This book has aimed to show how, during the early twentieth century, motion pictures industrialised spectator entertainment. The question that remains unanswered is what impact they had on the rest of the economy. This is the topic of the current chapter. First, it will estimate the productivity growth and social savings generated by cinema, assesses its contribution to national economic and productivity growth and compares this to other industries. Second, the chapter will investigate more qualitatively to what extent motion pictures constituted the index case of the industrialisation of personal services, a foreshadowing of things to come in certain other high-sunk-costs services.

A quantitative assessment

To estimate the growth contribution of motion pictures, one first needs to identify the proper industry and market, and then an adequate output measure. This book has argued that film and live entertainment were part of one market, and that the former became an ever better substitute for the latter. Four pieces of evidence are consistent with this hypothesis. First, the sharp growth in numbers of actors and actresses stalled at the time when cinema emerged and output was growing rapidly. Second, between c.1905 and 1917, prices for film increased, while demand grew rapidly, which suggests that it was used as a substitute. Third, silent films were often interspersed with live entertainment or vice versa.