The long historical view of psychology as an enterprise with fundamentally sociocultural roots, taken in this book, complements work in anthropology. Early in that discipline's history, the encounter with other peoples' differing assessments of the self and modes of evaluating their compatriots led to the historicizing and relativizing of aspects of Western commonsense psychology. The first wave of such critiques was led by Benedict (1934), whose eloquent work argued for the arbitrariness of contemporary standards of psychological normality. As one of many examples, she described the favorable way Native Americans of the Plains looked upon the widespread institution of the berdache, in which certain men took up women's dress and work at puberty. She goes on to note that societies that condemn such behavior often inaccurately identify the deviant's resulting guilt and stress with personality rather than with social process. And she took the critique still further in concluding Patterns of Culture by noting that: