INTRODUCTION

In 1999, the UNESCO World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST) set up a Subcommission on the Ethics of Energy. One year later, the Subcommission presented its first report. The report begins with the following sentence:

This is a remarkable statement as it contains the three key ethical challenges of energy for sustainable development:

1. The concept of sustainable development is to guide energy decision making at all levels, personal and collective, national and international. This calls for a broadening of our ethical concerns for energy. Energy is no longer a matter of maximizing supplies for more and more people, it is also a matter of social, environmental, and future equity.

2. Sustainable development is concerned with the well-being of all, not just human inhabitants of the planet. The inclusion of nonhuman beings poses important ethical challenges to the concept of sustainable development.

3. The guidance of sustainable development is seen as a must, not a mere consideration for our actions. This raises the question of ethical guidance for energy policy and law.

This chapter will focus on the second and third of these challenges.