Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nr4z6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-17T15:51:37.631Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Principles of Fibre Amplifiers and Lasers for Near-IR Spectroscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2021

George Stewart
George Stewart
Affiliation:
University of Strathclyde
Get access

Summary

The fundamental principles which govern the operation and define the characteristics of rare earth-doped fibre amplifiers and lasers are discussed in detail.The important role of phonon interactions with the Stark energy levels of the 4f electron orbitals is explained and the McCumber relationship for the absorption and emission cross-sections is derived. Atomic and cavity rate equations for fibre amplifiers and lasers are derived from first principles, including the contributions from spontaneous and amplified spontaneous emission. The rate equations are used to model fibre lasers under the various conditions of operation that relate to possible applications in near-IR gas spectroscopy, such as for tuneable or multi-wavelength sources, frequency combs and intra-cavity laser absorption spectroscopy.Examples are given of the theoretical laser output when operating under steady-state, multi-wavelength, transient or mode-locked regimes.The principles of stimulated Raman scattering are also discussed for accessing near-IR absorption lines at longer wavelengths by extending, through the Stokes shift, the available wavelength range of operation with fibre amplifiers or lasers.

Keywords

Erbium-doped fibrephononsStark levelsemission cross-sectionMcCumber relationshipcavity-rate equationatomic-rate equationlaser transientsmode-lockingRaman laser
Type
Chapter
Information
Laser and Fiber Optic Gas Absorption Spectroscopy , pp. 159 - 197
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bjarklev, A., Optical Fiber Amplifiers: Design and System Applications, London, Artech House, 81–107, 1993.Google Scholar
Becker, P. C., Olsson, N. A. and Simpson, J. R., Rare earth ions – introductory survey, in Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers, San Diego, Academic Press, ch. 4, 87–129, 1999.Google Scholar
Digonnet, M. J. F., Rare Earth Doped Fibre Lasers and Amplifiers, New York, Marcel Dekker, 2001.Google Scholar
Desurvire, E., Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Principles and Applications, Hoboken, New Jersey, Wiley, 2002.Google Scholar
Dong, L. and Samson, B., Fiber Lasers: Basics, Technology and Applications, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.Google Scholar
Agger, S. D. and Povlsen, J. H., Emission and absorption cross section of thulium doped silica fibers, Opt. Express, 14, (1), 50–57, 2006.Google Scholar
Li, Z., Heidt, A. M., Daniel, J. M. O., et al., Thulium-doped fiber amplifier for optical communications at 2 µm, Opt. Express, 21, (8), 9289–9297, 2013.Google Scholar
McCumber, D. E., Theory of phonon-terminated optical masers, Phys. Rev., 134, (2A), A299–A303, 1964.Google Scholar
McCumber, D. E., Einstein relations connecting broadband emission and absorption spectra, Phys. Rev., 136, (4A), A954–A957, 1964.Google Scholar
Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th edn., New York, Wiley, 97–140, 1996.Google Scholar
Miniscalo, W. J. and Quimby, R. S., General procedure for the analysis of Er3+ cross sections, Opt. Lett., 16, (4), 258–260, 1991.Google Scholar
Fox, M., Quantum Optics. An Introduction, Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 51–55, 174–177, 200–204, 2006.Google Scholar
Siegman, A. E., Lasers, Sausalita, CA, University Science Books, 502–503, 1986.Google Scholar
Tench, R. E. and Shimizu, M., Fluorescence-based measurement of g*(λ) for erbium-doped fluoride fiber amplifiers, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 15, (8), 1559–1564, 1997.Google Scholar
Verdeyen, J. T., Laser Electronics, 3rd edn., New York, Prentice Hall, 145–159, 235–243, 296–311, 1995.Google Scholar
Marshall, J., Stewart, G. and Whitenett, G., Design of a tuneable L-band multi-wavelength laser system for application to gas spectroscopy, Meas. Sci. Technol., 17, 1023–1031, 2006.Google Scholar
Kim, S. K., Stewart, G., Johnstone, W. and Culshaw, B., Mode-hop-free single-longitudinal-mode erbium-doped fibre laser frequency scanned with a fibre ring resonator, Appl. Opt., 38, (24), 5154–5157, 1999.Google Scholar
Meng, Z., Stewart, G. and Whitenett, G., Stable single-mode operation of a narrow-linewidth, linear-polarization erbium fibre ring laser using a saturable absorber, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 24, (5), 2179–2183, 2006.Google Scholar
Cranch, G. A., Flockhart, G. M. H. and Kirkendall, C. K., Distributed feedback fiber laser strain sensors, IEEE Sens. J., 8, (7), 1161–1172, 2008.Google Scholar
NP Photonics. Single-frequency fibre lasers. 2019. [Online]. Available: www.npphotonics.com/ (accessed April 2020)Google Scholar
Hecht, E. and Zajac, A., Optics, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 306–309, 1974.Google Scholar
Baev, V. M., Latz, T. and Toschek, P. E., Laser intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. B, 69, 171–202, 1999.Google Scholar
Barmenkov, Y. O., Ortigosa-Blanch, A., Diez, A., Cruz, J. L. and Andres, M. V., Time-domain fiber laser hydrogen sensor, Opt. Lett., 29, (21), 2461–2463, 2004.Google Scholar
Stewart, G., Shields, P. and Culshaw, B., Development of fibre laser systems for ring-down and intra-cavity gas spectroscopy in the near-IR, Meas. Sci. Technol., 15, (8), 1621–1628, 2004.Google Scholar
Stewart, G., Whitenett, G., Sridaran, S. and Karthik, V., Investigation of the dynamic response of erbium fibre lasers with potential application for sensors, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 25, (7), 1786–1796, 2007.Google Scholar
Löhden, B., Kuznetsova, S., Sengstock, K., et al., Fiber laser intracavity absorption spectroscopy for in situ multicomponent gas analysis in the atmosphere and combustion environments, Appl. Phys. B., 102, (2), 331–344, 2011.Google Scholar
Fjodorow, P., Hellmig, O., Baev, V. M., Levinsky, H. B. and Mokhov, A. V., Intracavity absorption spectroscopy of formaldehyde from 6230 to 6420 cm-1, Appl. Phys. B., 123, 147, 2017.Google Scholar
Mirza, M. A. and Stewart, G., Multi-wavelength operation of erbium-doped fibre lasers by periodic filtering and phase modulation, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 27, (8), 1034–1044, 2009.Google Scholar
Mirza, A. and Stewart, G., Theory and design of a simple tunable Sagnac loop filter for multi-wavelength fibre lasers, Appl. Opt., 47, (29), 5242–5252, 2008.Google Scholar
Kuizenga, D. J. and Siegman, A. E., FM and AM mode locking of the homogeneous laser – part 1: theory, IEEE J. Quantum. Electron., QE-6, (11), 694–709, 1970.Google Scholar
Wey, J. S., Goldhar, J. and Burdge, G. L., Active harmonic mode-locking of an erbium fibre laser with intra-cavity Fabry-Perot filter, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 15, (7), 1171–1180, 1997.Google Scholar
Haus, H. A., Mode-locking of lasers, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron., 6, (6), 1173–1185, 2000.Google Scholar
Horowitz, M., Menyuk, C. R., Carruthers, T. F. and Duling, I. N., Theoretical and experimental study of harmonically mode locked fibre lasers for optical communication systems, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 18, (11), 1565–1574, 2000.Google Scholar
Whitenett, G., Stewart, G., Yu, H. and Culshaw, B., Investigation of a tuneable mode-locked fibre laser for application to multi-point gas spectroscopy, IEEE J Lightwave Technol., 22, (3), 813–819, 2004.Google Scholar
Islam, M. N., Raman amplifiers for telecommunications, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron., 8, (3), 548–559, 2002.Google Scholar
Bromage, J., Raman amplification for fibre communication systems, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 22, (1), 79–93, 2004.Google Scholar
Supradeepa, V. R., Feng, Y. and Nicholson, J. W., Raman fibre lasers, J. Opt., 19, 1–26, 2017.Google Scholar
Yeniay, A., Delavaux, J.-M. and Toulouse, J., Spontaneous and stimulated Brillouin scattering gain spectra in optical fibers, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 20, (8) 1425–1432, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobyakov, A., Sauer, M. and Chowdhury, D., Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers, Adv. Opt. Photonics, 2, 1–59, 2010.Google Scholar
Bauer, R., Legg, T., Mitchell, D., et al., Miniaturized photoacoustic trace gas sensing using a Raman fiber amplifier IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 33, (18), 3773–3780, 2015.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×