Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part I Approaches to the origin of life
- Part II What is life? The bio-logics of cellular life
- Part III Order and organization in biological systems
- Part IV The world of vesicles
- Part V Towards the synthetic biology of minimal cells
- As a way of conclusion
- Appendix The open questions about the origin of life
- References
- Names index
- Subject index
- References
References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 September 2016
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part I Approaches to the origin of life
- Part II What is life? The bio-logics of cellular life
- Part III Order and organization in biological systems
- Part IV The world of vesicles
- Part V Towards the synthetic biology of minimal cells
- As a way of conclusion
- Appendix The open questions about the origin of life
- References
- Names index
- Subject index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Emergence of LifeFrom Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology, pp. 419 - 456Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2016
References
(2002). Is life reducible to complexity? In , , and , eds., Fundamentals of Life. Elsevier, pp. 57–72.
and (1993). A self-replicating system from three starting materials. Angew. Chem., 32, 1198–11201.Google Scholar
and (2013). Nonenzymatic template-directed RNA synthesis inside model protocells. Science, 342, 1098.Google Scholar
(2011). Emergence or self-organization? Look to the soil population. Commun. Integr Biol., 4(4): 469–470.Google Scholar
(2009). What is Death? A scientific, philosophical and theological exploration of life's end. Ateneo Pontificio Apostolorum.
, , , , , , , , , (2010). Isoprenoid pathway optimization for taxol precursor overproduction in Escherichia coli. Science, 330(6000): 70–74.Google Scholar
, , and (2002). Combinatorial mutagenesis to restricted amino acid usage in an enzyme to a reduced set. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 13549–13553.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (1989). Molecular Biology of the Cell, edn. New York: Garland Publications.
, , , et al. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell, edn. New York: Garland Publications.
, , , et al. (2007). Molecular Biology of the Cell, edn. New York: Garland Publications.
(1920). Space, Time, and Deity. London: Mamillan.
, , , and (1992). Incorporation of water-soluble enzymes glucose-oxidase and urate oxidase into phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Biol. Membr., 5, 1878–1887.Google Scholar
, , , , , , and (2007). RNA: prebiotic product, or biotic invention?
Chem. Biodivers., 4(4): 721–739.Google Scholar
and (1979). Papain-induced oligomerization of alpha amino acid esters. Helv. Chim. Acta, 62, 488–494.Google Scholar
(2011). Structural and functional exploration of the RNA sequence space. Implications for the origin of life and biotechnology. Ph.D. thesis, University Roma Tre.
, , , and (2011). Stability studies on random folded RNAs (“never born RNAs”), implications for the RNA world. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 8, 1422–1432.Google Scholar
and (1961). Studies on the reduction and re-formation of protein disulfide bonds. J. Biol. Chem, 236, 1361–1363.Google Scholar
, , , and (1961). The kinetics of formation of native ribonuclease during oxidation of the reduced polypeptide chain. PNAS, 47, 1309–1314.Google Scholar
and (1988). A mechanism of liposome electro-formation. Progr. Colloid Polymer. Sci., 76, 59–67.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2014). Total synthesis of a functional designer eukaryotic chromosome. Science, 344(6179): 55–58.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1992). J. Liposome Res., 2, 455–467.
, , , et al. (1993). J. Liposome Res., 3, 639–48.
, , , , and (1994). Interaction of cationic phospholipid-vesicles with carbonic anhydrase. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 32, 87–94.Google Scholar
(2002). Vedantic view of life. In , , and , eds., Fundamentals of Life. Elsevier, pp. 497–502.
(2002). Essence of organic life in Russian orthodox and modern philosophical tradition: beyond functionalism and elementarism. In , , and , eds., Fundamentals of Life. Elsevier, pp. 503–516.
, , , and (2004). Design of a directed molecular network. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 101, 10872–10877.Google Scholar
and (2002). Between Chance and Choice, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Determinism. Imprint Academic.
and (2008). Metabolic engineering for advanced biofuels production from Escherichia coli. Curr Opin Biotechnol., 19(5): 414–419.Google Scholar
and (1991). Homochirality and stereospecific activity: evolutionary aspects. Biosystems, 25(3): 141–149.Google Scholar
(1983). Beyond Darwinism? The challenge of macroevolution to the synthetic theory of evolution. In and , eds., PSA 1982: Proceedings of the 1982 Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association Symposia, Vol. 2, pp. 275–292.Google Scholar
(1994). Emergence, hierarchies, and hyperstructures. In , ed., Artificial Life III, Santa Fe Studies in the Science of Complexity, Vol. XVII. Addison-Wesley, pp. 515–537.
(1991). Self-replicating micelles: aqueous micelles and enzymatically driven reactions in reverse micelles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 8204–8209.Google Scholar
, , , and (1990). Self-replicating reverse micelles and chemical autopoiesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 8200–8201.Google Scholar
, , and (1992). Autocatalytic self-replication of micelles as models for prebiotic structures. Nature, 357, 57–59.Google Scholar
and (2002). Some like it hot, but not the first biomolecules. Science, 296, 1982–1983.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (1990). Diffusion of Mn2+ ions into liposomes mediated by phosphatidate and monitored by the activation of an encapsulated enzymatic system. J. Mol. Evol., 31, 453–461.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (1994). Transbilayer diffusion of divalent cations into liposomes mediated by lipidic particles of phosphatidate. J. Mol. Evol., 39, 560–568.Google Scholar
(1870). Logic, Books II and III. Longmans, Green & Co.
, , and (1987). Self-organized criticality: an explanation of 1/f noise. Physical Review Letters, 59(4): 381–384.Google Scholar
and (1956). Studies in polymerization. X. “The chain-effect.”
R. Soc. Lond. A, 236 (1206): 384–396.Google Scholar
and (1981). Micellar solubilization of biopolymers in organic solvents. 5. Activity and conformation of α-chymorypsin in isooctane-AOT reverse micelles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 4239–4244.Google Scholar
(2001). Cosmology, life and the anthropic principle. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 950, 139–153.Google Scholar
and (1986). The Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford University Press.
and (1993). Isolation of new ribozymes from a large pool of random sequences. Science, 261, 1411–1418.Google Scholar
, , , and (2010). Linking the RNA world to modern life: The proto-ribosome conception. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 40, 425–429.Google Scholar
(1997). Weak emergence. In , ed., Philosophical Perspectives: Mind, Causation and World, Vol. 11. Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 375–399.
(1980). Preface. In and , Autopoiesis and Cognition (see infra).
, , , and (2015). Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112(47): 14518–14521.Google Scholar
, , , and (2010). On the development towards the modern world: a plausible role of uncoded peptides in the RNA world. In and , eds., Origins of life and evolution of biospheres, 40 (Special Issue 4–5): pp. 415–419.Google Scholar
, , , and (2004). Bacterial linguistic communication and social intelligence. Trends Microbiol., 12, 366–72.Google Scholar
, , , and (2001a). Matrix effect of vesicle formation as investigated by cryotransmission electron microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 1065–1071.Google Scholar
, , , and (2001b). Growth and transformation of vesicles studied by ferritin labeling and cryotransmission electron microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B., 105, 1056–1064.Google Scholar
(1951). The Physical Basis of Life. Routledge & Paul.
(1965). Molecular structure, biochemical function, and evolution. In and , eds., Theoretical and Mathematical Biology. Blaisdell.
(1967). The Origin of Life. World Publishing Company.
(1971). Der Ursprung des Lebens. Editions Rencontre.
(1865). Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. Translated by ,1927. Henry Schuman.
(2012). The RNA world hypothesis: the worst theory of the early evolution of life (except for all the others). Biol Direct, 7, 23.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1998). Base complementarity and nucleoside recognition in phosphatidylnucleoside vesicles. J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 303–338.Google Scholar
, , and (2000). Molecular recognition in supramolecular structures formed by phosphatidylnucleosides-based amphiphiles. Colloids Surf. A, 167, 95–103.Google Scholar
, , and (1990). Bell-shaped curves of the enzyme-activity in reverse micelles – a simplified model for hydrolytic reactions. Chem. Phys., 141, 273–283.Google Scholar
, , and (1981). Kinetic analysis of template, instructed and de novo RNA synthesis by Qbeta replicase. J. Mol. Biol., 148, 391–410.Google Scholar
(1999). Self-Assembly Monolayer Structures of Lipids and Macromolecules at Interfaces. Plenum Press.
and (2004). Amino acid N-Carboxyanhydrides: activated peptide monomers behaving as phosphate-activating agents in aqueous solution. J. Am. Chem. Soc., Aug., 126(30): 9198–9199.Google Scholar
, , , and (1994). A chemically and electrochemically switchable molecular shuttle. Nature, 369, 133.Google Scholar
and (2004). Autopoiesis with or without cognition: defining life at its edge. J. Royal. Soc. Interface, 1, 99–107.Google Scholar
and (2011). Science and the self-referentiality of consciousness. In Conciousness and the Universe. Cambridge, MA: Cosmology Science.
, , , et al. (2013). Nucleobases bind to and stabilize aggregates of a prebiotic amphiphile, providing a viable mechanism for the emergence of protocells. PNAS, 110 (3): 13272–13276.Google Scholar
, , and (2014). Synthesis and nonenzymatic template-directed polymerization of 2’-amino-2’-deoxythreose nucleotides. J. Am. Chem Soc., 136, 2033–2039.Google Scholar
, , and (1999). Modeling of enzymatic reactions in vesicles: the case of alpha-chymotrypsin. J. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 62, 36–43.Google Scholar
, , and (2000). Liposome-assisted selective polycondensation of α-amino acids and peptides: the case of charged liposomes. Macromolecules, 33, 5787–5796.Google Scholar
, , and (2001). Stereoselectivity in the oligomerization of racemic Tryptophan N-Carboxyanhydride (NCA-Trp) as determined by isotopic labelling and mass spectrometry. Helv. Chim. Acta, 84, 842–848.Google Scholar
, , , and (1998). Matrix effect in the size distribution of fatty acid vesicles. J. Phys. Chem., 102, 10383–10390.Google Scholar
, , and (1993). Self-replication of oligonucleotides in reverse micelles. Helv. Chim. Acta, 76, 2313–2320.Google Scholar
, , , and (1982). Interactions of small molecules with phospholipids in inverted micelles. Chem. Phys. Lett., 89, 490–496.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2002). Molecular origin of life: when chemistry became cyclic. The primary pump, a model for prebiotic emergence and evolution of petides. In , , and , eds., Fundamentals of Life. Elsevier, pp. 211–218.
, , and (1997a). Pyranosyl-RNA: chiroselective self-assembly of base sequences by ligative oligomerization of tetranucleotide-2′,3′-cyclophosphates (with a commentary concerning the origin of biomolecular homochirality). Chem. Biol., 4, 309–320.Google Scholar
, , , and (1997b). Pyranosyl-RNA: further observations on replication. Helv. Chim. Acta, 80, 1901–1951.Google Scholar
, , and (1994a). Liposomes containing purine and pyrimidine bases: stable unilamellar liposomes from phosphatidyl nucleosides. J. Phys. Chem., 98, 6661–6663.Google Scholar
, , , and (1994b). Self-production of supramolecular structures. In
et al., eds., Liposomes from Lipidonucleotides and from Lipidopeptides. Kluwer Academic, pp. 225–259.
, , , , and (1996). Relation between the molecular structure of phosphatidyl nucleosides and the morphology of their supramolecular and mesoscopic aggregates. Langmuir, 12, 4976–4978.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1997). Liposomes from phosphatidyl nucleosides: an NMR investigation. Langmuir, 13, 1952–1956.Google Scholar
, , and (1995). The structure of the H+-ATPase from chloroplasts by electron cryomicroscopy. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 23, 780–785.Google Scholar
and (2004). A relationship between membrane properties forms the basis of a selectivity mechanism for vesicle self-reproduction. Eur. Bioph. J., 33, 565–571.Google Scholar
(ed.) (1998). The Molecular Origin of Life. Cambridge University Press.
, , , et al. (2002). Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils. Nature, 416, 76–77.Google Scholar
(2000). Are we all aliens? The new case for panspermia. http://www.space.com.
(1925). The Mind and Its Place in Nature. Routledge and Kegan.
, , , and (1980). Ion and sugar permeabilities of lecithin bilayers: Comparison of curved and planar bilayers. J. Membr. Biol., 57, 133–141.Google Scholar
and (2006). Synthesis of pyrimidic nucleotides under potentially prebiotic conditions. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 36, 259.Google Scholar
, , , and (1997). Phase-transfer model for the dynamics of “micellar autocatalysis.” J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 3910–3917.Google Scholar
, , , and (1998). Origin of autocatalysis in the biphasic alkaline hydrolysis of C-4 to C-8 ethyl alkanoates. J. Phys. Chem. A., 102, 10552–10559.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1994). On the possible role of montmorillonites in prebiotic peptide formation. Monats. Chem., 125, 1033–1039.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1995). Peptide chain elongation: a possible role of montmorillonite in prebiotic synthesis of protein precursors. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 5, 431–441.Google Scholar
(1998). Self-replication and autocatalysis. In , ed., The Molecular Origin of Life. Cambridge University Press, pp. 295–310.
(1999). Self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus: the role of an intermediate aggregate in generating both specificity and speed. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 354(1383): 537–550.Google Scholar
(2015). A comprehensive review of the lipid cubic phase or in meso method for crystallizing membrane and soluble proteins and complexes. Acta Crystallogr. F. Struct. Biol. Commun., 71, 3–18.Google Scholar
(1978). Precambrian solution photochemistry, inverse segregation, and banded iron formations. Nature, 276, 808–809.Google Scholar
(1982). Genetic Takeover and the Mineral Origins of Life. Cambridge University Press.
(1985). Seven Clues to the Origin of Life. Cambridge University Press.
(1990). Seven Clues to the Origin of Life, edn. Cambridge University Press.
, , and (1992). Mineral theories of the origin of life and an iron sulphide example. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 22, 161–180.Google Scholar
and (2004). Nucleic acid-templated synthesis as a model system for ancient translation. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 8, 645–653.Google Scholar
(2014). Scientists Create First Living Organism with “Artificial” DNA. Nature News, Huffington Post.
, , , and (2014). A brief history of synthetic biology. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 12, 381–390.Google Scholar
(2002). The Hidden Connections. Harper Collins.
and (2014). The Systems View of Life: A Unifying Vision. Cambridge University Press.
(2005). Ipotesi sull'origine della vita: la chimica proteica prebiotica basata su un insieme ridotto di amminoacidi. Thesis 2004/2005, Department of Biology, University Roma Tre.
and (1972). Micelle formation by bile salts. Physical-chemical and thermodynamic considerations. Arch. Intern. Med., 130, 506–527.Google Scholar
, ed. (2007). Universe or Multiverse?
Cambridge University Press.
, , and (2012). Giant vesicle “colonies”: a model for primitive cell communities. Chembiochem, 13, 1497–1502.Google Scholar
, , and (2012). Computational design of genomic transcriptional networks with adaptation to varying environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 15277–15282.Google Scholar
and (2014) Integration of biological parts toward the synthesis of a minimal cell. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 22, 85–91.Google Scholar
, , and (2010). Reactivity and fusion between cationic vesicles and fatty acid anionic vesicles. J. Colloid Interface Sci, 345, 561–565.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2011). Programmed vesicle fusion triggers gene expression. Langmuir, 27, 13082–13090.Google Scholar
, , and (1988). A simplified model for protein inclusion in reverse micelles. SANS measurements as a control test. Biotech. Prog., 4, 102–106.Google Scholar
(2011). The RNA worlds in context. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006742.
, , and (2002). Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science, 297, 1016–1018.Google Scholar
and (2000). Protease-catalyzed fragment condensation via substrate mimetic strategy: a useful combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis with enzymatic methods. J. Pept. Res., 55, 325–329.Google Scholar
and (1992). Lipid vesicles penetrate into intact skin owing to the transdermal osmotic gradients and hydration force. Biochim Biophys Acta., 1104(1): 226–232.Google Scholar
and , eds. (1987). Phospholipid Bilayers – Physical Principles and Models, Vol. 5. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
, , , and (1994). Production of RNA by a polymerase protein encapsulated within phospholipid vesicles. J. Mol. Evol., 39, 555–559.Google Scholar
(1995). Facing up to the problem of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2(3): 200–219.Google Scholar
and (2006). Production of isoprenoid pharmaceuticals by engineered microbes. Nature Chemical Biology, 2, 674–681.Google Scholar
and (1995). Isolation of a ribozyme with 5’-5’ ligase activity. Chem. Biol., 2, 325–433.Google Scholar
and (2004). A kinetic study of the growth of fatty acid vesicles. Bioph. J., 87, 988–998.Google Scholar
, , and (2004). The emergence of competition between model protocells. Science, 305, 1474–1476.Google Scholar
, , and (2005). RNA catalysis in model protocell vesicles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127(38): 13213–13219.Google Scholar
, , and (2014). Cubic and hexagonal liquid crystals as drug delivery systems. Biomed Res Int. doi:10.1155/2014/815981.
(2012). Synthesis of polypeptides by ring-opening polymerization of α-aminoacids. Top Curr. Chem., 310: 1–26.Google Scholar
and (2003). Coexistence and mutual competition of vesicles with different size distributions. J. Phys. Chem. B, 107(39): 10940–10945.Google Scholar
, , , and (2006). The production of de novo folded proteins by a stepwise chain elongation: a model for prebiotic chemical evolution of macromolecular sequences. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 3(11): 1202–1210.Google Scholar
, , , and (2006a). Investigation of de novo totally random biosequences, Part I: a general method for in vitro selection of folded domains from a random polypeptide library displayed on phage. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 3, 827–839.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2006b). Investigation of de novo totally random biosequences, Part II: on the folding frequency in a totally random library of de novo proteins obtained by phage display. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 3, 840–859.Google Scholar
, , and (2009). Chemical approaches to synthetic biology. Curr. Opin. Biotech., 20, 492–497.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2012). Approaches to chemical synthetic biology. FEBS Letters, 586, 2138–2145.Google Scholar
, , and (2013). Chemical synthetic biology: a mini-review. Frontiers in Microbiotechnology, Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation, 4, 285. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00285.Google Scholar
(2002). Probabilistic causality and irreversibility: Heraclitus and Prigogine. In and , eds., Between Chance and Choice. Academic Imprint.
and (2004). Size control of mixed egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EggPC)/oleate. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 52, 1058–1062.Google Scholar
and (2005a). New vesicle formation upon oleate addition to preformed vesicles. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 53, 260–262.Google Scholar
and (2005b). Effect of preformed egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles on spontaneous vesiculation of oleate micelles. Colloid Pol. Sci., 283, 1180–1189.Google Scholar
and (2006). Engineering life through Synthetic Biology. In Silico Biol., 6(5): 401–410.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2014). Realizing the potential of synthetic biology. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 15, 289–294.Google Scholar
and (1992). Endogenous production, exogenous delivery and impact-shock synthesis of organic molelcules: an inventory for the origin of life. Nature, 355, 125–132.Google Scholar
and (1995). The origin of life in the solar system: current issues. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 23, 215–249.Google Scholar
, , , , , (2000). An alternative interpretation of nanobacteria-induced biomineralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 11511–11515.Google Scholar
, , , and (1988). Ionization and phase-behavior of fatty-acids in water. Application of the Gibbs phase rule. Biochemistry, 27, 1881–1888.Google Scholar
and (1976). Reconstitution of Bacillus stearothermophilus 50S ribosomal subunits from purified molecular components. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 251, 209–221.Google Scholar
, , , and (2010). Chem Inform Abstract: A New Simple and Quantitative Synthesis of α-Amino Acid-N- carboxyanhydrides (Oxazolidine-2,5-diones). Chem. Inform., 28(15).Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2002). Prebiotic synthesis of sequential peptides on the Hadean Beach by a molecular engine working with nitrogen oxides as energy sources. Polymer International, 51, 661–665.Google Scholar
, , , and (2005). Peptide emergence, evolution and selection on the primitive Earth. In , , and , eds., Lectures in Astrobiology – Vol. I: From Prebiotic Chemistry to the Origins of Life on Earth. Springer-Verlag (Part II, Chap. 4), pp. 517–545.
(2003). Life's Solution, Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe. Cambridge University Press.
, , and (1992). Alkyl phosphonic acids and sulfonic acids in the Murchison meteorite. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta., 56, 4109–4115.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2001). Carbonaceous meteorites as a source of sugar-related organic compounds for the early Earth. Nature, 414, 879–883.Google Scholar
(2008). From Claude Bernard to Walter Cannon. Emergence of the concept of homeostasis. Appetite, 51(3): 419–427.Google Scholar
, , and (1981). An hypothesis concerning the relationship between submarine hot springs and the origin of life. Oceanologica acta, 4, Suppl., 59–69.Google Scholar
and (1990). The Arrow of Time. W. H. Allen.
and (2012). The Conundrum of pH in water nanodroplets: sensing pH in reverse micelle water pools. Acc. Chem. Res., 45, 1637–1645.Google Scholar
(1966). Of Molecules and Men. University of Washington Press.
(1980). The Astonishing Hypothesis. The Search of the Soul from a Chemical Perspective. Scribner.
, , , et al. (2003). Chiral shape and enantioselective growth of colloidal particles of self-assembled meso-tetra(phenyl and 4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrins. Chem. Commun., 13, 1588–1589.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (1987). Liposomes as pharmaceuticals. In ed., Liposomes. From Biophysics to Therapeutics. Marcel Dekker, pp. 39–72.
, , , et al. (2015). Physical routes to primitive cells: An experimental model based on the spontaneous entrapment of enzymes inside micrometer-sized liposomes. MDPI Life, 5, 969–996.Google Scholar
(1999). The Feeling of What Happens. Harcourt.
and (2015). Coupled phases and combinatorial selection in fluctuating hydrothermal pools: a scenario to guide experimental approaches to the origin of cellular life. Life, 5, 872–887.Google Scholar
(2006). L'unità in Dialogo: Autoorganizzazione, Autopoiesi, Enazione e Relazione Cognitiva. Doctoral Thesis, University of Bergamo Press.
and (2010). Verso una ridefinizione autopoietica della vita. Orig. Vita Evol. Biosph., 40, 145–149.Google Scholar
and (1994). Folded proteins occur frequently in libraries of random amino acid sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 2146–2150.Google Scholar
, , and (1995). Cooperatively folded proteins in random sequence libraries. Nature Structural Biology, 2, 856–864.Google Scholar
(2002) Molecular evolution before the origin of species, Progr. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 79, 77–133.Google Scholar
(1999). The Fifth Miracle: The Search for the Origin and Meaning of Life. Simon & Schuster.
(2007). Cosmic Jackpot, Houghton Mifflin; also appeared as The Goldilocks Enigma: Why is the Universe Just Right for Life? Allen Lane, 2006.
(1990). The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe without Design. Penguin Books.
(2002). How Life Began: The Genesis of Life on Earth. Cambridge, MA: Foundation for New Directions.
(2002). How Life Began: the Genesis of Life on Earth. Cambridge, MA: Foundation for New Directions.
(1985). Boundary structures are formed by organic components of the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite. Nature, 317, 792–794.Google Scholar
(1998). Possible starts for primitive life. In , ed., The Molecular Origins of Life. Cambridge University Press.
and (1989). Amphiphilic components of the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite: surface properties and membrane formation. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 19, 21–38.Google Scholar
, , and (1994). Self-assembly and function of primitive membrane structures. In , ed., Early Life on Earth. Nobel Symposium No. 84. Columbia University Press, pp. 107–123.
(1997). Fuzzy nano-assemblies: toward layered polymeric multicomposites. Science, 277, 1232–1237.Google Scholar
, , and (1982). Identification of formose sugars, presumable prebiotic metabolites, using capillary gas chromatography/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of n-butoxime trifluoroacetates on OV-225. J. Chromatogr., 225, 281–291.Google Scholar
(1991). Blueprint for a Cell: The Nature and the Origin of Life. Neil Patterson Publishers.
(2002). Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind and Meaning. Oxford University Press.
(2005). Singularities. Cambridge University Press.
, , and (1980). Non-bilayer lipid structures in model and biological membranes. Trends Bioch. Sci., 5, 79–81.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2006a). Investigation of de novo totally random biosequences, Part III: RNA Foster: a novel assay to investigate RNA folding structural properties. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 3, 860–868.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2006b). Investigation of de novo totally random biosequences, Part IV: folding properties of de novo, totally random RNAs. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 3, 869–877.Google Scholar
, , and (2004). Hierarchical porphyrin self-assembly in aqueous solution. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 5934–5935.Google Scholar
, , and (2009). The minimal size of liposome-based model cells brings about a remarkably enhanced entrapment and protein synthesis. Chembiochem Eur. J. Chem. Biol., 10, 1056–1063.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2011). Spontaneous crowding of ribosomes and proteins inside vesicles: a possible mechanism for the origin of cell metabolism. Chem. Biochem., 12, 2325–2330.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2012). Encapsulation of ferritin, ribosomes, and ribo-peptidic complexes inside liposomes: insights into the origin of metabolism. Orig. Life Evol. Biospheres, 42, 421–428.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2000). Ribosomal protein L2 is involved in the association of the ribosomal subunits, trna binding to A and P sites and peptidyl. Embo Journal, 19, 5241–5250.Google Scholar
(1971). Potato spindle tuber “virus.” IV. A replicating, low molecular weight RNA. Virology, 45(2): 411–428.Google Scholar
(1998). Reflections on the origin of the genetic code: a hypothesis. J. Theor. Biol., 191, 191–196.Google Scholar
(2001). The non universality of the genetic code: the universal ancestor was a progenote. J. Theor. Biol., 209, 345–349.Google Scholar
(2003). The early phases of the genetic code origin: conjecture on the evolution of coded catalysis. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 33, 479–489.Google Scholar
and (1999). Physicochemical optimization in the genetic code origin as the number of codified amino acids increase. J. Mol. Evol., 49, 1–10.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2014). Optimized reverse micelle surfactant system for high-resolution NMR spectroscopy of encapsulated proteins and nucleic acids dissolved in low viscosity fluids. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136, 3465–3474.Google Scholar
, , and (2005). High solubility of random-sequence proteins consisting of five kinds of primitive amino acids. Protein Engineering, Design & Selection, 18, 279–84.Google Scholar
(2015). Synthetic biology: Safety boost for GM organisms. Nature, 517 (7535): 423. doi: 10.1038 / 517423a.Google Scholar
and (2002). Size distribution of spontaneously formed liposomes by the alcohol injection method. J. Liposome Res., 12(3): 205–220.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2010). Polymeric crowding agents improve passive biomacromolecule encapsulation in lipid vesicles. Langmuir, 26 (16): 13195–131200.Google Scholar
and (1992). Synthesis, structure, and properties of model organic-surfaces. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 43, 437–463.Google Scholar
, , , and (2001). Self-assembling amphiphilic molecules: synthesis in simulated interstellar/precometary ices. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 98, 815–819.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2011). Synthetic chromosome arms function in yeast and generate phenotypic diversity by design. Nature, 477 (7365): 471–476.Google Scholar
(1985). Origins of Life. Cambridge University Press.
, , , and (1997). Synthesis of dipeptides by suspension-to-suspension conversion via thermolysin catalysis: from analytical to preparative scale. J. Pept. Sci., 3, 245–251.Google Scholar
(1971). Self-organization of matter and the evolution of biological macromolecules. Naturwissenschaften, 58, 465–523.Google Scholar
and (1977). Hypercycle – principle of natural self-organization. A. Emergence of hypercycle. Naturwissenschaften, 64, 541–565.Google Scholar
and (1979). The Hypercycle: A Principle of Natural Self-Organization. Springer Verlag.
and (1992). Steps Towards Life. Oxford University Press.
(1984). In and , eds., Reverse Micelles. Plenum Press.
(1877). Anti-Duehring. Translated by . Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company, 1907.
(1883). Dialectics of Nature. Notes and Fragments. Translated by . Moscow: Progress Publishers, edn., 1934. Included in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works, Volume 25 (Engels), published in 1987 by Lawrence & Wishart.
(1894). Herrn Eugen Dühring's Umwalzung der Wissenschaft. Dietz Verlag. English translation (Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science) was included in: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works. Volume 25 (Engels), published in 1987 by Lawrence & Wishart.
and (1980). Effects of histidyl-histidine and polyribonucleotides on glycine condensation in fluctuating clay environments. Abstracts Papers Am. Chem. Soc., 179, 43.Google Scholar
, , and (1983). A cubic protein-monoolein-water phase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 729, 23–27.Google Scholar
(2003). Life's solution – inevitable humans in a lonely universe. Science, 302, 1682–1683.Google Scholar
(2003). Creating a perspective for comparing. In Proceedings of the J. Templeton Foundation “Biochemistry and Fine-tuning.”
Harvard University, October 10–12, 2003.
and (1989). Immobilized enzymes in reverse micelles: studies with gel-entrapped Trypsin and alpha-Chymotrypsin in AOT reverse micelles. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 33, 1277–1282.Google Scholar
(1987). Surfactants in Consumer Products. Theory, Technology and Applications. Springer Verlag.
, , , and (1992). Photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria in water-in-oil microemulsions. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 40, 173–178.Google Scholar
, , and (1993). Surfactant-induced hydrogen production in cyanobacteria. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 42, 1014–1018.Google Scholar
and (2003). What is the minimum number of letters required to fold a protein?
J. Mol. Biol., 328, 921–926.Google Scholar
and (2008). Thermodynamics of vesicle growth and instability. Physical Review E, 78, 051406.Google Scholar
and , eds. (1998). Emergency, complexity, hierarchy, organisation. Selected papers from the ECHO III Conference (ESPOO, Finland), Acta Polytechnica Scandi., 91.Google Scholar
and (1975). Catalysis in Micellar and Macromolecular Systems. Academic Press.
(1998). Catalyzed RNA synthesis for the RNA world. In , ed., The Molecular Origin of Life. Cambridge University Press, pp. 255–256.
and (1992). Oligomerization reaction of ribonucleosides on montmorillonite: reaction of 5′-phosphorimidazolide of adenosine. Science, 257, 1387–1389.Google Scholar
and (1993). Montmorillonite catalysis of RNA oligomer formation in aqueous solution: a model for the prebiotic formation of RNA. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 12270–12275.Google Scholar
, , and (1968). Studies in prebiotic synthesis. III, Synthesis of pyrimidines from cyanoacetilene and cyanate. J. Mol. Biol., 33, 693–704.Google Scholar
, , and (1973). Possible role of hydrogen cyanide in chemical evolution. The oligomerization and condensation of hydrogen cyanide. J. Mol. Biol., 74, 511–518.Google Scholar
, , , and (1974). Chemical evolution. 21. Amino-acids released on hydrolysis of HCN oligomers. J. Mol. Evol., 3, 225–231.Google Scholar
, , , and (1978). HCN: a plausible source of purines, pyrimidines and amino acids on the primitive earth. J. Mol. Evol., 11, 293–311.Google Scholar
(2014). Life engineered with expanded genetic code. The San Diego Union-Tribune.
and (2007). Lecithin-based water-in-oil compartments as dividing bioreactors. ChemBioChem, 8, 1965–1973.Google Scholar
, , and (2000). Giant vesicles as models to study the interactions between membranes and proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1467, 177–188.Google Scholar
and (1981). Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 85, 863.
, , and (1990). J. Microencapsul., 7, 479–489.
(1993). Sem imaging of bacteria and nannobacteria in carbonate sediments and rocks. Journal of sedimentary petrology, 63, 990–999.Google Scholar
(1979). The Origin of Life: A Warm Little Pond. W. H. Freeman & Co.
(1990). Cubic phases in surfactant and surfactant-like lipid systems. Colloid Polym. Sci., 268, 265–285.Google Scholar
, and (1987). Self-cleavage of plus and minus RNAs of a virusoid and a structural model for the active sites. Cell, 49(2): 211–220.Google Scholar
, and (2006). Towards synthesis of a minimal cell. Mol. Syst. Biol., 2, 45. doi: 10.1038/msb4100090.Google Scholar
and (2002). From self-organizing polymers to nanohybrid and biomaterials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 41, 688–714.Google Scholar
, , and (2012). An exit cavity was crucial to the polymerase activity of the early ribosome. Astrobiology, 12, 57–60.Google Scholar
(1988). The Emergence of Life. Basic Books.
and (1972). Molecular Evolution and the Origin of Life. W. H. Freeman.
(2002). The Century of the Gene. Harvard University Press.
and (1955). Reconstitution of active tobacco mosaic virus from its inactive protein and nucleic acid components. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA., 41, 690–698.Google Scholar
and (1990). Ribosomal protein-l15 and protein-l16 are mere late assembly proteins of the large ribosomal-subunit – analysis of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking l15. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265, 16676–16682.Google Scholar
von (1988). Psyche und Materie. Daimon Verlag.
, , , et al. (1995). The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science, 270, 397–403.Google Scholar
, and (2004). Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines. Landes Bioscience.
(1999). The Emergence of Life on Earth: A Historical and Scientific Overview. London: Free Association Books.
(2000). Emergence of Life on Earth: A Historical and Scientific Overview. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
(2011). The role of natural selection in the origin of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 41(1): 3–16.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2015). In vitro directed evolution of alpha-hemolysin by liposome display. Biophysics, 11: 67–72.Google Scholar
, , and (2001). Regulation of gene expression by cell-to-cell communication: acyl-homoserine lactone quorum sensing. Ann. Rev., Genet., 35, 439–468.Google Scholar
(1975). Organization of chemical reactions into dividing and metabolizing units: the chemotons. BioSystems, 7, 15–21.Google Scholar
(1984). Chemoton elmélet 1. kötet. A fluid automaták elméleti alapjai. Translated as Chemoton Theory, Vol. 1., Theory of Fluid Automata. OMIKK.
(2003). The Principles of Life. Oxford University Press.
and (2011). Approaches to building chemical cells/chells: examples of relevant mechanistic “couples.” In and , eds., The Minimal Cell.
Springer.
, , , , and (1976). Factor-free (non-enzymic) and factor-dependent systems of translation of polyuridylic acid by E. coli ribosomes. J. Mol. Biol., 101, 537–552.Google Scholar
(1989). Biomembranes, Molecular Structure and Function. Springer Verlag.
and (2004). Peptide self-assembly as a model of proteins in the pre-genomic world. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 8, 640–644.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2008a). Complete chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium genome. Science, 319(5867): 1215–20.Google Scholar
, , et al. (2008b). One-step assembly in yeast of 25 overlapping DNA fragments to form a complete synthetic Mycoplasma genitalium genome
. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 105(51): 20404–204009. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811011106.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2010). Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome. Science, 329(5987): 52–56. doi:10.1126/science.1190719.Google Scholar
, , , and (2004). Determination of the core of a minimal bacteria gene set. Microb. Molec. Biol. Rev., 68, 518–537.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2004). Three-dimensional structures of translating ribosomes by cryo-EM. Molecular Cell. 14, 57–66.Google Scholar
(1979). Terrestrial sources of carbon and earthquake outgassing. Journal of Petroleum Geology
1(3): 3–19.Google Scholar
and (2006). Emergence and religious naturalism. In , ed., Oxford Handbook of Science and Religion. Oxford University Press.
, , , et al. (2009). Ser-His catalyses the formation of peptides and PNAs. FEBS Letters, 583, 153–156.Google Scholar
(1989). Wonderful Life. Penguin Books.
, , and (2001). Nanoreactors from polymer-stabilized liposomes. Langmuir, 17, 919–923.Google Scholar
(1976a). The carrier potential of liposomes in biology and medicine (first of two parts). New Engl. J. Med., 295, 704–710.Google Scholar
(1976b). The carrier potential of liposomes in biology and medicine (second of two parts). New Engl. J. Med., 295, 765–770.Google Scholar
, ed. (1988). Liposomes and Carriers of Drugs: Recent Trends and Progress. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
(1995). Engineering liposomes for drug delivery: progress and problems. Trends Biotechnol., 13(12): 527–537.Google Scholar
, , , and (2012). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as plausible prebiotic membrane components. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 42(4): 295–306.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2010). How controlled and versatile is N-carboxy anhydride (NCA) polymerization at 0 °C? Effect of temperature on homo-, block- and graft (co)polymerization. Polym. Chem., 1, 514–524.Google Scholar
(1866). Allgemeine Anatomie der Organismen. Walter de Gruyer.
(1983). Anionic lipid headgroups as a proton-conducting pathway along the surface of membranes: a hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 160–164.Google Scholar
, , , and (1995). Thermodynamics of solid-to-solid conversion and application to enzymic peptide synthesis. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 17, 601–606.Google Scholar
, , and (1981). Ribosomal components from escherichia-coli 50-s subunits involved in the reconstitution of peptidyltransferase activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 256, 2284–2288.Google Scholar
and (1986). Biotechnol. Bioeng., 27, 1250–1255.
and (2004). Replicating vesicles as models of primitive cell growth and division. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 8(6): 660–664.Google Scholar
, , and (2003). Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments: encapsulation, growth, and division. Science, 302, 618–622.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2014). Transplantation of prokaryotic two-component signaling pathways into mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111(44): 15705–15710. doi:10.1073/pnas.1406482111.Google Scholar
and (1996). Nonconventional protease catalysis in frozen aqueous solutions. J. Pept. Sci., 2, 279–289.Google Scholar
and (1982). Reversed micelle of dodecylpyridinium iodide in benzene. Pressure-jump relaxation kinetic and equilibrium study of the solubilization of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane. J. Phys. Chem., 86, 2098–2102.Google Scholar
and (1978a). Liposomes from ionic, single-chain amphiphiles. Biochemistry, 17, 3759–3768.Google Scholar
and (1978b). In , ed., Light Transducing Membranes: Structure, Function and Evolution. Academic Press, pp. 23–59.
, , and (1977). Synthesis of phospholipids and membranes in prebiotic conditions. Nature, 266, 78–80.Google Scholar
, , and (1985). Solubilization of bacteria cells in organic solvents via reverse micelles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 127, 911–915.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1987). Solubilization of bacterial cells in organic solvents via reverse micelles and microemulsions. Ann. Biochem. Eng., 506, 337–344.Google Scholar
and (1990). Preparation of polymers with controlled molecular architecture – a new convergent approach to dendritic macromolecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638–7647.Google Scholar
, , , and (1975). Purines and triazines in the Murchison meteorite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 39, 471–488.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2004). De novo proteins from designed combinatorial libraries. Protein Science, 13, 1711–1723.Google Scholar
and (1997). The iron-sulfur world and the origins of life: abiotic thiol synthesis from metallic iron, H2S and CO2; a comparison of the thiol generating FeS/HCl(H2S)/CO2-system and its Fe0/H2S/CO2-counterpart. Proc. Royal Netherlands Acad. Arts Sci., 100, 11–25.Google Scholar
(1998). A Mathematical History of the Golden Number. New York: Dover.
(1994). Chaos and Non Linear Dynamics. Oxford University Press.
, , , and (1984). Rules for the regulation of enzyme-activity in reversed micelles as illustrated by the conversion of apolar steroids by 20-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Eur. J. Biochem., 144, 459–466.Google Scholar
and (1971). Top Stereochem., 36: 329–399.
and (1989). Solubilization of soybean mitochondria in AOT/isooctane water-in-oil microemulsions. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 33, 1477–1481.Google Scholar
and (1991). Photosynthetic activity of plant cells solubilized in water-in-oil microemulsions. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 37, 918–921.Google Scholar
, , and (1989). Activity of yeast cells solubilized in water-in-oil microemulsions. Chimia, 43, 348–350.Google Scholar
(2005). Vatican astronomer rebuts cardinals’ attack on Darwinism. Science, 309, 996–997.Google Scholar
(1998). Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Oxford University Press.
and (1998). Hydrothermal systems. In , ed., The Molecular Origin of Life. Cambridge University Press.
and (1962). Origins of life: the primal self-organization. In , ed., Progress in the Chemistry of Natural Products, Vol. 20. Springer Verlag, pp. 423–459.
and (1993). Five years of Project META: an all-sky narrow-band radio search for extraterrestrial signals. Astrophys. J., 415, 218–233.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2008). Quantitative study of the structure of multilamellar giant liposomes as a container of protein synthesis reaction. Langmuir, 24, 13540–13548.Google Scholar
and (1999). Astronomical origins of life – steps towards panspermia. Astrophys. Space Sci., 268, Preface, VII–VIII.Google Scholar
and (2000). Astronomical Origins of Life – Steps Towards Panspermia. Dordrecht, NL: Kluwer Academic.
and (1997). Activated acetic acid by carbon fixation on (Fe, Ni)S under primordial condition. Science, 276, 245–247.Google Scholar
(1970). The Divine Proportion: A Study in Mathematical Beauty. New York: Dover.
, , , et al. (1999). Global transposon mutagenesis and a minimal mycoplasma genome. Science, 286, 2165–2169.Google Scholar
(2002). Origins of gene, genetic code, protein and life: comprehensive view of life systems from a GNC-SNS primitive genetic code hypothesis; J. Biosci. 27, 165–186.Google Scholar
(2005). Possible steps to the emergence of life: the (GADV)-protein world hypothesis. The Chemical Record, 5, 107–118.Google Scholar
(2009). Pseudo-replication of [GADV]-proteins and origin of life. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10, 1525–1537.Google Scholar
, , , and (2002). A novel theory on the origin of the genetic code: a GNC-SNS hypothesis. J. Mol. Evol., 54, 530–538.Google Scholar
and (1982). Solubilization and condensed packaging of nucleic acids in reversed micelles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 107, 538–545.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2004). Expression of cascading genetic network within liposomes. FEBS Lett., 576, 387–390.Google Scholar
, , , and (2004). Comparative genomics and the gene complement of a minimal cell. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 34 (1–2): 243–256.Google Scholar
(1992). Intermolecular and Surface Forces, edn. Academic Press.
, , and (1977). Theory of self-assembly of lipid bilayers and vesicles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 470, 185–201.Google Scholar
and (2002). Approaching exponential growth with a self-replicating peptide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 6808–6809.Google Scholar
(1995). An estimation of the minimal genome size required for life. FEBS Lett., 362, 257–260.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1992). Spontaneous formation of helical structures from phospholipid-nucleoside conjugates. Biochemistry, 31, 4757–4765.Google Scholar
(1982). The Possible and the Actual. University of Washington Press.
, , and (1999). A complex ligase ribozyme evolved in vitro from a group I ribozymes domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 96, 14712–14717.Google Scholar
(1987). Peptides: design, synthesis, and biological activity. In and , eds., The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology, Vol. 9. Academic Press.
(1995). Hydrolysis and formation of peptides. In and , eds., Enzyme Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, Vol. 1. Wiley-VCH, pp. 431–458.
, , and (1985). Basic principles of protease-catalyzed peptide bond formation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 24, 85–93.Google Scholar
, , , and (1996). Non-conventional enzyme catalysis: application of proteases and zymogens in biotransformations. Biol. Chem., 377, 455–464.Google Scholar
, , and (1976). Nature of the thermal pretransition of synthetic phospholipids: dimyristoyl- and dipalmitoyllecithin. Biochemistry, 15, 4575–4580.Google Scholar
, , and (1970). Reassembly of living cells from dissociated components. Science, 167(3925): 1626–1627.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2008). An integrated cell-free metabolic platform for protein production and synthetic biology. Mol. Syst. Biol., 4, 220.Google Scholar
, , and (1998). Approaching the use of oscillating reactions for analytical monitoring. Analyst, 123, 1R–8R.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2013). Comprehensive experimental fitness landscape and evolutionary network for small RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 14984–14991.Google Scholar
, and (2008). Light-energy conversion in engineered microorganisms. Trends Biotechnol., 26(12): 682–689.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2001). RNA-catalyzed RNA polymerization: accurate and general RNA-templated primer extension. Science, 292(5520): 1319–1325.Google Scholar
and (1986). Nonenzymatic template-directed synthesis on RNA random copolymers – poly(C, G) templates. J. Mol. Biol., 188, 433–441.Google Scholar
and (2010). Emergence, Complexity, and Self-Organization: Precursors and Prototypes (Exploring Complexity). Paperback. ISCE Publishing.
and (1998). Nanobacteria: An alternative mechanism for pathogenic intra- and extracellular calcification and stone formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95(14): 8274–8279.Google Scholar
, , , and (1989). Spontaneous vesicle formation in aqueous mixtures of single-tailed surfactants. Science, 245, 1371–1374.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1993). Protein design by binary patterning of polar and nonpolar amino acids. Science, 262, 1680–1685.Google Scholar
and (1999). Hydrogen peroxide production from reactive liposomes encapsulating enzymes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1419, 221–228.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2012). Cell-sized confinement in microspheres accelerates the reaction of gene expression. Scientific Report, 2, 283.Google Scholar
(1993). The Origins of Order: Self Organization and Selection in Evolution. Oxford University Press.
(2002). The origin of life from the life of subjectivity. In , , and , eds., Fundamentals of life. Elsevier, pp. 56–76.
and (2000). Condensation reaction of hexanucleotides containing guanine and cytosine with water soluble carbodiimide. Nucleic Acid Symp. Ser., 44, 217–218.Google Scholar
(1999). Chemical protein synthesis by solid phase ligation of unprotected peptide segments. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121, 8720–8727.Google Scholar
and (2010). Synthetic biology: applications come of age. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11, 367–379. doi:10.1038/nrg2775.Google Scholar
von (1986). A self-replicating hexadeoxynucleotide. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 25, 932–925.Google Scholar
von (1993). Minimal replicator theory I: parabolic versus exponential growth. In , ed., Bioorganic Chemistry, Vol. 3. Springer Verlag, pp. 115–146.
, , , et al. (1999). Development of novel cationic liposomes for efficient gene transfer into peritoneal disseminated tumor. Human Gene Therapy, 10(6): 947–955.Google Scholar
(1983). The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. Cambridge University Press.
, , , , , et al. (2008). Replication of genetic information with self-encoded replicase in liposomes. Chem. Bio. Chem., 9, 2403–2410.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (1970). Evidence for extraterrestrial amino acids and hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite. Nature, 228, 923–926.Google Scholar
and (1977). Reassembly of living cells from dissociated components in Bryopsis. Plant & Cell Physiol., 18, 1373–1377.Google Scholar
, , , and (1990). Abiotic synthesis of amino acids and imidazole by proton irradiation of simulated primitive earth atmospheres. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 20, 99–109.Google Scholar
, , , and (1998). Amino acid formation in gas mixtures by high-energy particle irradiation. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 28, 155–165.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2002). Engineering a reduced Escherichia coli genome. Genome Res., 12, 640–647.Google Scholar
, , and (1985). Sensitivity of branch selection in nonequilibrium systems. Phys. Lett. A, 111, 29–32.Google Scholar
, , and (1990). Chiral symmetry breaking in sodium chlorate crystallization. Science, 250, 975.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1995). Spontaneous vesicle formation from aqueous-solutions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl-sulfate mixtures. Langmuir, 11, 2380–2384.Google Scholar
and (2005). Efficient replication between non-hydrogen-bonded nucleoside shape analogs. In , ed., Emergent Computation: Emphasizing Bioinformatics. Springer, pp. 88–98.
(2000). How many genes can make a cell: the minimal-gene-set concept. Annu. Rev. Genomics Human Genet., 1, 99–116.Google Scholar
, , and (2014). Glimpse into the origin of life: what was first, the genetic code or its products, the proteins? In , ed., Why Does Evolution Matter? The Importance of Understanding Evolution. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 87–100.
(1987). Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis. CRC Press.
(2000). A system of two polymerases – a model for the origin of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 30(5): 459–468.Google Scholar
, , , and (2009). A synthetic biology approach to the construction of membrane proteins in semi-synthetic minimal cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1788, 567–574.Google Scholar
and (1999). Spontaneous resolution: from three-dimensional crystals to two-dimensional magic nanoclusters. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 38, 2533–2536.Google Scholar
and (2011). The influence of environment and metabolic capacity on the size of a microorganism. In and , eds., The Minimal Cell. Netherlands: Springer, pp. 93–103.
and (1993). Lipid cubic phases as transparent, rigid matrices for the direct spectroscopic study of immobilized membrane proteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 2102–2106.Google Scholar
and (1999). Emergence of a dual-catalytic RNA with metal-specific cleavage and ligase activities: the spandrels of RNA evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 96, 173–178.Google Scholar
(2009). Power, Sex, Suicide. Oxford University Press.
, ed. (1988). Artificial Life: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems. Addison-Wesley.
(1990). Computation at the edge of chaos: phase transitions and emergent computation. Physica, D42, 12–37.Google Scholar
, ed. (1993). Artificial Life III: Proceedings of the Third Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems. Addison-Wesley.
, ed. (1995). Artificial Life: An Overview. MIT Press.
and (2014). Digital switching in a biosensor circuit via programmable timing of gene availability. Nature Chemical Biology. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1680.
(1989). Cubic lipid-water phases: structures and biomembrane aspects. J. Phys. Chem., 93, 7304–7314.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2007). Genome transplantation in bacteria: changing one species to another. Science, 317(5838): 632–638.Google Scholar
, , and (1991). How deep do intact liposomes penetrate into human skin?
J. Controll. Release, 18, 55–58.Google Scholar
(1995). In and , eds., Handbook of Biological Physics, Vol. 1. Elsevier, pp. 491–519.
and (1979). Quantification of monocarboxylic acids in the Murchison carbonaceous meteorite. Nature, 282, 396–398.Google Scholar
(2004). An answer in search of a question. A review of How Life Began: The Genesis of Life on Earth, by William Day. Astrobiology, 4(4): 469–471.Google Scholar
, and (2003). The 1953 Stanley L. Miller experiment: fifty years of prebiotic organic chemistry. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 33, 235–242.Google Scholar
(2001). Vedi Alla Voce Scienza. Manifesto Libri.
(2002). Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. Viking Books.
, , , and (1997). Emergence of symbiosis in peptide self-replication through a hypercyclic network. Nature, 390, 591–594.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2008). Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels. Curr Opin Biotechnol., 19(6):556–563.Google Scholar
(2002). Toward self-organization and complex matter. Science, 295(5564): 2400–2403. doi:10.1126/science.1071063.Google Scholar
, , , and (2008). Engineering microbes with synthetic biology frameworks. Trends Biotechnol., 12, 674–681.Google Scholar
and (1989). Liquid 3-phase micellar extraction of peptides. Biotech. Techniques, 3, 149–154.Google Scholar
and (1990). Application of reverse micelles for the extraction of amino acids and proteins. Chimia, 44, 270–282.Google Scholar
(1993). The Doctrine of DNA – Biology as an Ideology. Penguin Books.
, , , et al. (2015). Synthesis of many different types of organic small molecules using one automated process, Science, 347(6227): 1221–1226.Google Scholar
and (1994). Chemical self-replication of palindromic duplex DNA. Nature, 369, 218–221.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2000). Dipeptide seryl-histidine and related oligopeptides cleave DNA, protein, and a carboxyl ester. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 12, 2675–2680.Google Scholar
and (2003). Peptide self-replication enhanced by a proline kink. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 11820–11821.Google Scholar
(1997). On the crucial stages in the origin of animate matter. J. Mol. Evol., 44, 1–8.Google Scholar
(1993). Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature, 362(6422): 709–715.Google Scholar
and (1989). Cubic phases and isotropic structures formed by membrane lipids – possible biological relevance. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 988, 221–256.Google Scholar
(1991). Self-assembly in synthetic routes to molecular devices – biological principles and chemical perspectives – a review. New J. Chem., 15, 153–180.Google Scholar
and (2009). Biology under construction: in vitro reconstitution of cellular function. Nature Reviews, 10, 644–670.Google Scholar
(2002). La Sezione Aurea. Storia di un numero e di un mistero che dura da tremila anni, Rizzoli.
, , , and (1999). A matrix effect in mixed phospholipid/fatty acid vesicle formation. J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 10910–10916.Google Scholar
, , and (2013). Simplified protein design biased for prebiotic amino acids yields a foldable, halophilic protein. PNAS, 110(6): 2135–2139.Google Scholar
and (1993). A direct measurement of the terrestrial mass accretion rate of cosmic dust. Science, 262, 550–553.Google Scholar
(1979). Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford University Press.
(2003). Gene cloning expression and purification of membrane proteins. ETH-Z Dissertation Nr. 15108, Zurich.
, , , and (2008). Toward scalable parts families for predictable design of biological circuits. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 11(6): 567–573.Google Scholar
(1984). Soziale Systeme. Suhrkamp.
(1985). Enzyme hosted in reverse micelles in hydrocarbon solution. Angew. Chem., 24, 439–450.Google Scholar
(1993). Defining the transition to life: self-replicating bounded structures and chemical autopoiesis. In and , ed., Thinking About Biology, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity. Addison-Wesley-Longman.
(1996). Self-reproduction of micelles and vesicles: models for the mechanisms of life from the perspective of compartmented chemistry. Adv. Chem. Phys., 92, 425–438.Google Scholar
(1997). Self-reproduction of chemical structures and the question of the transition to life. In , , and , eds., Astronomical and Biochemical Origins and the Search for Life in the Universe. Editrice Compositori, pp. 461–468.
(2001). Are micelles and vesicles chemical equilibrium systems?
J. Chem. Educ., 78, 380–384.Google Scholar
(2006). The Emergence of Life. From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology. Cambridge University Press.
(2007). Chemical aspects of synthetic biology. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 4, 603–621.Google Scholar
and (2011). Chemical Synthetic Biology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
and (1986). Solubilization of enzymes and nucleic acids in hydrocarbon micelar solutions. Crit. Rev. Biochem., 20, 409–474.Google Scholar
and , eds. (2011). The Minimal Cell. The Biophysics of Cell Compartment and the Origin of Cell Functionality. Dordrecht: Springer.
, and , eds. (1984). Reverse Micelles. Plenum Press.
and (1990). Self-replicating micelles – a chemical version of minimal autopoietic systems. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 19, 633–643.Google Scholar
and , eds. (2000). Giant Vesicles, Perspectives in Supramolecular Chemistry. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
, , , , and (1977a). Solubilization and spectroscopic properties of α-chymotrypsin in cyclohexane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 74, 1384–1389.Google Scholar
, , and (1977b). Pepsin-catalyzed coupling between aromatic amino acid residues. Experientia, 33, 796.Google Scholar
, , , and (1988). Reverse micelles as hosts for proteins and small molecules. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 947, 209–246.Google Scholar
, , , and (1990). Organogels from water-in-oil microemulsions. Colloid Polymer Sci., 268, 356–374.Google Scholar
, , and (1996). In , ed., Defining Life: the Central Problem in Theoretical Biology. University of Padova, pp. 149–165.
, , and (2002). The notion of a DNA minimal cell: a general discourse and some guidelines for an experimental approach. Helv. Chim. Acta, 85(6): 1759–1777.Google Scholar
, , , and (2004). A possibile route to prebiotic vesicle reproduction. Artificial Life, 10, 297–308.Google Scholar
, , and (2006). Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: a review. Naturwissenschaften, 93, 1–13.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2010). Spontaneous protein overcrowding in liposomes: a new vista for the origin of cellular metabolism. Chem. Biochem., 11, 1989–1992.Google Scholar
, , and , eds. (2014). Synthetic Biology. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 22, pp. v–vii (Editorial overview) and 1–162.Google Scholar
, , and (1998). Surface promoted replication and exponential amplification. Nature, 396, 245–248.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1993). Cubic phases of lipid-containing systems: elements of a theory and biological connotations. J. Mol. Biol., 229, 540–551.Google Scholar
and (2002). Chemically induced supramolecular reorganization of triblock copolymer assemblies: Trapping of intermediate states via a shell-crosslinking methodology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 5058–5063.Google Scholar
and (1987). Liposomes in Cell Biology and Pharmacology. London: John Libbey and Co., Ltd.
(1977). Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 499, 202–211.
and (1968). Ribosome-catalyzed peptidyl transfer – effects of cations and pH value. European Journal of Biochemistry, 6, 309.Google Scholar
(1996). Biology, edn. W. C. Brown Publisher.
and (1990). A simplified thermodynamic model for protein uptake by reverse micelles. In , ed., Surfactants in Solution, Vol. 9. Plenum.
, , , , and (2012). Efficient and sequence-independent replication of DNA containing a third base pair establishes a functional six-letter genetic alphabet. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109 (30): 12005–12010.Google Scholar
(1982). Fractal Geometry of Nature. Fenn and Company.
et al. (2015). Biocontainment of genetically modified organisms by synthetic protein design. Nature, 518, 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14121.Google Scholar
and (1997). Reconstitution of functional eukaryotic ribosomes from Dictyostelium discoideum ribosomal proteins and RNA. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 19682–19687.Google Scholar
and (2009). Reconstructing the emergence of cellular life through the synthesis of model protocells. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 74, 47–54.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2008). Template-directed synthesis of a genetic polymer in a model protocell. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature07018.
(1993). Symbiosis in Cell Evolution. Freeman.
and (1995). What is Life?
Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
, , and (1988). Cubic phases of lipid-containing systems: structure analysis and biological implications. J. Mol. Biol., 204, 165–189.Google Scholar
, , and (2001). Varela and the Uroborus: the psychological significance of reentry. Cybernetics Human Knowing, 9, 31.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1998). Vesicle formation and general phase behavior in the catanionic mixture SDS-DDAB-water. The anionic-rich side. J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 6746–6758.Google Scholar
and (1986). Dokl. Akdam. Nauk. SSSR, 289, 1271.
, , , and (1978). Model of biological membranes or surface-layer (active center) of protein globules (enzymes) – reactivity of water solubilized by reversed micelles of aerosol OT in octane during neutral hydrolysis of picrylchloride. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 238, 626–629.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1981). The principles of enzyme stabilization. 6. Catalysis by water-soluble enzymes entrapped into reversed micelles of surfactants in organic solvents. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 657, 277–295.Google Scholar
and (2011). Cell-like systems with riboswitch controlled gene expression. Chem. Commun., 47, 10734–10736.Google Scholar
(2011). L'emergere della biologia della cognizione. La complessità della vita di Humberto Maturana Romecín. Aracne Editrice, Rome.
and (1983). The parity violating energy difference between enantiomeric molecules. Chem. Phys. Lett., 94, 34.Google Scholar
(2002). HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2, 315–319.Google Scholar
, , and (December 2014). Cell-free synthesis of SecYEG translocon as the fundamental protein transport machinery. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 44(4): 331–334.Google Scholar
, , , and (2003). Complementary nucleobase interaction enhances peptide–peptide recognition and self-replicating catalysis. Chem. Eur. J., 9, 4829–4837.Google Scholar
(1975). The origin of proteins, heteropolypeptides from hydrogen cyanide and water. Origin of Life, 6, 155–163.Google Scholar
(1992). Cell Wall Deficient Forms: Stealth Phatogens. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
and (1980). Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living. Reidel.
and (1998). The Tree of Knowledge (Based on revised edn. of 1992). Shambala. (First edn. 1984, El árbol del conocimiento. Bases biológicas del entendimiento humano. First English edn. 1987).
(2004). Theoretical investigations on autopoietic replication mechanisms. ETH-Z Dissertation Nr. 15218, Zurich.
(2012). Stochastic simulations of minimal cells: the Ribocell model. BMC bioinformatics, 13(S 4): S 10. doi:10.1186/1471–2105–13-S4-S10.Google Scholar
and (1996). Autopoietic self-reproducing vesicles: a simplified kinetic model. J. Phys. Chem., 100, 16600–16607.Google Scholar
, , , and , (2014). Recent theoretical approaches to minimal artificial cells. Entropy, 16, 2488–2511.Google Scholar
and (1995). The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford University Press.
and (1999). The Origins of Life. Oxford University Press.
(1974a). Teleological and teleonomic: a new analysis. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, XIV, 91–117.Google Scholar
(1974b). The multiple meanings of teleological. In , Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988, pp. 44–45.
, , and (1999). Lipid synthesis under hydrothermal conditions by Fischer-Tropsch-type reactions. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 29, 153–166.Google Scholar
(1992). The rise and fall of British emergentism. In , and , eds., Emergence or Reduction: Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Materialism, Library edn. de Gruyter, pp. 49–53.
(1992). Wolfgang Pauli und C. G. Jung, Ein Briefwechsel. Springer Verlag.
(1991). Groups of organic molecules that operate collectively. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 30, 1086–1099.Google Scholar
(1967). The Structure of Behaviour. Beacon.
(1872). System of Logic, edn. Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer.
, , and (1991). Adsorbed omega-hydroxy thiol monolayers on gold electrodes – evidence for electron-tunneling to redox species in solution. J. Phys. Chem., 95, 877–886.Google Scholar
and (2015). Engineering protocells: prospects for self-assembly and nanoscale production lines. Life, 5(2): 1019–1053.Google Scholar
(1953). Production of amino acids under possible primitive Earth conditions. Science, 117, 2351–2361.Google Scholar
(1998). The endogenous synthesis of organic compounds. In , ed., The Molecular Origin of Life. Cambridge University Press.
and (2007). Prebiotic chemistry on the primitive Earth. In and , eds., Systems Biology. Volume I, Genomics. Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press.
and (1995). The origin and early evolution of life: prebiotic chemistry, the pre-RNA world, and time. J. Mol. Evol., 41, 689–692.Google Scholar
and (1964). Nature, 204, 1248–1250.
(1995). Self-Producing Systems: Implications and Applications of Autopoiesis. Plenum Press.
(1997). A critical evaluation of Maturana's constructivist family therapy. Syst. Practice, 10(2): 137–151.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1988). Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 966, 276–286.
, , and (2001). Oxygen-isotope evidence from ancient zircons for liquid water at the Earth's surface 4,300 Myr ago. Nature, 409(6817):178–181.Google Scholar
(1971). Chance and Necessity. A. A. Knopf.
and (1967). Ribosome-catalysed reaction of puromycin with a formylmethionine-containing oligonucleotide. Journal of Molecular Biology, 25, 347–350.Google Scholar
(1923). Emergent Evolution. William and Norgate.
, , , , and (1997). Autopoietic self-reproduction of chiral fatty acid vesicles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, 292–301.Google Scholar
(1992). Beginnings of Cellular Life. Yale University Press.
, , and (1995). The synthesis of glutamic acid in the absence of enzymes – implications for biogenesis. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 25, 395–399.Google Scholar
, , , and (2000). The origin of intermediary metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 7704–7709.Google Scholar
, , , and (1989). Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 986, 310–314.
, , , , , and (1990). Chemie von α-Aminonitrilen. Aldomerisierung von Glycolaldehyd-phosphat zu racemischen Hexose-2,4,6-triphosphaten und (in Gegenwart von Formaldehyd) racemischen Pentose-2,4-diphosphaten: rac-Allose-2,4,6-triphosphat und rac-Ribose-2,4-diphosphat sind die Reaktionshauptprodukte. Helvetica Chimica acta, 73(5): 1410–1468.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2007). Protein synthesis in liposomes with a minimal set of enzymes. Biochem Biophys Res Comm., 363: 12–17.Google Scholar
(2005). Protein content of minimal and ancestral ribosome. RNA Society, 11, 1400–1406.Google Scholar
and (1996). A minimal gene set for cellular life derived by comparison of complete bacterial genomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 10268–10273.Google Scholar
(1961). The Structure of Science. Harcourt.
, , and (1975). Amino acid synthesis through biogenic CO2 fixation. Nature, 256, 60–61.Google Scholar
, , , and (2007). Effective selection system for experimental evolution of random polypeptides towards DNA-binding protein. J. Bioscence and Bioengineering, 103, 155–160.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1977). Permeability of amino acids into liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 471, 305–310.Google Scholar
, , and (2000). Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been the first genetic molecule. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97(8): 3868–3871.Google Scholar
von, and , eds. (1966). Theory of Self-Reproduction Automata. University of Illinois Press.
(1987). Nuclear reconstitution in vitro: stages of assembly around protein–free DNA. Cell, 48, 205–217.Google Scholar
and (1977). Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems. From Dissipative Structures to Order Through Fluctuations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
and (1973). Protein involved in peptidyltransferase activity of Escherichia-coli ribosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 70, 1931–1935.Google Scholar
and (1974). Total reconstitution of functionally active 50S ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 71, 4713–4717.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2000). The structural basis of ribosome activity in peptide bond synthesis. Science, 289, 920–930.Google Scholar
(2006). The Music of Life. Oxford University Press.
and (2004). A vesicle bioreactor as a step toward an artificial cell assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 17669–17674.Google Scholar
, , and (2003). Principles of cell-free genetic circuit assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 12672–12677.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2001). Towards proto-cells: “primitive” lipid vesicles encapsulating giant DNA and its histone complex. Chem. Bio. Chem., 6, 457–459.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2002). Towards proto-cells: “primitive” lipid vesicles encapsulating giant DNA and its histone complex. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett., 7, 245–246.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2003). Gene expression within cell-sized lipid vesicles. Chem. Bio. Chem., 4, 1172–1175.Google Scholar
, , , and (1976). Closed system Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over meteoritic iron, iron-ore and nickel-iron alloy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40, 915–924.Google Scholar
(2014). La Filosofia di Humberto Maturana. Firenze: Casa Editrice Le Lettere.
and (2002). The use of lipsomes for constructing cell models. J. Biol. Phys., 28, 733–744.Google Scholar
, , , and (1995b). Enzymatic RNA replication in self-reproducing vesicles: an approach to a minimal cell. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 207, 250–257.Google Scholar
, , and (1999). Protein expression in liposomes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 261, 238–241.Google Scholar
and (1972). Assembly mechanism of tobacco mosaic virus particle from its ribonucleic acid and protein. Molec. Gen. Genetics, 114, 205–213.Google Scholar
(2006). Evolution and the Levels of Selection. Oxford University Press.
, , , and (2007). BioEssays, 30, 57–65.
(1924). Proiskhozhdenie Zhisni. Moskowski Rabocii.
(1938). Origin of Life. McMillan.
(1953). The Origin of Life. Dover Publications.
(1957). The Origin of Life on Earth, edn. Academic Press.
(1961). Life: Its Nature, Origin and Development. Oliver and Boyd.
and (1958). The unity of science as a working hypothesis. In , and , eds., Minnesota Studies in the Philosphy of Science. University of Minnesota Press, pp. 3–36.
(1973). The Origins of Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
(2000b). Self-organizing biochemical cycles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 12503–12507.Google Scholar
(2003). Some consequences of the RNA world hypothesis. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 33, 211–218.Google Scholar
(2004). Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol., 39, 99–123.Google Scholar
(1960). Synthesis of adenine from ammonium cyanide. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Commun., 2, 407–412.Google Scholar
(1961). Amino acid synthesis from hydrogen cyanide under possible primitive Earth conditions. Nature, 190, 442–443.Google Scholar
(1994). Early chemical stages in the origin of life. In , ed., Early Life on Earth: Nobel Symposium n. 84. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 48–59.
(2002). Historical understanding of life's origin. In , ed., Life's Origin, the Beginnings of Biological Evolution. University of California Press, pp. 7–41.
and (1961). Synthesis of purines under possible primitive Earth conditions. 1. Adenine from hydrogen cyanide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 94, 221–227.Google Scholar
and (1962). Synthesis of purines under possible primitive Earth conditions. 2. Purine intermediates from hydrogen cyanide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 96, 293–313.Google Scholar
and (1994). The terpenoid theory of the origin of cellular life: the evolution of terpenoids to cholesterol. Chem. Biol., 1, 11–23.Google Scholar
and (1999). Origin of cellular life: molecular foundations and new approaches. Tetrahedron, 55, 3183–3190.Google Scholar
, , and (2005). Condensed DNA in lipid microcompartments. J. Phys. Chem. B., 109, 19929–19935.Google Scholar
and (1992). Solubilization of ribosomes in reverse micelles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 186, 1546–1552.Google Scholar
(1802; other sources report 1803). Natural Theology, or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the Appearances of Nature, edn (1986). Lincoln-Rembrandt Publishing.
, , and , eds. (2002). Fundamentals of Life. Elsevier.
and (1999). Directly observed membrane fusion between oppositely charged phospholipid bilayers. Membrane Biol., 170, 27–38.Google Scholar
, , and (1989). Drug delivery by liposomes. In and , eds., Liposomes in Therapy of Infectious Diseases and Cancer. Alan Riss Inc., pp. 135–154.
and (2008). Towards systems metabolic engineering of microorganisms for amino acid production. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 19(5): 454–460.Google Scholar
, , , , , et al. (2014). A plausible simultaneous synthesis of amino acids and simple peptides on the primordial Earth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108(12): 5526–4431.Google Scholar
, , and (2005). From the prebiotic synthesis of amino acids towards a primitive translation apparatus. Top Curr. Chem., 259–269.
, , , , and (2015). Nature Chem., 7, 301–307.
and (2002). A self-replicating ligase ribozyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 12733–12740.Google Scholar
, , and (2006). Conversion of a ribozyme to a deoxyribozyme through in vitro evolution. Chem. & Biol., 13, 329–338.Google Scholar
, , and (2004). Ancestral lipid biosynthesis and early membrane evolution. Trends Biochem. Sci., 29, 469–477.Google Scholar
, , and (1989). Solubilization and activity of yeast cells in water-in-oil microemulsion. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 161, 1244–1251.Google Scholar
, , and (1992). Solubilization and growth of Candida pseudotropicalis in water-in-oil microemulsions. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 40, 167–172.Google Scholar
(1986). Mizellen, Vesikeln, Mikroemulsionen. Springer Verlag.
(1967). Biologie et connaissance. Gallimard.
and (2002). Circular dichroic properties and average dimensions of DNA-containing reverse micellar aggregates. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1562, 57–62.Google Scholar
and (2004). Cell-free protein synthesis through solubilisate exchange in water/oil emulsion compartments. Chem. Bio. Chem, 5, 1055–1062.Google Scholar
(1981). Photoelectron transfer in reverse micelles – photo-reduction of cytochrome-c. Chem. Phys. Lett., 81, 603–605.Google Scholar
and (2000). Non-racemic amino acids in the Murray and Murchison meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 329–338.Google Scholar
, , and (2002). Glycine and diglycine as possible catalytic factors in the prebiotic evolution of peptides. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 32, 225–236.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2002). Kinetic study of the polymerization of alpha-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides in aqueous solution using capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A, 952, 239–248.Google Scholar
(2004). The Certainty of Uncertainty, Dialogues Introducing Constructivism. Imprint Academic.
and (2002). Artificial cells: prospects for biotechnology. Trends Biotech., 20, 123–128.Google Scholar
, , and (1994). Oscillations and chemical waves in the physical chemistry lab. J. Chem. Educ., 71, 84–90.Google Scholar
(2014). Scientists add letters to DNA's alphabet, raising hope and fear. New York Times, May 7.
and (1965). Peptide synthesis from aminoacids in aqueous solution. Science, 147, 1572.Google Scholar
(2004). Between Necessity and Probability: Searching for the Definition and Origin of Life. Springer Verlag.
and (1991). Polyoxometalate chemistry – an old field with new dimensions in several disciplines. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 30, 34–48.Google Scholar
, , and (1991). Spectroscopic and rheological studies of enzymes in rigid lipidic matrices: the case of α-chymotrypsin in a lysolecithin/water cubic phase. J. Phys. Chem., 95, 8437–8440.Google Scholar
and (2010). Phosphate-mediated interconversion of ribo- and arabino-configured prebiotic nucleotide intermediates. Angew Chem. Int. Ed., 49, 4641–4643.Google Scholar
, , and (2009). Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in prebiotically plausible conditions. Nature, 459, 239–242.Google Scholar
, , and (2010). Chemoselective multicomponent one-pot assembly of purine precursors in water. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 24, 16677–16688.Google Scholar
, , and (1996). Single-chain polyprenyl phosphates form primitive membranes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 35, 177–179.Google Scholar
(1997). The End of Certainty-Time, Chaos and the New Laws of Nature. Free Press.
and (1968). Symmetry breaking instabilities in dissipative systems. J. Chem. Phys., 48, 1695–1700.Google Scholar
, et al. (1996). Solubility of artificial proteins with random sequences. Febs Letters. 382, 21–25.Google Scholar
(1993). In , ed., Neue Horizonte 92/93: Ein Forum der Naturwissenschaften. München: Piper.
(2005). On the chemical nature and origin of teleonomy. Origin of Life & Evol. Biosphere, 35, 384–394.Google Scholar
(1880). Die Hypothesen über den Ursprung des Lebens. Berlin.
, , , and (2003). Mater. Chem., 13, 2653.
and (2011). Scaling up digital circuit computation with DNA strand displacement cascades, Science, 332, 1196–1201. doi:10.1126/science.1200520.Google Scholar
(2002). Angew. Chem., 41, 4618–4630.
and (2003a). Combined multidimensional anharmonic and parity violating effects in CDBrClF. J. Chem. Phys., 119, 11228–40.Google Scholar
and (2003b). Molecular chirality and the fundamental symmetries of physics: influence of parity violation on rotovibrational frequencies and thermodynamic properties. Chirality, 15, 375–376.Google Scholar
(1988). Ärtzliche Kosmetologie, 18, 213–224.
, and (1996). Rates of uncatalyzed peptide bond hydrolysis in neutral solution and the transition state affinities of proteases. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 6105–6109.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2007). Lipid-assisted synthesis of RNA-like polymers from mononucleotides. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. doi:10.1007/s11084-007-9113-2.
, , , , and (1993). J. Liposome Res., 3, 717–724.
, , , and (2000). Effect of low frequency, low amplitude magnetic fields on the permeability of cationic liposomes entrapping carbonic anhydrase, Part II. Bioelectromagnetics, 21, 499–507.Google Scholar
, , and (1987). Synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine under possible primitive earth conditions. J. Mol. Evol., 25, 1–6.Google Scholar
, , and (2003). Cooperative micelle binding and matrix effect in oleate vesicle formation. J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 14068–14076.Google Scholar
, , and (2004). Matrix effect in oleat-micelles-vesicles transformations. Orig. Life Evol. Bioph., 34, 215–24.Google Scholar
and (2004). A definition of internal constancy and homeostasis in the context of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Experimental Physiology, 89(1): 27–38.Google Scholar
(1978). The aims and methods of physical knowledge. In and , eds., Hans Reichenbach: Selected Writings 1909–53. Translated by . Reidel, pp. 81–225.
(1998). Liposomes as drug carrier for diagnostics, cytostatics and genetic material. In and , eds., Future Strategies for Drug Delivery with Particulate Systems. Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publishers.
, , , , and (2001). Chiral sign induction during the formation of mesophases in stirred solutions. Science, 292, 2063–2066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , and (1997). Functional rapidly folding proteins from simplified amino acid sequences. Nature, 4, 805–809.Google Scholar
, , and (1978). Reconstitution of cells by fusion of cell fragments. Experimental Cell Research, 113, 233–246.Google Scholar
and (2001). Efficient catalysis of a Diels-Alder reaction by metallo-vesicles in aqueous solution. Org. Lett., 3, 941–943.Google Scholar
and , eds. (1996). Physics of Biomaterials: Fluctuations, Selfassembly and Evolution (Nato Science Series, Series E, Applied Sciences). Kluwer.
, ed. (1996). Defining Life. University of Padua.
and (2012). The origins of the RNA world. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol., 4, 5. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a003608.Google Scholar
(1983). The Lively Membrane. Cambridge University Press.
, , and (1999). The combination of salt induced peptide formation reaction and clay catalysis: a way to higher peptides under primitive earth conditions. Orig. Life. Evol. Biosph., 29, 273–286.Google Scholar
, , and (2012). De novo automated design of small RNA circuits for engineering synthetic riboregulation in living cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 109, 15271–15276. doi:10.1073/pnas.1203831109.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2013). Full design automation of multi-state RNA devices to program gene expression using energy-based optimization. PLoS Comp. Biol., 9, e1003172. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003172.Google Scholar
, , , and (2006). Kinetic studies of the interaction of fatty acis with phosphatidylcholine vesicles (Liposomes). Colloid and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 48, 24–34.Google Scholar
, , , and (2004). Protein structure prediction using Rosetta. Methods Enzymol., 383, 66–93.Google Scholar
, et al. (1997). De novo heme proteins from designed combinatorial libraries. Protein Science, 6, 2512–2524.Google Scholar
(1863). Ch. Darwin's Lehre von der Entstehung der Arten, in ihrer Anwendung auf die Schöpfunggeschichte. J. C. Hermann.
, , , , and (1978). Properties of sonicated vesicles of three synthetic phospholipids. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 21, 205–222.Google Scholar
, , and (1991). Sigmoidal growth in a self-replicating system. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 9422–9423.Google Scholar
(1990). The Golden Section. Dale Seymour Publications.
and (2001). Lipid formation by aqueous Fischer-Tropf-type synthesis over a temperature range 100 to 400 °C. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 31, 103–118.Google Scholar
(1978). Dynamic molecular-organization in vesicles and membranes. Ber. Bunsen-Gesell. Phys. Chem., 82, 891–909.Google Scholar
, , , and (1988). Entrapment of an ion-dependent enzyme into reverse-phase evaporation vesicles. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 32, 826–830.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1990). Stability and reaction characteristics of reverse-phase evaporation vesicles (revs) as enzyme containers. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 36, 665–671.Google Scholar
, , , and (1993). Evaporation cycle experiments: a simulation of salt-induced peptide synthesis under possible prebiotic conditions. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 3, 167–176.Google Scholar
(1985). Cosmos. Ballantine Publishing.
, , , , , et al. (2007). Towards constructing synthetic cells: RNA/RNP evolution and cell-free translational systems in giant liposomes. Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science, 2007. MHS ’07 (International Symposium on), 286–291.
, , , et al. (2005). Novel metal cluster isolated from blood are lethal to cancer cells. Cells Tissues Organs, 179(3): 115–124.Google Scholar
, , and (1966). Conditions for purine synthesis: did prebiotic synthesis occur at low temperature?
Science, 153, 72–73.Google Scholar
, , and (1968). Studies in prebiotic synthesis. IV, The conversion of 4-aminoimidazole-5-carbonitrile derivatives to purines. J. Mol. Biol., 38, 121–28.Google Scholar
(2002). Conceptual conditions for conceiving life – a solution for grasping its principle, not mere appearances. In , , and , eds., Fundamentals of Life. Elsevier, pp. 589–624.
, et al. (1997). A designed four-helix bundle protein with native like structure. Nature, 4, 1039–1046.Google Scholar
, , and (1991). Liposome-mediated enzymatic synthesis of phosphatidylcholine as an approach to self-replicating liposomes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 8127–8130.Google Scholar
and , eds. (1992). In The Proterozoic Atmosphere. Cambridge University Press.
(1993). Microfossils of the early archean apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science, 260, 640–646.Google Scholar
(1998). Chemical evolution and the origin of life. In , ed., The Molecular Origin of Life. Cambridge University Press.
(2002). Life's Origin. University of California Press.
and (1982). Minimal set of ribosomal components for reconstitution of the peptidyltransferase activity. Embo Journal, 1, 609–613.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1990). Structural and dynamic properties of polymer-like reverse micelles. J. Phys. Chem., 94, 3695–3701.Google Scholar
, , , and (1991). Cylindrical structure and flexibility of polymerlike lecithin reverse micelles. J. Phys. Chem., 95, 4173–4176.Google Scholar
and (1988). Stationary mutant distributions and evolutionary optimization. Bull. Math. Biol., 50, 636–660.Google Scholar
(2001). The Genomic Potential Hypothesis, a Chemist's View on the Origin and Evolution of Life. Landes Bioscience.
and (1984). A polyphyletic view of evolution. The genetic potential hypothesis. Persp Biol. Med., 27, 465–485.Google Scholar
(1990). Structure of the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase, and non-lamellar phase transitions of lipids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1031, 1–69.Google Scholar
, , , and (1990). Prog. Coll. Polym. Sci., 81, 189–197.
, , and (1957). Reductive cleavage of disulfide bridges in ribonuclease. Science, 125, 691–692.Google Scholar
(2000). Modèle d’évolution physico-chimique des atmosphères de planètes telluriques. Application à l'atmosphère primitive terrestre et aux planètes extrasolaires. Ph.D. thesis, Université Bordeaux 1 (France).
(1984). The improbability of prebiotic nucleic acid synthesis. Orig. Life, 14(1–4): 565–570.Google Scholar
(1986). Origins: a Skeptic's Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth. Summit Books.
(1988). Prebiotic ribose synthesis: a critical analysis. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 18, 71–85.Google Scholar
(1995). The prebiotic role of adenine: a critical analysis. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 25, 83–98.Google Scholar
, , and (1990a). The enhancement activities of histidyl-histidine in some prebiotic reactions. J. Mol. Evol., 31, 445–452.Google Scholar
, , and (1990b). Prebiotic synthesis of histidyl-histidine. J. Mol. Evol., 31, 175–179.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2014). Structural insights into the effects of 2′- 5′ linkages on the RNA duplex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111(8): 3050–3055. doi:10.1073/pnas.1317799111.Google Scholar
(2003). Is the universe fine-tuned for life? Sci. Amer., Jan. 23.
, , , , , , and (2001). Cell-Free Translation Reconstituted with Purified Components. Nat. Biotechnol., 19, 751–755.Google Scholar
and (2002). Dipeptides and diketopiperazines in the Yamato-791198 and Murchison carbonaceous chondrites. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 32(2): 165–179.Google Scholar
(1998). Structure and sizes of genomes of the archaea and bacteria. In , , and , eds., Bacterial Genomes: Physical Structure and Analysis. Kluwer, pp. 5–11.
, , and (2005). Interkingdom signaling: deciphering the language of acyl homoserine lactones. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 29, 935–947.Google Scholar
and (2006). DNA polymerization on the inner surface of a giant liposome for synthesizing an artificial cell model. Soft Matter, 2, 402–408.Google Scholar
and (1994). Self-replication of complementary nucleotide-based oligomers. Nature, 369, 221–224.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (1994). Molecular replication – from minimal to complex systems. In , and , eds., Self-Production of Supramolecular Structures. Kluwer Publishers.
, , , et al. (2002). The role of surface free energy on the formation of hybrid bilayer membranes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 14676–14683.Google Scholar
, , and (2001). Reverse engineering the (β/α)8 barrel fold. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 3092–3097.Google Scholar
(1973). Added comments on “The non-prevalence of humanoids.” In , ed., Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence. MIT Press, pp. 362–364.
, , , and (2003). Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: phiX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 15440–15445.Google Scholar
and (2003). P. aeruginosa quorum sensing systems and virulence. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 6, 56–60.Google Scholar
, ed. (2008). Amplification of Chirality (Topics in Current Chemistry, vol. 284). Springer.
, , , , , and (2014). In vitro membrane protein synthesis inside cell-sized vesicles reveals the dependence of membrane protein integration on vesicle volume. ACS Synth. Biol., 3(6): 372–379.Google Scholar
and (1976). Interaction of glucose oxidase with phospholipid vesicles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 455, 332–342.Google Scholar
and (2005). Functions and possible provenance of primordial proteins-part II: Microorganism aggregation in clouds triggered by climate change. J. Proteome Res., 4, 180–184.Google Scholar
, , , , , et al. (2015). Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Nature, 521(7551): 173–179. doi: 10.1038/nature14447.Google Scholar
(1945). Journal of Neurophysiology, 8, 15.
(1986). Ribosome Structure and Protein Synthesis. Benjamin Cummings Publishing.
and (2007). Basic questions about the origins of life: proceedings of the Erice International School of Complexity. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 37, 303–307.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2004). Novel campotothecin analogue (Gimatecan)-containing liposomes prepared by the ethanol injection method. J. Lipos. Res., 14, 87–109.Google Scholar
, , and (2006). Insights on the oleate vesicles self-reproduction. J. Physics Condensed Matter, 18
S2231–S2238.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2011). Compartmentalized reactions as a case of soft-matter biotechnology: synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids inside lipid vesicles. J. Mater. Chem., 21, 18887–18902.Google Scholar
, , , , , , and (2014). Towards the engineering of chemical communication between semi-synthetic and natural cells. In , and , eds., Evolution, Complexity and Artificial Life. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 91–104.
(1998). Hyperthermophiles and their possible role as ancestors of modern life. In , ed., The Molecular Origin of Life. Cambridge University Press.
and (1982). Basic nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds in the Murchison meteorite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46, 309–315.Google Scholar
(1994). Non Linear Dynamics and Chaos, With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering. Perseus Book Group.
(1975). Biochemistry. Freeman and Co.
and (1993). Prebiotic ammonia from iron(II) reduction of nitrite on the early earth. Nature, 365, 630–633.Google Scholar
and (1998). Ammonia from iron(II) reduction of nitrite and the Strecker synthesis: do iron(II) and cyanide interfere with each other?
Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere, 28, 1–11.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2006). Femtoliter compartment in liposomes for in vitro selection of proteins. Analytical Biochemistry, 357, 128–136.Google Scholar
, , , , , , , , and (2010). Detection of association and fusion of giant vesicles using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Langmuir, 26, 15098–15103.Google Scholar
(2005). The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of the Intelligent Design. Little Brown.
(2007). Looking beyond the RNA structural neighborhood for potentially primordial genetic system. Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed., 46, 2354–2356.Google Scholar
, , , , , , and (2007). RNA: prebiotic product, or biotic invention. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(4): 721–739.Google Scholar
(2002). Units of evolution and units of life. In , and , eds., Fundamentals of Life. Elsevier SAS, pp. 181–195.
, , , et al. (1999).
N-Carbamoyl amino acid solid–gas nitrosation by NO/NOx: a new route to oligopeptides via α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride. Prebiotic implications. J. Mol. Evol., 48, 638–645.Google Scholar
and (2004). Construction of a chemically and conformationally self-replicating system of amyloid-like fibrils. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 12, 693–699.Google Scholar
, , and (2003). A novel system of self-reproducing giant vesicles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 8134–8140.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2014). Spontaneous transformation from micelles to vesicles associated with sequential conversions of comprising amphiphiles within assemblies. Chem. Commun. (Camb)., 50(17): 2190–2192. doi:10.1039/c3cc47786j.Google Scholar
(1978). The hydrophobic effect and the organization of living matter. Science, 200, 1012–1018.Google Scholar
(2003). Parallel universes. Scientific American, May, 41–51.
, , and (2000). In vitro selection of a ligase ribozyme carrying alkylamino groups in the side chains. Bioconjugate Chem., 11, 744–748.Google Scholar
and (2004). Novel properties of DDAB: matrix effect and interaction with oleate. J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 11285–11290.Google Scholar
and (2005). RNA selectively interacts with vesicles depending on their size. J. Phys. Chem. B., 109, 14544–14550.Google Scholar
(2007). Mind in Life. The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press.
(2014). Waking, Dreaming, Being: Information and Consciousness in Neuroscience. Columbia University Press.
and (2001). Radical embodiment: neural dynamics and consciousness. Trends Cog. Sci., 5, 418–425.Google Scholar
, , and (2014). Multiphase water-in-oil emulsion droplets for cell-free transcription-translation. Langmuir, 30, 5695–5699.Google Scholar
and (1968). Structure and function of E. coli ribosomes, V. reconstitution of functionally active 30S ribosomal particles from RNA and proteins. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA., 59, 737–741.Google Scholar
, , , and (2002). Giant liposome as a biochemical reactor: transcription of DNA and transportation by laser tweezers. Langmuir, 17, 7225–7228.Google Scholar
(1952). The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Phil. Trans. Royal. Soc. London B, 237, 37.Google Scholar
and (1993). Physikalische Chemie der Tenside. In , and , ed., Die Tenside. Carl Hanser Verlag, pp. 1–114.
(1996). Formation and structure of self-assembled monolayers. Chem. Rev., 96, 1533–54.Google Scholar
and (1981). Fusion competence of phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes quantitatively measured by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 209(2): 385–395.Google Scholar
, , and (1998) Novel nano-organisms from Australian sandstones. Am. Mineralogist, 83, 1541–1550.Google Scholar
(2002). Does biotic life exist? In , , and , eds., Fundamentals of Life. Elsevier, pp. 331–334.
, , , , , and (2001).
Sphingopyxis alaskensis sp. Nov, a dominant bacterium from a marine oligotrophic environment. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 51, 73–79.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2009). The first peptides: the evolutionary transition between prebiotic amino acids and early proteins. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 261(4): 531–553.Google Scholar
(1979). Principles of Biological Autonomy. North Holland/Elsevier. Translated in French, see infra (Varela, 1989b).
(1989a). Reflections on the circulation of concepts between a biology of cognition and systemic family therapy. Family Process, 28, 15–24.Google Scholar
(1989b). Autonomie et Connaissance. Seuil.
(1999). Ethical Know-How: Action, Wisdom, and Cognition. Stanford University Press.
(2000). El Fenómeno de la Vita. Dolmen Ensayo.
, , and (1974). Autopoiesis: the organization of living system, its characterization and a model. Biosystems, 5, 187–196.Google Scholar
, , and (1991). The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
, , , and (1974). Reconstruction of mammalian cells from nuclear and cytoplasmic components separated by treatment with cytochalasin B. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA., 71, 1999–2002.Google Scholar
and (2014). Table 1: Finalist projects in the iGEM competition, 2006–2013. Nature Biotechnology, 32, 420–424. doi:10.1038/nbt.2899.Google Scholar
(2009). The source of self: genetic parasites and the origin of adaptive immunity. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1178, 194–232.Google Scholar
, and (2010). Viruses are essential agents within the roots and stem of the tree of life. J. Theor. Biol., 262(4): 698–710.Google Scholar
(1988). Before enzymes and templates: theory of surface metabolism. Microbiol. Rev., 52, 452–484.Google Scholar
(1990a). Evolution of the first metabolic cycles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 200–204.Google Scholar
(1990b). The case for the chemoautotrophic origin of life in the iron–sulfur world. Origin Life Evol. Biosph., 20, 173–176.Google Scholar
(1992). Groundworks for an evolutionary biochemistry: the iron–sulfur world. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 58, 85–201.Google Scholar
(1997). The origin of life and its methodological challenge. J. Theor. Biol., 187, 483–494.Google Scholar
and (2009). Engineering a synthetic dual-organism system for hydrogen production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75(7): 1867–1875.Google Scholar
(2000). Enzymatic reactions in giant vesicles. In and , eds., Giant Vesicles, Perspectives in Supramolecular Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 297–311.
and (2001). Enzymes inside lipid vesicles: preparation, reactivity and applications. Biomol. Eng., 18, 143–177.Google Scholar
and (1998). Bilayer permeability-based substrate selectivity of an enzyme in liposomes. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 57, 216–219.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1994a). Oparin's reactions revisited: enzymatic synthesis of poly(adenylic acid) in micelles and self-reproducing vesicles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116(17): 7541–7547.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1994b). Autopoietic self-reproduction of fatty acid vesicles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116(26): 11649–11654.Google Scholar
, , , and (2010). Giant vesicles: preparations and applications. ChemBioChem, 11, 848–865.Google Scholar
, , and (2005). An active enzyme constructed from a 9-amino acid alphabet. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 37742–37746.Google Scholar
and (1999). A computational approach to simplifying the protein folding alphabet. Nature Structural Biology, 6, 1033–1038.Google Scholar
(2002). The “surplus of meaning.” Biosemiotic aspects in Francisco J. Varela's philosophy of cognition. Cybernetics Human Knowing, 9, 11–29.Google Scholar
, , , and (2009). A biotin-triggered genetic switch in mammalian cells and mice. Metabolic Engineering, 11(2): 117–124.Google Scholar
and (2004). Enzyme-like proteins from an unselected library of designed amino acid sequences. Protein Engineering, Design & Selection, 17, 67–75.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2003). Stably folded de novo proteins from a designed combinatorial library. Protein Science, 12, 92–102.Google Scholar
and (1979). Phys. Rev., 52, 1–86.
and , eds. (2004). Folding and Self-Assembly of Biological Macromolecules. World Scientific Publishing Company.
and (2002). Beyond molecules: self-assembly of mesoscopic and macroscopic components. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 4769–4774.Google Scholar
, , and (1991). Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry – a chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures. Science, 254, 1312–1319.Google Scholar
(2006). In the Beat of a Heart: Life, Energy, and the Unity of Nature. National Academies Press.
, , and (1995). Autocatalytic self-reproduction of giant vesicles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 1435–1436.Google Scholar
, , , and (1996). Microinjection into giant vesicles and light microscopy investigations of enzyme mediated vesicle transformations. Chemistry and Biology, 3, 105–111.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2013). Formation of RNA phosphodiester bond by histidine containing dipeptides. ChemBioChem, 14(2): 217–223.Google Scholar
, , , and (2013). An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life. Nature, 504, 231–236.Google Scholar
and (1991). Lecithin organogels as matrix for the transdermal transport of drugs. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 177, 897–900.Google Scholar
, , , and (1980). Studies on the mechanism of membrane-fusion – kinetics of calcium-ion induced fusion of phosphatidylserine vesicles followed by a new assay for mixing of aqueous vesicle contents. Biochemistry, 19, 6011–6021.Google Scholar
(1972). Complexity and organization. In and , eds., Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Proceedings of the Philosphy of Science Association. Reidel, pp. 67–86.
(1976a). Reductionism, levels of organization, and the mind-body problem. In , , and , eds., Consciousness and the Brain. Plenum Press, pp. 205–266.
(1976b). Reductive explanation, a functional account. In , , , and , eds., Proceedings of the Meetings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1974. Reidel, pp. 671–710.
(1984). The prehistory of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky oscillator. J. Chem. Educ., 61, 661–663.Google Scholar
(1967). The genetic code. New York: Harper & Row.
(1979). A proposal concerning the origin of life on the planet Earth. J. Mol. Evol., 13, 95–101.Google Scholar
(1975). A co-evolution theory of the genetic code. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 72, 1909–1912.Google Scholar
and (2002). Self-perfecting evolution of heteropolymer building blocks. In Fundamentals of Life, Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier
SAS. Paris.
(1973). Genetic control of bacteriophage T4 morphogenesis. In , ed., Genetic Mechanisms of Development. Academic Press, pp. 29–46.
and (1992). Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1113, 171–199.
, , , and (1997). A pH-modulated self-replicating peptide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, 10559–10560.Google Scholar
, , and (1998). Selective amplification by auto- and cross-catalysis in a replicating peptide system. Nature, 396, 447–450.Google Scholar
, , , and (1997). Manipulation of electric charge on vesicles by means of ionic surfactants: effects of charge on vesicle mobility, integrity, and lipid dynamics. Chem. Eur. J., 3, 690–695.Google Scholar
(2011). Getting past the RNA world: the initial Darwinian ancestor. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol., 3(4). doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a003590.Google Scholar
(2010). Polar bears, antibiotics, and the evolving ribosome (Nobel Lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 49, 4341–4354.Google Scholar
(2012). Ribosomes: Ribozymes that Survived Evolution Pressures but Is Paralyzed by Tiny Antibiotics. In and , eds., NATO Science for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology, Macromolecular Crystallography, pp. 195–208.
, , , and (1999). Conformationally changed cytochrome c-mediated fusion of enzyme- and substrate-containing liposomes. Biotechnol. Prog., 15, 689–696.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2001). Synthesis of functional protein in liposome. J. Biosc. Bioeng., 92, 590–593.Google Scholar
and (1973). Monocarboxylic acids in Murray and Murchison carbonaceous meteorites. Nature, 246, 301–302.Google Scholar
, , and (1981). Quantification of monocarboxylic acids from a spark discharge synthesis. J. Mol. Evol., 17, 43–47.Google Scholar
and (2007). Selection of an improved RNA polymerase ribozyme with superior extension and fidelity. RNA, 13, 1017–1026.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1997). Modelling of the prebiotic synthesis of oligopeptides: silicate catalysts help to overcome the critical stage. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 27, 325–337.Google Scholar
, , and (1986). Determination of the structural parameters of reverse micelles after uptake of proteins. J. Phys. Chem., 90, 1849.Google Scholar
(1977). Self-organization of living systems formal model of autopoiesis. Int. J. Gen. Syst., 4, 13–28.Google Scholar
and (1987). Autocatalytic synthesis of a tetranucleotide analogue. Nature, 327, 346–347.Google Scholar
and (1997). Dendrimers in supramolecular chemistry: from molecular recognition to self-assembly. Chem. Rev., 97, 1681–1712.Google Scholar
, , and (2001). A chemical model of homeostasis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 40, 199–202.Google Scholar
and (1998). Peptidyl-transferase ribozymes: trans reactions, structural characterization and ribosomal RNA-like features. Chem. Biol., 5, 539–553.Google Scholar
and (1989). Extraterrestrial amino acids in cretaceous/tertiary boundary sediments at Stevns Klint, Denmark. Nature, 339, 463–465.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2000). In vitro nuclear reconstitution could be induced in a plant cell-free system. FEBS Letters, 480 (2–3): 208–212.Google Scholar
, , and (1996). Liposome-mediated delivery of genes and oligonucleotides for the treatment of brain tumors. In and , eds., Targeting of Drugs: Strategies for Oligonucleide and Gene Delivery in Therapy. Plenum Press, pp. 169–187.
, , , , and (1996). In vivo gene therapy of experimental brain tumors by continuous administration of DNA-liposome complexes. Gene Therapy, 3, 472–476.Google Scholar
, , , and (2003). Supramolecular chirality: a reporter of structural memory. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 42, 665–668.Google Scholar