Each of the previous chapters have convincingly shown that despite differences in severity, scale, and frequency, housing, land, and property (HLP) rights challenges are common to all countries and territories undergoing the transition from conflict to post-conflict reconstruction. Restoring HLP rights to returning refugees and displaced persons, resolving ongoing HLP disputes, re-establishing an HLP rights registration system, rebuilding damaged or destroyed homes, protecting the HLP rights of vulnerable groups, securing equal inheritance rights for women, and many other HLP issues invariably face the international community whenever it composes UN peace operations to assist countries emerging from the throes of conflict.

In spite of these common themes and the gradual recognition by UN peace agencies of the importance of addressing HLP and peace concerns as part of the same comprehensive policy framework, the policies and approaches of UN peace operations designed to address these issues have varied widely during the past two decades. These range from reasonably extensive involvement in addressing HLP rights concerns to treating these matters as less vital to peace and security concerns than other issues with which the UN is more familiar. While differing circumstances on the ground, combined with political, financial, and other factors, have some role to play in these divergent approaches, and as the preceding chapters have conclusively shown, in no single UN peace operation – ever – has the full spectrum of HLP rights issues been adequately and comprehensively addressed.