Chapter 9 is the concluding chapter; it highlights the claim that success in conflict depends on mobilizing followers to act collectively in support of their leaders’ extra-institutional interests. Because the case studies presented earlier in the book all follow a similar pattern of within-case variation from an ethnic to a religious frame, the conclusions addresses two cases with different identity frames: the Rwandan genocide and the emergence of Boko Haram in Nigeria. In Rwanda, the genocide began as and remained an ethnic nightmare, largely as a function of disputes over land control. In Nigeria, Boko Haram has consistently presented its aim as a moral revolution rather than an attempt to control territory. As a result, despite having the option to exploit ethnic differences, the frame of Boko Haram’s activities has remained consistently religious. The chapter concludes by considering the implications of the argument for other parts of the world and how it helps to refine our understanding of the important but often vague concept of ethnic politics.