ACALAN. 2002. A word from Mister Adama Samassekou, President of the African Academy of Languages. www.acalan.org/an/index.htm (accessed 21.11.2006).Google Scholar

Achebe, Chinua. 2009. The Education of a British-Protected Child. London: Penguin Group.Google Scholar

ADEA (Association for the Development of Education in Africa). 1996. The Role of African Languages in Education and Sustainable Development. ADEA Newsletter 8.4, Oct–Nov.Google Scholar

Alexander, Neville. 1999. An African Renaissance without African Languages? Social Dynamics (Special issue: Language and Development in Africa, ed. Alexander, Neville) 25(1): 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, Neville. 2000. Bilingual Education as a Necessary Transitional Strategy in Post-Colonial Africa. Local Languages in Education, Science and Technology, ed. Pfaffe, Joachim F., 16–28. Zomba: University of Malawi/Centre for Language Studies.Google Scholar

Alexander, Neville. 2003. The African Renaissance, African Languages and African Education with Special Reference to South Africa. Tied Tongues, ed. Wolff, H. Ekkehard, 21–37. Muenster: LIT.Google Scholar

Alidou, Hassana. 2003. Medium of Instruction in Post-Colonial Africa. Medium of Instruction Policies: Which Agenda? Whose Agenda? ed. Tollefson, James W. and Tsui, Amy, 195–214. Mahwah, NJ and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.Google Scholar

Alidou, Hassana and Jung, Ingrid. 2002. Education Language Policies in Francophone Africa: What Have We Learned from Field Experiences? Language Policy: Lessons from Global Models, ed. Baker, Steven, 61–73. Monterey, CA: Monterey Institute of International Studies.Google Scholar

Atkinson, Q. D. 2011. Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa. Science 332(6027): 346–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bamgbose, Ayo. 2000. Language and Exclusion: The Consequences of Language Policies in Africa. Muenster, Hamburg, and London: LIT.Google Scholar

Bamgbose, Ayo. 2002. Mission and Vision of the African Academy of Languages. Special Bulletin of ACALAN January 2002, pp. 24–27. Reproduced in Alexander, Neville (ed.) 2004, The Intellectualization of African Languages, 60–66, Cape Town: PRAESA.Google Scholar

Bittner, Andreas. 1999. Afrika - eine Randzone der Globalisierung? Dokumentation. Blick auf die Weltgesellschaft. Globalisierung als Chance (II), ed. Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg, 21–27. Bad Urach/Stuttgart: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg.Google Scholar

Blixen, Tania. 1937. Out of Africa. (German translation: Afrika – dunkel lockende Welt. Zurich: Manesse, 1986.)Google Scholar

Breton, Roland. 2003. Atlas des Languages du Monde. Une Pluralité Fragile. Paris: Éditions Autrement.Google Scholar

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca. 2007. Stammbäume von Völkern und Sprachen. Spektrum der Wissenschaft 2: 20–27.Google Scholar

Chumbow, Beban Sammy. 1987. Towards a Language Planning Model for Africa. Journal of West African Languages 17(1): 15–22.Google Scholar

Diamond, Jared. 1997. Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Ehlich, Konrad. 2009. Sprachenpolitik in Europa – Tatsachen und Perspektiven. Stellenosch Papers in Linguistic PLUS (Special issue: Multilingualism and Language Policies in Africa / Mehrsprachigkeit und Sprachenpolitik in Afrika, ed. Anthonissen, Christine and von Maltzan, Carlotta) 38: 26–41.Google Scholar

Ethnologue → Lewis, M. Paul, Simons, Gary F. and Fennig, Charles D. (eds.). 2015.Google Scholar

Fage, J. D. 1978. An Atlas of African History. 2nd edn. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. 1991. An Interpolity Perspective on the Relationship between Linguistic Heterogeneity, Civil Strife and Per Capita Gross National Product. International Journal of Allied Linguistics 1: 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. and Solano, F. R.. 1989. Cross-Polity Linguistic Homogeneity and Per Capita Gross National Product: An Empirical Exploitation. Language Problems and Language Planning 13: 103–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greenberg, Joseph H. 1963. The Languages of Africa. Den Haag: Mouton.Google Scholar

Gregersen, Edgar G. 1972. Kongo-Saharan. Journal of African Languages 11: 69–89.Google Scholar

GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit). 2003. Universal Primary Education in Multilingual Societies: Supporting its Implementation in Sub-Saharan African and Beyond – 25 Years of Experience in German Technical Cooperation. Document commissioned by ADEA for the Biennial Meeting, Mauritius, 3–6 December 2003. Eschborn: GTZ.Google Scholar

Halliday, M. A. K. and Martin, J. R.. 1993. Writing Science: Literary and Discursive Power. London: The Falmer Press.Google Scholar

Heine, Bernd and Nurse, Derek (eds.). 2000. African Languages: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Heugh, Kathleen. 2011. Cost Implications of the Provision of Mother Tongue and Strong Bilingual Models of Education in Africa. Optimizing Learning and Education and Publishing in Africa, ed. Ouane and Glanz, 255–89.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel Phillips. 1998. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Lewis, M. Paul, Simons, Gary F. and Fennig, Charles D. (eds.). 2015. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth Edition. Dallas, TX: SIL International. Online version: www.ethnologue.com.Google Scholar

Manuwuike, Emeka. 1978. Dysfunctionalism in African Education. New York: Vantage.Google Scholar

Mateene, Kahombo. 1980. Failure in the Obligatory Use of European Languages in Africa and the Advantages of a Policy of Linguistic Independence. Reconsideration of African Linguistic Policies (Publication 3), 11–41. Kampala: Edition OAU Bureau of Languages.Google Scholar

Mazrui, Alamin. 1997. The World Bank, the Language Question and the Future of African Education. Race and Class 38(3): 35–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mazrui, Ali A. and Mazrui, Alamin M.. 1998. The Power of Babel: Language & Governance in the African Experience. London: James Currey.Google Scholar

The Millennium Development Goals Report. 2015. UN Department of Public Information – DPI/2594 E, July 6, 2015. www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20PR%20Regional%20SSA.pdf (accessed 10. 1.2016).Google Scholar

Moore, Joslin L. et al. 2002. The Distribution of Cultural and Biological Diversity in Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 269, 1645–53.Google Scholar

Nweke, G. Aforka. 1992. Political Education for Collective Self-Reliance. African Education and Identity, ed. Irele, Abiola, 228–50. London, Melbourne, Munich and New York: Hans Zell Publishers.Google Scholar

Okombo, Okoth. 2000. Towards a Non-Adversal Relationship between English and Indigenous African Languages. Local Languages in Education, Science and Technology. Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on Language Policy Formulation, Mangochi, 25–28 October 2000, ed. Pfaffe, Joachim F., 42–51. Zomba: University of Malawi: Centre for Language Studies.Google Scholar

Ouane, Adama and Glanz, Christine. 2010. Why and How Africa Should Invest in African Languages and Multilingual Education: An Evidence- and Practice-Based Policy Advocacy Brief. Hamburg: UIL and ADEA.Google Scholar

Ouane, Adama and Glanz, Christine. 2011. Optimizing Learning and Education and Publishing in Africa: The Language Factor. A Review and Analysis of Theory and Practice in Mother Tongue and Bilingual Education in sub-Saharan Africa. Hamburg-Tunis: UIL and ADEA.Google Scholar

Phillipson, Robert. 1997. Realities and Myths of Linguistic Imperialism. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18(3): 238–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pool, Jonathan. 1972. National Development and Language Diversity. Advances in the Sociology of Language 2: 213–30.Google Scholar

PRAESA. 2003. The Intellectualisation of African Languages. Draft Document. Report of a workshop sponsored by PRAESA and the Ford Foundation at the Breakwater Lodge, Cape Town, July 2003.Google Scholar

Prah, Kwesi. 1997. The Language Factor in the Scientific and Technological Development of Africa. The Feasibility of Technical Language Development in the African Languages. National Terminology Services. Pretoria: Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology.Google Scholar

Prah, Kwesi Kwaa (ed.). 1998. Between Distinction and Extinction. The Harmonisation and Standardisation of African Languages. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.Google Scholar

Robinson, Clinton D. W. 1996. Language Use in Rural Development. An African Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roy-Campbell, Zaline M. 2001. Globalisation, Language and Education: A Comparative Study of the United States and Tanzania. International Review of Education 47(3/4): 267–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ruíz, Richard. 1984. Orientations in Language Planning. NABE Journal 8(2): 15–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Seitz, Volker. 2009. Afrika wird armregiert oder Wie man Afrika wirklich helfen kann. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.Google Scholar

Stroud, Christopher. 2002. Towards a Policy of Bilingual Education in Developing Countries. New Education Division Documents; 10. Stockholm: SIDA.Google Scholar

Stubbs, M. 2002. Some Basic Sociolinguistic Concepts. The Skin that We Speak, ed. Delpit, L. and Dowdy, J. K., 63–85. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar

UNESCO. 1953. The Use of Vernacular Languages in Education. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

UNESCO/CONFINTEA. 1997. Adult Education: The Hamburg Declaration. The Agenda for the Future. Fifth International Conference on Adult Education 14–18 July 1997. Hamburg.Google Scholar

Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Watson, Keith. 1999. Language, Power, Development and Geopolitical Changes: Conflicting Pressures Facing Plurilingual Societies. Compare 29(1): 5–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

World Bank. 1989. Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth: A Long-Term Perspective Study. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.Google Scholar

World Bank. 2005. In Their Own Languages … Education for All. Education Notes. June 2005. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Adegbija, Efurosibina. 1994. Language Attitudes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Afolayan, Adebisi. 1976 (2nd edn 1984). The Six-Year Primary Project in Nigeria.Mother Tongue Education: The West African Experience, ed. Bamgbose, Ayo, 113–34. London: Hodder and Stoughton; Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

Alexander, Neville. 1999. An African Renaissance without African Languages. Social Dynamics (Special issue: Language and Development in Africa, ed. Alexander) 25(1): 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, Neville. 2005. The Potential Role of Translation as Social Practice for the Intellectualisation of African Languages. Keynote address delivered at the XVII World Congress of the International Federation of Translators, held at Tampere, Finland, 4–7 August 2005.Google Scholar

Alexandre, Pierre. 1967. Langues et Language en Afrique Noire. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar

Alexandre, Pierre. 1972. An Introduction to Languages and Language in Africa. Nairobi: Heinemann.Google Scholar

Alidou, Hassana and Maman, Mallam Garba. 2003. Assessment and Observations of Experiences of Utilization of African Languages in Basic Education. Paper for the ADEA Biennial 2003, Grand Baie, Mauritius, 3–6 December 2003.Google Scholar

Altmayer, Claus and Wolff, H. Ekkehard (eds.). 2013. Africa: Challenges of Multilingualism. Afrika: Herausforderungen der Mehrsprachigkeit. Les défis du plurilinguisme en Afrique Sprache-Kultur-Gesellschaft 14. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Annamalai, E. 2003. Reflections on a Language Policy for Multilingualism. Language Policy 2: 113–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ansu-Kyeremeh, Kwasi. 1997. Communication, Education and Development: Exploring an African Cultural Setting. Accra: Ghana University Press.Google Scholar

Baker, Colin. 2002. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 3rd edn. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Bamgbose, Ayo. 1984. Mother Tongue Education: The West African Experience. London: Hodder and Stoughton; Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

Bamgbose, Ayo. 1991. Language and the Nation: The Language Question in Sub-Saharan Africa. Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute.Google Scholar

Bamgbose, Ayo. 2000. African Language Use and Development: Aspirations and Reality. Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, ed. Wolff, H. Ekkehard and Gensler, Orin D., 19–32. Cologne: Ruediger Koeppe.Google Scholar

Bamgbose, Ayo. 2004. Sauce for the Goose, Sauce for the Gander: Why an African Child Should be Taught in an African Language. Making Multilingual Education a Reality for All, ed. Pfaffe, , 18–36.Google Scholar

Bamgbose, Ayo. 2005. Mother-Tongue Education: Lessons from the Yoruba Experience. Languages of Instruction for African Emancipation: Focus on Post-colonial Contexts and Considerations, ed. Brock-Utne, Birgit and Hopson, Rodney Kofi, 210–34. Cape Town: CASAS; Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota.Google Scholar

Benson, Carol. 2002. Bilingual Education in Africa: An Exploration of Encouraging Connections between Language and Girls’ Schooling. Education: A Way Out of Poverty? New Education Division Documents; 12, ed. Melin, Mia, 79–94. Stockholm: Sida.Google Scholar

Bergmann, Herbert et al. 2002. Les Langues Nationales à l’École Primaire. Évaluation de l’École Experimentale. Edition Albasa s/c MEB-GTZ/2PEB. Niamey: Ministère de l’Éducation de Base.Google Scholar

Bloor, Thomas and Tamrat, Wondwosen. 1996. Issues in Ethiopian Language Policy and Education. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 17(5): 321–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bodomo, Adams. 1996. On Language and Development in Africa: The Case of Ghana. Nordic Journal of African Studies 5(2): 31–51.Google Scholar

Brock-Utne, Birgit. 2000. Whose Education for All? The Recolonization of the African Mind. New York and London: Falmer Press.Google Scholar

Brock-Utne, Birgit. 2005. Language-in-Education Policies and Practices in Africa with a Special Focus on Tanzania and South Africa: Insights from Research in Progress. Decolonisation, Globalisation, Language in Education, ed. Lin, Angel M. Y. and Martin, Peter, 175–95. Clevedon, Buffalo and Toronto: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Brock-Utne, Birgit, Desai, Zubeida, Qorro, Martha A. S. and Pitman, Allan (eds.). 2010. Language of Instruction in Tanzania and South Africa: Highlights from a Project. Rotterdam, Boston and Taipei: Sense Publishers.Google Scholar

Chatry-Komarek, Marie. 2003: Literacy at Stake: Teaching Reading and Writing in African Schools. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.Google Scholar

Cole, D. T. 1971. The History of African Linguistics to 1945. Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. VII, ed. Sebeok, Th. A., 1–29. Den Haag: Mouton.Google Scholar

Cummins, Jim. 2000. Language, Power and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Desai, Zubeida. 2004. Starting a Research Project: Some Lessons to be Learnt. Researching the Language of Instruction in Tanzania and South Africa, ed. Brock-Utne, Birgit, Desai, Zubeida and Qorro, Martha, 117–31. Cape Town: African Minds.Google Scholar

Djité, Paulin. 1993. Language and Development in Africa. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 100/101: 149–66.Google Scholar

Dutcher, Nadine. 2004 (1st edn 2001). Expanding Educational Opportunity in Linguistically Diverse Societies. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar

Dutcher, Nadine and Tucker, Richard. 1995. The Use of First and Second Languages in Education. A Review of International Experience. Pacific Islands Discussion Paper Series Number 1. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar

Elugbe, Ben. 1996. The Use of African Languages in Basic Education in Nigeria with Particular Reference to Lower Primary and Functional Literacy. African Languages in Basic Education. Proceedings of the First Workshop on African Languages in Basic Education, NIED, Okahanja, 18–23 September 1995, ed. by Legère, Karsten, 25–40. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan Publishers.Google Scholar

Fafunwa, Aliu Babatunde. 1990. Who Is Afraid of the Use of African Languages in Education? Propos Africains sur l’Éducation Pour Tous. Sélection d’articles présentés à l’occasion de la consultation régionale sur l’Éducation Pour Tous. Dakar: UNESCO-UNICEF.Google Scholar

Fafunwa, Aliu Babatunde, Macauley, J. I. and Sokoya, A. 1989. Education in Mother Tongue: The Ife Primary Education Research Project (1970–1978). Ibadan: University Press Ltd.Google Scholar

Galdamès, Viviana, Alidou, Hassana, Jung, Ingrid and Büttner, Thomas (eds.). 2004. L’Ecole Vivante: Enseigner la Langue Maternelle dans un Programme d’Education Bilingue. Niamey: INWENT-2PEB/GTZ.Google Scholar

Geider, Thomas. 2009. Afrikanische Sprachen und Literaturen an der Universität Leipzig. Auf der Suche nach Vielfalt. Ethnographie und Geographie in Leipzig, ed. Deimel, Claus, Lentz, Sebastian and Streck, Bernhard, 193–205. Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde.Google Scholar

Gregersen, Edgar G. 1977. Language in Africa. New York: Gordon and Breach.Google Scholar

Griefenow-Mewis, Catherine. 2004. How to Turn Oral African Languages into Written Languages? The Somali and Oromo Experience. Making Multilingual Education a Reality for All, ed. Pfaffe, , 204–211.Google Scholar

Gueye, Pape M. 2001. Reflections on the Advantages and the Practical Use of National Languages in Adult Literacy in Senegal. Adult Education in Africa and Latin America: Intercultural Experiences in a Multicultural Encounter, ed. Küper, Wolfgang and Valiente-Catter, Teresa, 49–66. Eschborn: GTZ.Google Scholar

Halaoui, Nazam. 2003. Relevance of Education: Adapting Curricula and Use of African Languages. Background Paper for the ADEA Biennial 2003, Grand Baie, Mauritius, 3–6 December 2003.Google Scholar

Heugh, Kathleen. 2000. The Case against Bilingual and Multilingual Education in South Africa. PRAESA Occasional Paper No. 6. Cape Town: PRAESA.Google Scholar

Heugh, Kathleen. 2003. A Re-take on Bilingual Education in and for South Africa. Multilingualism in Global and Local Perspectives: Selected Papers from the 8th Nordic Conference on Bilingualism, November 1–3, 2001, ed. Fraurud, Kari and Hyltenstam, Kenneth, 47–62. Stockholm: Centre for Research on Bilingualism, Stockholm University and Rinkeby Institute of Multilingual Research.Google Scholar

Heugh, Kathleen. 2004. Is Multilingual Education Really More Expensive? Making Multilingual Education a Reality for All, ed. Pfaffe, , 212–33.Google Scholar

Jungraithmayr, Herrmann and Möhlig, Wilhelm J. G. (eds.). 1983. Lexikon der Afrikanistik. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar

Komarek, Kurt. 1997. Mother Tongue Education in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Conceptual and Strategic Considerations. Bildungsreport; 74. Eschborn: GTZ.Google Scholar

Komarek, Kurt. 1998. Cost-Effectiveness and Sustainability of Contributions to MTT in Africa: The Malagasy Experience and Its Strategical Consequences. Mother Tongue Education: A Reader. 2nd edn, ed. Küper, Wolfgang. Eschborn: GTZ.Google Scholar

Komarek, Kurt. 2003. Universal Primary Education in Multilingual Societies. Eschborn: GTZ.Google Scholar

Krashen, Stephen. 1996. Under Attack: The Case against Bilingual Education. Cluver City, CA: Language Education Associates.Google Scholar

Le Traitement Informatique des Langues Africaines. 2003, Cahiers du Rifal [Réseau international francophone d’aménagement linguistique] 23, Novembre 2003.Google Scholar

Leger, Rudolf. 2001. Afrikanistik. Das Afrika-Lexikon. Ein Kontinent in 1000 Stichwörtern, ed. Mabe, J. E., 9–11. Wuppertal and Weimar: Peter Hammer and J. B. Metzler.Google Scholar

Lo Bianco, Joseph. 1996. Language as an Economic Resource. Language Planning Report; 5.1. Pretoria: Dept. of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology.Google Scholar

Mabe, Jacob E. (ed.). 2001. Das Afrika-Lexikon. Ein Kontinent in 1000 Stichwörtern. Wuppertal and Weimar: Peter Hammer and J. B. Metzler.Google Scholar

Makelela, Leketi. 2005. ‘We Speak Eleven Tongues’: Reconstructing Multilingualism in South Africa. Languages of Instruction for African Emancipation: Focus on Post-colonial Contexts and Consideration, ed. Brock-Utne, Birgit and Hopson, Rodney Kofi, 147–74. Cape Town: CASAS; Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota.Google Scholar

Mateene, Kahombo. 1999. OAU’s Strategy for Linguistic Unity and Multilingual Education. Social Dynamics 25(1): 164–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mazrui, Alamin. 2002. The English Language in African Education: Dependency and Decolonization. Language Policies in Education: Critical Issues, ed. Tollefson, James, 267–81. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Meyer-Bahlburg, Hilke and Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 1986. Afrikanische Sprachen in Forschung und Lehre. 75 Jahre Afrikanistik in Hamburg (1909–1984), 7–32. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar

OAU. 1986. Language Plan of Action for Africa. Addis Ababa: Organisation of African Unity.Google Scholar

Obanya, Pai. 1999. The Dilemma of Education in Africa. Dakar: UNESCO Regional Office.Google Scholar

Obanya, Pai. 1999. Popular Fallacies on the Use of African Languages in Education. Social Dynamics (Special issue: Language and Development in Africa) 25(1): 81–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oksaar, Els. 1988. Aspects of Creativity: Interactional Strategies of Mono- and Multilingual Children. Children’s Creative Communication, ed. Söderberg, R., 82–102. Lund University Press.Google Scholar

Oksaar, Els. 1989. Mehrsprachigkeit im Vorschulalter (Multilingualism at preschool age). Die neuen Sprachen 88(4): 310–27.Google Scholar

Ouane, Adama (ed.). 1995. Vers Une Culture Multilingue de l’Education. Hamburg: Institut de l’UNESCO pour l’Education.Google Scholar

Ouane, Adama. 2003. Introduction: The View from Inside the Linguistic Jail. Towards a Multilingual Culture of Education, ed. Ouane, Adama, 1–22. Hamburg: UNESCO Institute for Education.Google Scholar

Ouédraogo, Mathieu Rakissouiligri. 2002. L’Utilisation des Langues Nationales dans les Systèmes Educatifs en Afrique. IIRCA-UNESCO Bulletin. December 4(4).Google Scholar

Pfaffe, Joachim Friedrich. 2002. Developing an Indigenous Medium from Scratch: The Experience of Ju/’Hoan, Namibia. Speaking African. African Languages for Education and Development, ed. Owino, Francis, 161–74. Cape Town: CASAS.Google Scholar

Pfaffe, Joachim Friedrich. 2004. Making Multilingual Education a Reality for All: Operationalizing Good Intentions. Proceedings of the Joint Third International Conference of the Association for the Development of African Languages in Education, Science and Technology (ADALEST) and the Fifth Malawian National Language Symposium held at Mangochi, Malawi, 30 August–3 September 2004. Zomba: Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi and GTZ.Google Scholar

Pool, J. 1972. National Developments and Language Diversity. Advances in the Sociology of Language, Vol. II, ed. Fishman, Joshua, 213–30. Den Haag: Mouton.Google Scholar

Prah, Kwesi Kwaa. 1995. Mother Tongue for Scientific and Technological Development in Africa. Bonn: DSE.Google Scholar

Psacharopoulos, George. 1996. Economics of Education: A Research Agenda. Economics of Education Review 15(4): 339–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rabenoro, Irene. 1999. Multilingual Developing Countries Facing Globalization. Social Dynamics 25(1): 70–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ramirez, D., Yuen, S., Ramey, D., Pasta, D. and Billings, D.. 1991. Final Report: Longitudinal Study of Structured English Immersion Strategy, Early-exit and Late-exit Transitional Bilingual Education Programs for Language-minority Children. San Mateo, CA: Aguirre International.Google Scholar

Roy-Campbell, Zaline M. and Qorro, Martha A.. 1997. Language Crisis in Tanzania: The Myth of English versus Education. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki Na Nyota Publishers.Google Scholar

Ruhlen, Merrit. 1994. The Origin of Language. Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 1988. Multilingualism and the Education of Minority Children. Minority Education: From Shame to Struggle, ed. Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove and Cummins, Jim, 9–44. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 2000. Linguistic Genocide in Education or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights?. Mahwah, NJ and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 2002. Why Should Linguistic Diversity Be Maintained and Supported in Europe? Some Arguments. Language Policy Division, Directorate of School, Out-of-School and Higher Education, DGIV, Council of Europe. Strasbourg.Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove and Phillipson, Robert. 1996. The Possible Role of Donors in a Language Policy for All. The Role of Aid in the Development of Education for All. (Report 8), ed. Brock-Utne, Birgit and Nagel, Tove, 116–202. Oslo: Institute for Educational Research.Google Scholar

Spolsky, Bernd. 2004. Language Policy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sürig, Inken. 2003. Africa 2000 in a Nutshell: Elements of Sociolinguistic Profiles for Africa. Tied Tongues: The African Renaissance as a Challenge for Language Planning, ed. Wolff, H. Ekkehard, 85–124. Muenster, Hamburg, Berlin and London: LIT.Google Scholar

Tadadjeu, Maurice. 1996. The Cameroonian Experience of Teaching National Languages in Schools: Prospects for International Cooperation and African Integration. Paper presented at the Panafrican Seminar on the Problems and Prospects on the Use of African National Languages in Education, Accra, Ghana, 26–30 August 1996.Google Scholar

Tadadjeu, Maurice. 2001. A New Focus on Adult Literacy in Cameroon. Adult Education in Africa and Latin America: Intercultural Experiences in a Multicultural Encounter, ed. Küper, Wolfgang and Valiente-Catter, Teresa, 67–108. Eschborn: GTZ.Google Scholar

Thomas, Wayne and Collier, Virginia. 1997. School Effectiveness for Language Minority Students. NCBE Resource Collection Series; 9. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.Google Scholar

Thomas, Wayne and Collier, Virginia. 2002. A National Study of School Effectiveness for Language Minority Students’ Long-Term Academic Achievement. Santa Cruz, CA and Washington, DC: Center for Research on Education, Diversity & Excellence.Google Scholar

Traoré, Samba. 2001. La Pédagogie Convergente: Son Expérimentation au Mali et son Impact sur le Système Educatif. Geneva: UNESCO Bureau International d’Education.Google Scholar

UNESCO. 1997. Working Document Prepared for the Intergovernmental Conference on Language Policies in Africa, in Harare, 17–21 March 1997. 2003. Education in a Multilingual World. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

UNESCO/BREDA. 1999. African Community Languages and Their Uses in Literacy and Education. Dakar: UNESCO/BREDA.Google Scholar

Vaillancourt, François and Grin, François. 2000. Language and Socioeconomic Status in Quebec: Measurement, Findings, Determinants, and Policy Costs. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 121: 69–92.Google Scholar

Webb, Vic. 2003. The Role of Language in Economic Development. Tied Tongues, ed. Wolff, H. Ekkehard, 61–84.Google Scholar

Westermann, Diedrich. 1939. The Study of African Languages. Present Results and Future Needs. Africa 12: 12–26.Google Scholar

Westermann, Diedrich. 1943. Beziehungen zwischen Völkerkunde und Sprachforschung. Beiträge zur Kolonialforschung – Tagungsband 1: Koloniale Völkerkunde, koloniale Sprachforschung, koloniale Rassenforschung, ed. Wolff, G., 80–95. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 1981. Die Erforschung der afrikanischen Sprachen: Geschichte und Konzeptionen. Die Sprachen Afrikas, ed. Heine, Bernd, Schadeberg, Thilo C. and Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard, 17–43. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 1986. Sprachforschung im Dienst der Herrschenden: 75 Jahre Afrikanistik in Hamburg im Spannungsfeld kolonialer Interessen und nationaler Sprachpolitik. Afrikanische Sprachen in Forschung und Lehre. 75 Jahre Afrikanistik in Hamburg (1909–1984), ed. Meyer-Bahlburg, Hilke and Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard, 7–32. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 1999. Multilingualism, Modernisation, and Mother Tongue: Promoting Democracy through Indigenous African Languages. Social Dynamics (Special issue: Language and Development in Africa, ed. Neville Alexander) 25(1): 31–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2000. Indigenous Languages in Education: Learning from West African Experiences. Local Languages in Education, Science and Technology. Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on Language Policy Formulation, Mangochi, 25–28 October 2000, ed. Pfaffe, Joachim F., 52–71. Zomba: University of Malawi, Centre for Language Studies.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2000. Language and Society. African Languages. An Introduction, ed. Heine, Bernd, Bernd and Nurse, Derek, 298–347. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2000. Pre-School Child Multilingualism and its Educational Implications in the African context. PRAESA Occasional Papers; 4. Cape Town: PRAESA.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2003. Conveners’s Introduction: The Vision of the African Renaissance. Tied Tongues, ed. Wolff, H. Ekkehard, 1–19.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. (ed.). 2003. Tied Tongues: The African Renaissance as a Challenge for Language Planning. Muenster, Hamburg, Berlin and London: LIT.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2004. Marketing Multilingual Education in Africa: With Special Reference to Bilingual Approaches to Basic Education in Niger (Francophone Africa). Making Multilingual Education a Reality for All, ed. Pfaffe, , 117–58.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2007. Die afrikanischen Sprachen im 21. Jahrhundert: Herausforderungen an Politik und Wissenschaft. Jahrbuch für Überseegeschichte, Vol. VII, 189–219. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2007. Was sie sagen und was sie tun: Die ‘Sprachenfrage in Afrika’ im politischen Diskurs. Die gezeigte und die verborgene Kultur, ed. Streck, Bernhard, 103–24. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2009. Elemente einer Soziolinguistik Nordafrikas. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics PLUS (Special issue: Multilingualism and Language Policies in Africa. Sonderausgabe / Mehrsprachigkeit und Sprachenpolitik in Afrika, ed. von Maltzan, Carlotta and Anthonissen, Christine) 38: 42–59.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2011. Background and History: Language Politics and Planning in Africa. Optimizing Learning and Education and Publishing in Africa: The Language Factor. A Review and Analysis of Theory and Practice in Mother Tongue and Bilingual Education in sub-Saharan Africa, ed. Ouane, Adama and Glanz, Christine, 49–102. Hamburg-Tunis: UIL and ADEA.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2011. The African Predicament and the ‘Language Factor’: Unidentified, Under-researched, Underrated. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Overcoming the African Predicament, ed. Agwuele, A. O., Nwankwo, U. M. and Akinwumi, O., 312–25. Berlin: Mediateam IT Educational Publishers.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2011. Global denken – lokal kommunizieren: Sprachbarrieren und ‘Sprachkarrieren’ in Afrika unter kultureller und politischer Hegemonie. Globalizing Areas, kulturelle Flexionen und die Herausforderungen der Geisteswissenschaften. Beiträge zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 119, ed. Denzel, Markus and Heeg, Günther, 191–220. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2012. Sociolinguistics in the African Context: History – Challenges – Prospects. Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 17–21 August 2009, ed. Brenzinger, Matthias and Fehn, Anne-Maria, 93–106. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2013. Was ist eigentlich Afrikanistik? Eine kleine Einführung in die Welt der afrikanischen Sprachen, ihre Rolle in Kultur und Gesellschaft und ihre Literaturen. Sprache – Kultur – Gesellschaft 13. Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang. (In cooperation with Ari Awagana and Marion Feuerstein.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2013. Multilingualism and Language Policies in Africa, with Particular Reference to Language-in-Education Issues. Africa: Challenges of Multilingualism. Afrika: Herausforderungen der Mehrsprachigkeit. Les défis du plurilinguisme en Afrique, ed. Altmayer, Claus and Wolff, H. Ekkehard, 11–33. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2014. Language and Hegemonial Power: How Feasible Is Conflict Management by Means of Language Policy? Language Policy and the Promotion of Peace African and European Case Studies, ed. Alexander, Neville and von Scheliha, Arnulf, 11–32. Pretoria: Unisa Press.Google Scholar

Wolff, [H.] Ekkehard. 2014. Sprache als Schlüssel – Sprache als Ressource. Eine Positionsbestimmung der deutschsprachigen Afrikanistik. Afrikanische Deutschland-Studien und deutsche Afrikanistik. Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Vergleichenden Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft, Vol. 72, ed. Espagne, Michel, Rabault-Feuerhahn, Pascale and Simo, David, 19–48. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann.Google Scholar

World Bank. 1988. Education Policies for Sub-Saharan Africa: Adjustment, Revitalization and Expansion. Report; 6934. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Yerende, I. Eva. 2005. Ideologies of Language and Schooling in Guinea-Conakry: A Post-Colonial Experience. Languages of Instruction for African Emancipation: Focus on Post-colonial Contexts and Considerations, ed. Brock-Utne, Birgit and Hopson, Rodney K, 199–230. Cape Town: CASAS; Dar es Salaam: Mukuti na Nyota.Google Scholar