america/. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Eriksson, Katherine. (2020). “Education and incarceration in the Jim Crow South: Evidence from Rosenwald schools.” Journal of Human Resources, 55(1):4375.Google Scholar
Executive Order 8802. (1941). Available at: www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/executive-order-8802-1941-2/. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Fairclough, Adam. (1983). “Was Martin Luther King a Marxist?History Workshop, 15:117125.Google Scholar
Farley, Reynolds. (2004). “Racial integration in the public schools, 1967 to 1972: Assessing the effect of governmental policies.” Sociological Focus, 8(1):326.Google Scholar
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (2020). “What we investigate: Civil rights, hate crimes.” Available at: www.fbi.gov/investigate/civil-rights/hate-crimes. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Feigenberg, Benjamin and Miller, Conrad. (2020). “Racial disparities in motor vehicle searches cannot be justified by efficiency.” National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper 27761. August.Google Scholar
Feigenberg, Benjamin and Miller, Conrad. (2021). “Racial divisions and criminal justice: Evidence from Southern State Courts.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 13(2):207240.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Ronald. (2008). Toward Excellence with Equity: An Emerging Vision for Closing the Achievement Gap. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.Google Scholar
Figlio, David N. (2005). “Names, expectations and the black-white test score gap.” NBER Working Paper No. 11195.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Michael A. (2012). “Black jobless rate is twice that of whites.” Washington Post, December 14.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert William. (1989). Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Fordham, Signithia and Ogbu, John U.. (1986). “Black students’ school success: Coping with the burden of ‘acting white’.” The Urban Review, 18(3):176206.Google Scholar
Forman, James Jr.. (2010). “Why care about mass incarceration?Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works. 370. Available at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/370. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Foster, Holly and Hagan, John. (2009). “The mass incarceration of parents in America: Issues of race/ethnicity, collateral damage to children, and prisoner reentry.” The Annuals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 623:179194.Google Scholar
Franklin, Benjamin. (1751). “Observations concerning the increase of mankind.” Founders Online, National Archives, available at: https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-04-02-0080. [Original source: The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 4, July 1, 1750, through June 30, 1753, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961, pp. 225–234.] Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Frazier, E. Franklin. (1939). The Negro Family in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, Richard B. (1973). “Decline of labor market discrimination and economic analysis.” The American Economic Review, 63(2):280286.Google Scholar
Fryer, Roland G. Jr. (2019). “An empirical analysis of police differences in police use of force.” Journal of Political Economy, 127(3):12101261.Google Scholar
Galbraith, James K. and Darity, William A. Jr. (1994). Macroeconomics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.Google Scholar
Gale, Lewis R., Heath, Will Carrington, and Ressler, Rand W.. (2002). “An economic analysis of hate crimes.” Eastern Economic Journal, 28(2):203216.Google Scholar
Gallo, Edoardo, Grund, Thomas, and Reade, J. James. (2013). “Punishing the foreigner: Implicit discrimination in the Premier League based on oppositional identity.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 75(1): 136156.Google Scholar
Geisler, Karl R., Enomoto, Carl E., and Djaba, Theophilus. (2019). “Hate crimes and minority-owned businesses.” Review of Black Political Economy, 46(1):321.Google Scholar
Gershenson, Seth, Hart, Cassandra M. D., Hyman, Joshua, Lindsay, Constance, and Papageorge, Nicholas W.. (2021). “The long-run impacts of same-race teachers.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 25254.Google Scholar
Gershenson, Seth, Holt, Stephen B., and Papageorge, Nicholas W.. (2016). “Who believes in me? The effect of student–teacher demographic match on teacher expectations.” Economics of Education Review, 52:209224.Google Scholar
Ghosh, Pallab K., Hoover, Gary A., and Liu, Zexuan. (2020). “Do state minimum wages affect the incarceration rate?Southern Economic Journal, 86(3):845872.Google Scholar
Gibson, Campbell and Jung, Kay. (2002). “Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Latinx Origin, 1970 to 1990, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States.” Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau. Working Paper Series No. 56, September 2002. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Giddings, Paula J. (1984). When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.Google Scholar
Gĩthĩnji, Mwangi. (2015). “Erasing class/(re)creating ethnicity: Jobs, politics, accumulation and identity in Kenya.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 42(1–2):87110.Google Scholar
Gittleman, Maury and Wolff, Edward N.. (2004). “Racial differences in patterns of wealth accumulation.” The Journal of Human Resources, XXXIX(1):193227.Google Scholar
Giuliano, Laura, Levine, David I., and Leonard, Jonathan. (2011). “Racial bias in the manager–employee relationship: An analysis of quits, dismissals, and promotions at a large retail firm.” Journal of Human Resources, 46(1):2652.Google Scholar
Glover, Dylan, Pallais, Amanda, and Pariente, William. (2017). “Discrimination as a self-fulfilling prophecy: Evidence from French grocery stores.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 132(3):12191260.Google Scholar
Golash-Boza, Tanya and Darity, William Jr. (2008). “Latino racial choices: The effects of skin colour and discrimination on Latinos’ and Latinas’ racial self-identifications.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 31(5):899934.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, Arthur, Darity, William A. Jr., and Hamilton, Darrick. (2007). “From dark to light: Skin color and wages among African-Americans.” Journal of Human Resources, XLII(4):701738.Google Scholar
Gooden, Susan and Myers, Samuel L. Jr. (2004). “Social equity in public affairs education.” Journal of Public Affairs Education, 10(2):9197.Google Scholar
Goodman, Joshua. (2014). “Flaking Out: Student Absences and Snow Days as Disruptions of Instructional Time.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working paper 20221.Google Scholar
Gordon, David, Edwards, Richard, and Reich, Michael. (1982). Segment Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, Eric D. and Klor, Esteban F.. (2016). “The long‐run effect of 9/11: Terrorism, backlash, and the assimilation of Muslim immigrants in the West.” The Economic Journal, 126(597):20642114.Google Scholar
Graham, Lawrence O. (1999). Our Kind of People: Inside America’s Black Upper Class. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
Gramlich, John. (2021). “America’s incarceration rate falls to lowest level since 1995.” Pew Research Center. August 16, 2021. Available at: https://pewrsr.ch/2rfSmVL. Last accessed December 15, 2022.Google Scholar
Graves, Joseph L. Jr. (2004). The Race Myth: Why We Pretend Race Exists in America. New York: Dutton.Google Scholar
Green, Laura. (1998). “Stereotypes: Negative racial stereotypes and their effect on attitudes toward African-Americans.” Perspectives on Multiculturalism and Cultural Identity, XI(1).Google Scholar
Greenfeld, Lawrence A. (1989). “Prisoners in 1988.” Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. April 1989. Available at: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/p88.pdf. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Greenwald, Anthony G. and Krieger, Linda Hamilton. (2006). “Implicit bias: Scientific foundations.” California Law Review, 94(4):945967.Google Scholar
Gunadi, Christian. (2019). “The legacy of slavery on hate crimes in the United States.” Research in Economics, 73(4):339344.Google Scholar
Gutter, Michael S. and Fontes, Angela. (2006). “Racial differences in risky asset ownership: A two-stage model of the investment decision-making process.” Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 17(2):6478.Google Scholar
Gyimah-Brempong, Kwabena. (1986). “Empirical models of criminal behavior: How significant a factor is race?Review of Black Political Economy, 15(1):2743.Google Scholar
Halloran, Clare, Jack, Rebecca, Okun, James C., and Oster, Emily. (2021). “Pandemic Schooling Mode and Student Test Scores: Evidence from US States.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working paper 29497.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Darrick and Darity, William A. Jr. (2010). “Can ‘baby bonds’ eliminate the racial wealth gap in putative post-racial America?Review of Black Political Economy, 37(3–4):207216.Google Scholar
Harris, Donald. (1972). “The black ghetto as colony: A theoretical critique and alternative formulation.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 2(4):333.Google Scholar
Headley, Andrea M. and Wright, James E., II. (2019). “National police reform commissions: Evidence-based practices or unfulfilled promises?Review of Black Political Economy, 46(4):277305.Google Scholar
Headley, Andrea M. and Wright, James E., II. (2020). “Is representation enough: Racial disparities in levels of force and arrests by police.” Florida State University. Working Paper presented at the Association for Public Policy and Management Conference, November 2020.Google Scholar
Heckman, James. (1998). “Detecting discrimination.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2):101116.Google Scholar
Heckman, James. (2011). “The American family in black & white: A post-racial strategy for improving skills to promote equality.” Daedalus, 140(2):7089.Google Scholar
Heflin, Colleen M. and Chiteji, Ngina. (2014). “My brother’s keeper? The association between having siblings in poor health and wealth accumulation.” Journal of Family Issues, 35(3):358383.Google Scholar
Herring, Cedric, Keith, Verna M., and Horton, Hayward Derrick. (2004). Skin Deep: How Race and Complexion Matter in the Color-Blind Era. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Herrnstein, Richard J. and Murray, Charles. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Simon and Shuster.Google Scholar
Hersch, Joni. (2006). “Skin-tone effects among African Americans: Perceptions and reality.” The American Economic Review, 96(2):251255.Google Scholar
Hersch, Joni. (2008). “Profiling the new immigrant worker: The effects of skin color and height.” Journal of Labor Economics, 26(2):345386.Google Scholar
Herskovitz, Melvin J. (1942). The Myth of The Negro Past. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Higginbotham, A. Leon Jr.. (1978). In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Robert B. (1972). The strengths of Black families. New York: Emerson Hall Publishers.Google Scholar
Hill, Robert B. (1993). Research on the African-American Family : A Holistic Perspective. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Hobbs, Allyson. (2014). A Chosen Exile: A History of Racial Passing in American Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Jennifer L. and Powell, Brenna. (2008). “Racial reorganization and the United States census 1850–1930: Mulattoes, half-breeds, mixed parentage, Hindoos, and the Mexican race.” Studies in American Political Development, 22 (1):5996.Google Scholar
Hoekstra, Mark and Sloan, Carly Will. (2022). “Does race matter for police use of force? evidence from 911 calls.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, NBER Working Papers: 26774. February 2020.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Saul D. and Duncan, Greg J.. (1995). “The effect of incomes, wages, and AFDC benefits on marital disruption.” The Journal of Human Resources, 30(1):1941.Google Scholar
Holz, Justin E., Rivera, Roman G., and Ba, Bocar A.. (2019). “Spillover effects in police use of force.” Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law. 2133. Available at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/2133. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Daniel J. and McCabe, Katherine T.. (2012). “After it’s too late: Estimating the policy impacts of Black mayoralties in U.S. cities.” American Politics Research, 40(4):665700.Google Scholar
Houlihan, Glenn. (2021). “The Legacy of the Crushed 1981 PATCO Strike.” Jacobin. November 5, 2021. Available at: www.jacobinmag.com/2021/08/reagan-patco-1981-strike-legacy-air-traffic-controllers-union-public-sector-strikebreaking. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Hurst, Erik, Stafford, Frank P., and Luoh, Ming Ching. (1998). “The wealth dynamics of American families, 1984–94.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 29(1):267338.Google Scholar
Ignatiev, Noel. (1995). How the Irish became White. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Infoplease. (2012). “Integration: 1954 to 1963.” The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York: Columbia University Press. Available at: www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/north-america/us/integration/1954-to-1963. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Jennings, Jay T. and Rubado, Meghan E.. (2017). “Preventing the use of deadly force: The relationship between police agency policies and rates of officer-involved gun deaths.” Public Administration Review, 77(2):217226.Google Scholar
Johnson, Rucker. (2015). “Long-run impacts of school desegregation and school quality on adult attainment.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 16664.Google Scholar
Jones, Barbara A. P. (1985). “Black women and labor force participation: An analysis of sluggish growth rates.” Review of Black Political Economy, 14(2–3):1131.Google Scholar
Jones, Jacqueline. (1998). American Work: Four Centuries of Black and White Labor. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Jordan, Winthrop D. (1968). White over Black American attitudes toward the Negro, 1550–1812, 2nd edn. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Kalecki, Michael. (1954). Theory of Economic Dynamics: An Essay on Cyclical and Long-Run Changes in Capitalist Economy. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Kalecki, Michael. (2009). Theory of Economic Dynamics: An Essay on Cyclical and Long-Run Changes in Capitalist Economies. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Katznelson, Ira. (2005). When Affirmative Action was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Keith, Verna M. and Herring, Cedric. (1991). “Skin tone and stratification in the black community.” American Journal of Sociology, 97(3):760778.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Randall. (2001). “Passing.” Ohio State Law Journal, 62(3):11451194.Google Scholar
Kent, Mary Mederios. (2007). “Immigration and America’s Black population.” Population Bulletin, 62(4):316.Google Scholar
Keynes, John M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.Google Scholar
Kindig, Jessie. (2007). “March on Washington Movement (1941–1947).” December 6, 2007. Available at: www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/march-washington-movement-1941-1947/. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
King, Mary C. (2005). “Keeping people in their place: The economics of racial violence.” In Conrad, Cecilia, Whitehead, John, Mason, Patrick, and Stewart, James (eds), African Americans in the US Economy. Lanhan, MD: Rowan & Littlefield, pp. 110117.Google Scholar
King, Martin L. (1968). Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Klein, Lawrence R. and Mooney, H. W.. (1953). “Negro–White savings differentials and the consumption function problem.” Econometrica, 21:425446.Google Scholar
Knowles, John, Persico, Nicola, and Todd, Petra. (2001). “Racial bias in motor vehicle searches: Theory and evidence.” Journal of Political Economy, 109(1):203229.Google Scholar
Knox, Dean, Lowe, Will, and Mummolo, Jonathan. (2020). “The bias is built in: How administrative records mask racially biased policing.” American Political Science Review, 114(3):619637.Google Scholar
Kochbar, Rakesh, Fry, Richard, and Taylor, Paul. (2011). Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Kotlowski, Dean. (1998). “Black power–Nixon style: The Nixon administration and minority business enterprise.” The Business History Review, 72(3):409445.Google Scholar
Lee, Christopher T., Huynh, Mary, Zheng, Paulina, Castro, Alejandro III, Noel, Francia, Kelley, Darlene, Norton, Jennifer, Stayton, Catherine, and Van Wye, Gretchen. (2017). Enumeration and classification of law enforcement-related deaths – New York City, 2010–2015. Technical report, New York City Department of Health Maryland. Available at: www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/about/law-enforcement-deaths.pdf. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Legewie, Joscha and Fagan, Jeffrey. (2019). “Aggressive policing and the educational performance of minority youth.” American Sociological Review, 84(2):220247.Google Scholar
Leonard, Jonathan. (1991). “The federal anti-bias effort.” In Hoffman, Emily P. (ed.), Essays on the Economics of Discrimination. Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, pp. 85113.Google Scholar
Leonard, Jonathan. (1996). “Wage disparities and affirmative action in the 1980’s.” The American Economic Review, 86(2):285328.Google Scholar
Levy, David M. (2001) “How the dismal science got its name: Debating racial quackery.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 23(1):535.Google Scholar
Levy, David M. and Peart, Sandra J.. (2000). “Modeling non-abstract economic man: Victorian anthropology, Punch & Piltdown.” Presented at the University of Toronto History of Economics Workshop.Google Scholar
Levy, David M. and Peart, Sandra J.. (2003). “Denying human heterogeneity: Eugenics & the birth of neoclassical economics.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 25(3):261288.Google Scholar
Lichter, Daniel T., McLaughlin, Diane K., Kephart, George, and Landry, David J.. (1992). “Race and the retreat from marriage: A shortage of marriageable men?American Sociological Review, 57(6):781799.Google Scholar
Lincoln, C. Eric and Mamiya, Lawrence H.. (1990). The Black Church in the African American Experience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Lindsay, Constance A. and Hart, Cassandra M. D.. (2017). “Exposure to same-race teachers and student disciplinary outcomes for black students in North Carolina.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 39(3):485510.Google Scholar
Liu, Sitian. (2018). “Incarceration of African American Men and the Impacts on Women and Children.” Stanford University Working Paper.Google Scholar
Loury, Glenn C. (1984). “Internally directed action for black community development: The next frontier for ‘the movement’.” Review of Black Political Economy, 13(1–2):3146.Google Scholar
Loury, Glenn C.(1989). “Why should we care about group inequality?” In Darity, William A. Jr., and Shulman, Steve (eds.). On the Question of Discrimination. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, ch. 9, pp. 268290.Google Scholar
Loury, Linda Datcher. (2009). “Am I still too Black for you?: Schooling and secular change in skin tone effects.” Economics of Education Review, 28(4):428433.Google Scholar
Maddox, Keith B. (2004). “Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias.” Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(4):383401.Google Scholar
Malthus, Thomas R. (1820). Principles of Political Economy. London: William Pickering.Google Scholar
Mancini, Matthew J. (1978). “Race, economics, and the abandonment of convict leasing.” The Journal of Negro History, 63(4):339352.Google Scholar
Mandle, Jay R. (1983). “Sharecropping and the plantation economy in the United States South.” The Journal of Peasant Studies, 10(2–3):120129.Google Scholar
Mangino, William. (2010). “Race to college: The ‘reverse gap’.” Race and Social Problems, 2:164178.Google Scholar
Mangino, William. (2012). “Why do whites and the rich have less need for education?American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 71(3):562602.Google Scholar
Mangino, William. (2013). “A critical look at oppositional culture and the race gap in education.” International Scholarly Research Notices, vol. 2013, Article ID 363847, 5 pages.Google Scholar
Mangino, William. (2014). “The negative effects of privilege on educational attainment: Gender, race, class, and the bachelor’s degree.” Social Science Quarterly, 95(3):760784.Google Scholar
Mangino, William. (2019). “Income returns in early career: Why whites have less need for education.” Race and Social Problems, 11:4559.Google Scholar
Marcotte, Dave E. (2007). Schooling and test scores: A mother-natural experiment. Economics of Education Review, 26:629640.Google Scholar
Mas, Alexandre and Moretti, Enrico. (2009). “Peers at work.” American Economic Review, 99(1):112145.Google Scholar
Mason, Patrick L. (1995). “Race, competition and differential wages.” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19(4):545568.Google Scholar
Mason, Patrick L.(1997). “Race, culture, and skill: Interracial wage differences among African Americans, Latinos, and whites.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 25(3):539.Google Scholar
Mason, Patrick L. (1999). “Male interracial wage differentials: competing explanations.” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23(3):139.Google Scholar
Mason, Patrick L. (2004). “NEA presidential address: Identity, markets, and persistent racial inequality.” Review of Black Political Economy, 32(1):1336.Google Scholar
Mason, Patrick L. (2007). “Intergenerational mobility and interracial inequality: The return to family values.” Industrial Relations, 46(1):5180.Google Scholar
Mason, Patrick L.(ed.). (2013). Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.Google Scholar
Mason, Patrick L.(2017). “Not black-alone: The 2008 presidential election and racial self-identification among African Americans.” Review of Black Political Economy, 44(1–2):5576.Google Scholar
Mason, Patrick L. and Matella, Andrew. (2014). “Stigmatization and racial selection after September 11, 2001: Self-identity among Arab and Islamic Americans.” IZA Journal of Migration, 3:20.Google Scholar
Mason, Patrick L., Myers, Samuel L. Jr., and Simms, Margaret. (2022). “Racial isolation and marginalization of economic research on race and crime.” Journal of Economic Literature, 60(2):494526.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Nan L. (1994). “The effect on black–white wage differences of differences in the quantity and quality of education.” Industrial and Labor Relation Review, 47(2):249264.Google Scholar
McArthur, Colin and Edelman, Sarah. (2017). The 2008 Housing Crisis: Don’t Blame Federal Housing Programs for Wall Street’s Recklessness. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, April 13, 2017.Google Scholar
McDaniel, Antonio. (1990). “The power of culture: A review of the idea of Africa’s influence on family structure in antebellum America.” Journal of Family History, 15(1):225238.Google Scholar
McDaniel, Antonio. (1994). “Historical racial differences in living arrangements of children.” Journal of Family History, 19(1):5577.Google Scholar
McNamee, Catherine B. and Raley, R. Kelley. (2011). “A note on race, ethnicity and nativity differentials in remarriage in the United States.” Demographic Research, 24(13):293312.Google Scholar
Mead, Lawrence. (1992). The New Politics of Poverty: The Nonworking Poor in America. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Medoff, Marshall H. (1999). “Allocation of time and hateful behavior: A theoretical and positive analysis of hate and hate crimes.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58(4):959973.Google Scholar
Menchik, Paul and Jianakoplos, Nancy. (1997). “Black–White wealth inequality: Is inheritance the reason?Economic Inquiry, 35(2):428442.Google Scholar
Mendershausen, Hortst. (1940). “Differences in family savings between cities of different size and location, whites and negroes.” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 22(3):122137.Google Scholar
Mills, Charles W. (2015). “Bestial inferiority: Locating simianization within racism.” In Hund, Wulf D., Mills, Charles W., and Sebastiani, Silvia (eds). Simianization: Apes, Gender, Class, and Race. Munster: LIT Verlag, pp. 1941.Google Scholar
Minsky, Hyman. (1992). “The capitalist development of the economy and the structure of financial institutions.” The Jerome Levy Economics Institute, Working Paper No. 72.Google Scholar
Movement for Black Lives. (2016). “A vision for Black lives policy demands for Black power, freedom & Justice.” Available at: https://policy.m4bl.org/platform. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Moynihan, Daniel P. (1965). The Negro Family: The Case for National Action. Office of Planning and Research, US Department of Labor, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Mueller-Smith, Michael. (2015). “Criminal and labor market impacts of incarceration.” Working Paper. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. June 8, 2015.Google Scholar
Muhitch, Kevin and Ghandnoosh, Nazgol. (2021). “Private prisons in the United States.” The Sentencing Project. Washington, DC. March 2021. Available at: sentencingproject.org. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Mulholland, Sean E. (2013). “White supremacist groups and hate crimes.” Public Choice, 157(1/2):91113.Google Scholar
Murray, Charles. (1984). Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Murray, Charles A. and Herrnstein, Richard. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Myers, Samuel L. Jr. (1980). “Black–white differentials in crime rates.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 10(2):133152.Google Scholar
Mason, Patrick L. (2000). “The unintended impacts of sentencing guidelines on family structure.” Revised Technical Report, Grant no: USDJ/96-CE-VX-0015. United States Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Myers, Samuel L. Jr. and Radhakrishna, Vanishree. (2018). “Hate crimes, crimes of atrocity, and affirmative action in India and the US.” A paper prepared for the Government of Karnataka International Conference: Reclaiming Social Justice, Revisiting Ambedkar, pp. 2–47.Google Scholar
Myers, Samuel L. Jr. and Sabol, William J. (1987). “Business cycles and racial disparities in punishment.” Contemporary Economic Policy, 5(4):4658.Google Scholar
Myrdal, Gunnar. (1944). An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.Google Scholar
Nakosteen, Robert and Zimmer, Michael. (2019). “Latent earnings capacity and the race marriage gap.” Cogent Economics and Finance, 7(1):1609155.Google Scholar
Neal, Derek A. and Johnson, William R.. (1996). “The role of pre-market factors in black–white wage differences.” Journal of Political Economy, 104(5):869895.Google Scholar
Nembhard, Jessica Gordon. (2014). Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
The Neshoba Democrat. (2021). “Ronald Reagan’s 1980 Neshoba County Fair speech.” Philadelphia, Mississippi. Available at: https://neshobademocrat.com/stories/ronald-reagans-1980-neshoba-county-fair-speech,49123. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Neumark, David. (2012). “Detecting Discrimination in Audit and Correspondence Studies.” Journal of Human Resources, 47(4):11281157.Google Scholar
New York Times. (1903). “Peon holders pardon; President Roosevelt Exercises His Power in Behalf of Two Imprisoned Alabamans.” September 17, 1903. Available at: www.nytimes.com/1903/09/17/archives/peon-holders-pardoned-president-roosevelt-exercises-his-power-in.html. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
New York Times. (2004). “Barack Obama’s Remarks to the Democratic National Convention.” July 27, 2004. www.nytimes.com/2004/07/27/politics/campaign/barack-obamas-remarks-to-the-democratic-national.html. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Nott, Josiah C. and Gliddon, George R.. (1854). Types of Mankind: or, Ethnological Researches, based upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and upon Their Natural, Geographical, Philological and Biblical History. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Grambo & co.Google Scholar
Oberfield, Zachery W. (2012). “Socialization and self-selection: How police officers develop their views about using force.” Administration & Society, 46(4):702730.Google Scholar
Oliver, Melvin and Shapiro, Thomas M.. (1995). Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Olney, Martha L. (1998). “When your word is not enough: Race, collateral, and household credit.” The Journal of Economic History, 58(2):408431.Google Scholar
Olzak, Susan. (1990). “The political context of competition: Lynching and urban racial violence, 1882–1914.” Social Forces, 69(2):395421.Google Scholar
Pager, Devah. (2003). “The mark of a criminal record.” American Journal of Sociology, 108(5):937975.Google Scholar
Papillon, Kimberly. (2014). Brief Paper on Implicit Bias and Intent in Bureaucracies. Reno, NV: National Judicial College.Google Scholar
Payne, B. Keith, Vuletich, Heidi A., and Brown-Iannuzzi, Jazmin L.. (2019). “Historical roots of implicit bias in slavery.” PNAS, 116(24):1169311698.Google Scholar
Peart, Sandra J. and Levy, David M.. (2001). “‘Not an average human being’: Racial attacks on abstract economic man in Victorian prose and images.” Working paper. Berea, OH: Baldwin-Wallace College.Google Scholar
Pedulla, David S. and Pager, Devah. (2019). “Race and networks in the job search process.” American Sociological Review, 84(6):9831012.Google Scholar
Petach, Luke and Pena, Anita Alves. (2020). “Local labor market inequality in the age of mass incarceration.” Review of Black Political Economy, 48(1):741.Google Scholar
Phelps, Michelle S. and Pager, Devah. (2016). “Inequality and punishment: A turning point for mass incarceration?The Annuals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 663(1):185203.Google Scholar
Pien, Diane. (2010, February 11). Black Panther Party’s Free Breakfast Program (1969–1980). BlackPast.org. Available at: www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/black-panther-partys-free-breakfast-program-1969-1980/. Last accessed December 13, 2022.Google Scholar
Price, Daniel O. (1970). “Urbanization of the blacks.” The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 48(2):4767.Google Scholar
Rangel, Marcos A. (2015). “Is parental love colorblind? Human capital accumulation within mixed families.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 42(1–2):5786.Google Scholar
Raphael, Steven and Stoll, Michael A.. (2013). Why Are So Many Americans in Prison? New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Reich, Michael. (1981). Racial Inequality: A Political Economic Analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rim, Nayoung, Ba, Bocar, and Rivera, Roman. (2020). “Disparities in police award nominations: Evidence from Chicago.” AEA Papers and Proceedings, 110:447451.Google Scholar
Rodgers, William M. III and Spriggs, William E.. (1996). “What does the AFQT really measure: Race, wages, schooling and the AFQT score.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 24(4):1346.Google Scholar
Roediger, David R. (1991). The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Roediger, David R. (2005). Working toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants became White, the Strange Journal from Ellis Island to the Suburbs. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Roosevelt, Theodore. (1910). “The New Nationalism.” A Speech Delivered at the Dedication of the John Brown Memorial Park in Osawatomie, Kansas, August 31, 1910. Available at: https://nationalsecurity.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/New-Nationalism-Speech-Theodore-Roosevelt.pdf. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
The Royal Society. (2022). “‘Types of Mankind’: Science and Race in the 18th and 19th Centuries.” Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20150402222040/https:/royalsociety.org/exhibitions/2012/black-history-month/types-of-mankind/. Last accessed December 14, 2022.Google Scholar
Ruebeck, Christopher S., Averett, Susan L., and Bodenhorn, Howard N.. (2009). “Acting white and acting black: Mixed-race adolescents’ identity and behavior.” The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 9(1):142.Google Scholar
Ruggles, Steven. (2021). “Components of race differences in men’s first marriage rates in the United States, 1960–2019.” University of Minnesota Working Paper.Google Scholar
Rustin, Bayard. (1966). A “Freedom Budget” for All Americans: Budgeting Our Resources, 1966-1975, to Achieve “Freedom From Want”. New York: A. Philip Randolph Institute. October 1966. Available at: https://archive.org/details/freedomBudgetForAllAmericansBudgetingOurResources1966–1975To/page/n1/mode/2up. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Shaikh, Anwar. (2016). Capitalism: Competition, Conflict, Crises. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, Kathryn L. (2019). “Bosses matter: The effects of managers on workers’ performance.” IZA World of Labor. DOI:10.15185/izawol.456.Google Scholar
Simms, Margaret C. and Malveaux, Julianne C. (1986). Slipping through the Cracks: Status of Black Women. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sklansky, David Alan. (2006). “Not your father’s police department: Making sense of the new demographics of law enforcement.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 96(3):12091244.Google Scholar
Smith, James P. and Welch, Finis R.. (1989). “Black economic progress after Myrdal.” Journal of Economic Literature, 27(2):519564.Google Scholar
Sowell, Thomas. (1975). Race and Economics. New York: David McKay Company.Google Scholar
Stampp, Kenneth M. (1965). The Causes of Civil War. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Stanford School of Medicine. (2021). “Health History: Health and longevity since the mid-19th century.” Ethnogeriatrics. Available at: https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/african_american/fund/health_history/longevity.html. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Stewart, James B. (1994). “NEA Presidential Address, 1994: Toward broader involvement of black economists in discussions of race and public policy: A plea for a reconceptualization of race and power in economic theory.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 23(3):1336.Google Scholar
Stewart, James B. (1995). “NEA Presidential Address, 1994: Toward broader involvement of black economists in discussions of race and public policy: A plea for a reconceptualization of race and power in economic theory.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 23(3):1336.Google Scholar
Stewart, James B. (2009). “Be All That You Can Be?: Racial Identity Production in the U.S. Military.” The Review of Black Political Economy, 36(1):5178.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, Joseph and Bilmes, Linda. (2008). The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Stults, Brian J. and Baumer, Eric P.. (2007). “Racial context and police force size: Evaluating the empirical validity of the minority threat perspective.” American Journal of Sociology, 113(2):507546.Google Scholar
Swaine, Jon and McCarthy, Ciara. (2016). “Killings by US police logged at twice the previous rate under new federal program.” The Guardian, December 15, 2016. Available at: www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/15/us-police-killings-department-of-justice-program, last accessed November 20, 2020.Google Scholar
Sykes, Bryan L. and Pettit, Becky. (2014). “Mass incarceration, family complexity, and the reproduction of childhood disadvantage.” The Annuals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 654(1):127149.Google Scholar
Takaki, Ronald. (1990). Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th Century America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Temin, Peter. (2018). “The political economy of mass incarceration and crime: An analytic model.” International Journal of Political Economy, 47(3–4):317329.Google Scholar
Thurow, Lester. (1975). Generating Inequality: Mechanisms of Distribution in the U.S. Economy. New York: Basic Books, Inc.Google Scholar
Tolnay, Stewart E. and Beck, Elwood M.. (1992). A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynching, 1882–1930. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Tyson, Karolyn, Darity, William A. Jr., and Castellino, Domini R.. (2005). “It’s not ‘a Black thing’: Understanding the burden of acting White and other dilemmas of high achievement.” American Sociological Review, 70(4):582605.Google Scholar
U. S. Bureau of the Census. (2021). “Table 2. Persons 25 years old and over, by years of school completed, for the United States by divisions and States: 1940.” Educational Attainment of the Population 25 Years Old and Over in the United States: 1940 – Detailed Tables. Available at: www.census.gov/data/tables/1940/demo/educational-attainment/p10-8.html. Last accessed December 14, 2022.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1993). National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics of the United States, Volume I, Natality. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchs/births.htm. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Unicon Research Corporation. (2007). The CPS Utilities User’s Manual. Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2021). “Union members summary.” Economic News Release. January 22, 2021.Google Scholar
United States Senate. (1976). Supplementary detailed staff reports on intelligence activities and the rights of Americans, Book III, Final report of the select committee to study government operations with respect to intelligence activities. Available at: https://vault.fbi.gov/cointel-pro. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Urquhart, Brian. (1988). Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Washington, James M. (ed.). (1986). A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.Google Scholar
Watkins-Hayes, Celeste. (2009). “Race-ing the bootstrap climb: Black and Latino bureaucrats in post-reform welfare offices.” Social Problems, 56(2):285310.Google Scholar
Watkins-Hayes, Celeste. (2011). “Race, respect, and red tape: Inside the black box of racially representative bureaucracies.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(Suppl 2):i233i251.Google Scholar
Weems, Robert E. Jr. and Randolph, Lewis A. (2001). The national response to Richard M. Nixon’s black capitalism initiative: The success of domestic detente. Journal of Black Studies, 32(1):6683.Google Scholar
Weiss, Andrew. (2016). Efficiency Wages: Models of Unemployment, Layoffs, and Wage Dispersion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wells, Ida B. (1909). “Lynching, our national crime.” National Negro Conference, New York City, May 31–June 1, 1909. Available at: www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1909-ida-b-wells-awful-slaughter/. Last accessed December 16, 2022.Google Scholar
Wells, Ida B. (1970). Crusade for Justice: the autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wexler, Noah. (2020). “Testing for police racial profiling using data on pre-stop race visibility: evidence from Minneapolis.” University of Minnesota Working Paper, presented at Association for Public Policy and Management Conference, November 2020.Google Scholar
Williams, Eric. (1994). Capitalism and Slavery, 3rd ed. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Jhacova A., Logan, Trevon D., and Hardy, Bradley L.. (2021). “The persistence of historical racial violence and political suppression: Implications for contemporary regional inequality.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 694:92107.Google Scholar
Williams, Rhonda M. (1987). “Capital, competition, and discrimination: A reconsideration of racial earnings inequality.” Review of Radical Political Economics, 19(2):115.Google Scholar
Williams, Rhonda M. (1991). “Competition, discrimination and differential wage rates: On the continued relevance of Marxian theory to the analysis of earnings and employment.” In Cornwall, Richard R. and Wunnava, Phanindra V. (eds). New Approaches to Economic and Social Analyses of Discrimination. New York: Praeger, pp. 6592.Google Scholar
Williams, Walter E. (1982). The State against Blacks. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Williamson, Samuel H. and Cain, Louis P.. (2021). “Measuring Slavery in 2020 Dollars.” MeasuringWorth.com. Available at: https://measuringworth.com/slavery.php#footstar. Last accessed December 23, 2022.Google Scholar
Wilson, William J. (1978). The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, William J. and Neckerman, Kathryn M.. (1986). “Poverty and family structure: The widening gap between evidence and public policy issues.” In Danzinger, Sheldon H. and Weinberg, D. H. (eds). Fighting Poverty: What Works and What Doesn’t. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 232259.Google Scholar
Winship, Christopher and Mare, Robert D.. (1991). “Economic and educational change and the decline in Black marriages.” In Jencks, Christopher and Peterson, Paul E. (eds.), The Urban Underclass. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Wolff, Edward N. and Gittleman, Maury. (2014). “Inheritances and the distribution of wealth or whatever happened to the great inheritance boom?Journal of Economic Inequality, 12(4):439468.Google Scholar
Womack, Gabrielle C. (2017). “From ‘Mulatto’ to ‘Negro’: How Fears of ‘Passing‘ Changed the 1930 Census.” Master of Arts thesis. Boston, Massachusetts: Simmons College.Google Scholar
Woodward, C. Vann. (1951). Origins of the New South: 1877–1913. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Woodward, C. Vann. (1973). The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Work, Monroe N. (1922). Negro Yearbook: An Encyclopedia of the Negro, 1921–1922. Tuskegee, AL: The Negro Yearbook Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Zaw, Khaing, Hamilton, Darrick, and Darity, William. (2016). “Race, wealth and incarceration: Results from the national longitudinal survey of youth.” Race and Social Problems, 8(1):103115.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Patrick L. Mason, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
  • Book: The Economics of Structural Racism
  • Online publication: 06 April 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009290784.019
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Patrick L. Mason, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
  • Book: The Economics of Structural Racism
  • Online publication: 06 April 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009290784.019
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Patrick L. Mason, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
  • Book: The Economics of Structural Racism
  • Online publication: 06 April 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009290784.019
Available formats
×