Chapter 4 explores the implications and the external validity of the experiment. First, if differential preferences are apparent from the randomized experiment, the same patterns should be evident among staunch ethnic and religious group adherents. Using data from the experiment, the chapter first shows that respondents who frequently attend ethnic or religious group meetings have preferences that are indeed more starkly different than other experimental participants. Second, the chapter describes “real-world” data drawn not from experimental subjects but from followers of an Ashanti ethnic group association, a Charismatic-Pentecostal Christian group, and a Wahhabi Muslim group, whom I treat as members of strong or committed identity groups. The differences in preferences among these strong ethnic and religious group members are greater than the differences between the study’s randomly assigned participants, which adds a degree of external validity to the claim that ethnicity and religion evoke distinct preferences. Finally, the chapter considers the implications of the argument for bi-ethnics, the subset of individuals claiming membership in two ethnic groups.