THE PAPACY played an important role in the rehabilitation of the Hospital following crises in the Latin East. To help the Order fulfil its double role of defending the Holy Land and caring for the poor and pilgrims the papacy granted it a wide range of privileges. The critical situation in the East had led to a change of attitude to the Hospital's militarization, which had begun in the 1120s and had intensified by the 1160s. At first the papacy showed concern with the Order's increasing participation in military activities. The failed campaign of King Amalric to Egypt in 1168 resulted in the resignation of the master Gilbert d'Assailly, and an internal crisis between a party of brothers who pressed for a more intensive involvement in military affairs and those who wanted to preserve the Order as a hospitaller institution. Pope Alexander III (1159–81) supported the latter party. Between 1168 and 1170, probably after he had learnt of the results of the Egyptian campaign, the pope called on the Hospitallers to return to their original aims of providing for the poor, asserting that military activity was against their customs. This call was reiterated in 1178–80, when he ordered the master Roger of Moulins to abstain from taking part in military activities unless the standard of the holy cross was carried by the Christian army for the defence of the kingdom of Jerusalem or the siege of Muslim cities.