Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-03T07:25:16.278Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Design and practice of small antennas I

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2014

Kyohei Fujimoto  and
Hisashi Morishita
Kyohei Fujimoto
Affiliation:
University of Tsukuba, Japan
Hisashi Morishita
Affiliation:
National Defense Academy, Japan
Get access

Summary

Design and practice

This chapter describes practical design and examples of small antennas. The chapter is composed of four sections, which deal with four types of small antenna: ESA (Electrically Small Antennas), FSA (Functionally Small Antennas), PCSA (Physically Constrained Small Antennas), and PSA (Physically Small Antennas). Since this grouping is rather flexible according to the antenna structure, types of applications, and so forth, some antennas may be classified into more than a single group.

Design and practice of ESA

Lowering the resonance frequency

Use of slow wave structure

Meander line antennas (MLA)

Meander line antennas have been applied to various small wireless systems such as mobile phones, digital TV receivers, RFID, and so forth, as the antennas can be easily and more flexibly constituted in planar structure than simple wire types. The meander line structure has practically been employed with modified versions such as an asymmetric dipole for two-frequency bands, a composite with a line or a slot for multiband operation, a horizontal element of an IFA (Inverted-F antenna), and so forth. These antennas used as a part of another type of antenna like the horizontal element of a PIFA are designed partly as an MLA and integrated into the other type of antenna.

Type
Chapter
Information
Modern Small Antennas , pp. 92 - 265
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Nakano, H., Tagami, H., Yoshizawa, A., and Yamauchi, J., Shortening Ratios of Modified Dipole Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 32, 1984, no. 4, pp. 385–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godara, L. C. (ed.), Handbook of Antennas In Wireless Communications, CRC Press 2000, chapter 12.2.2.2, pp. 12–13–12–18.Google Scholar
Noguchi, K., et al., Impedance Characteristics of a Small Meander Line Antenna, Transactions of IEICE vol. JB, BII, no. 2, 1998, pp. 183–184.Google Scholar
Godara, L. C. (ed.), Handbook of Antennas In Wireless Communications, CRC Press 2000, Chapter 12.2.2, pp. 12–11–12–19.
Kuroki, F. and Ohta, H., Miniaturized Cross Meander-Line Antenna Etched on Both Sides of Dielectric Substrate, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP) 2006, Singapore a258 r266.Google Scholar
Choo, H. and Ling, H., Design of Planar, Electrically Small Antennas with Inductively Coupled Feed Using a Genetic Algorithm, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation 2003, 22.1.
Huang, C. W. P. et al., FDTD Characterization on Meander Line Antennas for RF and Wireless Communications, Progress in Electromagnetics Research PIER, 24, 1991, pp. 185–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, C-I., Chi, F-W., and Wang, K-L., Internal Meander Line Antenna for GSM/DCS/PCS Multiband Operation in Mobile Phones, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), 2006, Singapore a62 r93.Google Scholar
Godara, L. C. (ed.), Handbook of Antennas In Wireless Communications, CRC Press 2000, chs. 12.2.3–12.2.5, pp. 12–27–12–34.
Godara, L. C. (ed.), Handbook of Antennas In Wireless Communications, CRC Press 2000, chs. 12.2.6 and 12.2.7, pp. 12–34–12–39.
Noguchi, K. et al., Increasing the Bandwidth of Meander Line Antennas Consisting of Two Strips, Transactions of IEICE, vol. JB2-B, 1999, no. 3, pp. 402–409.Google Scholar
Balanis, C. A., Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, 2nd edn., 1982, pp. 459–461.
Noguchi, K., et al., Impedance Characteristics of a Meander Line Antenna Mounted on a Conducting Plane, IEICE National Convention, B-1–106, 1999, p. 106.Google Scholar
Takiguchi, M. and Yamada, Y., Radiation and Ohmic Resistances in Very Small Meander Line Antennas of Less than 0.1 Wavelength, Transactions of IEICE, vol. J87-B, 2004, no. 9, pp. 1336–1346.Google Scholar
Yamada, Y. and Michishita, N., Efficiency Improvement of a Miniaturized Meander Line Antenna by Loading a High εr Material, IEEE iWAT, 2005.Google Scholar
Bell, R. L., Elfving, C. T., and Franks, R. E., Near Field Measurement on a Logarithmically Periodic Antenna, IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 8, 1960, pp. 559–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayes, P. E., Balanced Backfire Zigzag Antennas, 1964 IEEE International Conference Record pt. 1, pp. 158–165.
Lee, S. H., Theory of Zigzag Antennas, Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Electrical Engineering University of California, Berkeley, June, 1968, pp. 20, 31–33.Google Scholar
Lee, S. H. and Mei, K. K., Analysis of Zigzag Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 18, 1970, no. 6, pp. 760–764.Google Scholar
Inagaki, N., Tamura, K., and Fujimoto, K., Theoretical Investigation on the Resonance Length of Normal Mode Helical Antennas, Technical Report of Nagoya Institute of Technology, vol. 23, 1971, pp. 335–341.Google Scholar
Fujimoto, K. et al., Small Antennas, Research Studies Press, 1987, pp. 59–75.Google Scholar
Inagaki, N., Marui, T., and Fujii, K., Newly Devised MoM Analysis and Design Data for NMHA, Technical Report of IEICE, AP2007–194(2008–03) pp. 123–128.Google Scholar
Endo, T., Sunahara, Y., and Hoshihara, Y., Resonance Frequency of Dielectric Loaded Normal Mode Helical Antenna, IEICE Technical Report, vol. 95, 1995, no. 535, pp. 1–6.Google Scholar
Carreno, J. S. and Solis, J. S., Broadband Log-periodic Normal Mode Helical Antennas, IEEE APS International Symposium, vol. 1, 2003, pp. 249–252.Google Scholar
Ogura, Y., Asakawa, K., and Maeda, T., Folded Normal Mode Helical Antennas, IEICE Technical Report, vol. 104, 2004, no. 395.Google Scholar
Noguchi, K. et al., Impedance Characteristics of Two-wire Helical Antenna in Normal Mode, Electronics and Communications in Japan, vol. 81, 1998, no. 12, pp. 37–44.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, S. R., A Discussion on the Properties of Electrically Small Self-Resonant Wire Antennas, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 46, 2004, no. 6, pp. 9–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, H. A., Small Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-23, 1975, pp. 462–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaghjian, A. D. and Best, S. R., Impedance Bandwidth and Q of Antennas, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Digest, vol. I, 2003, pp. 501–504.Google Scholar
Wong, K-L., Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas, John Wiley and Sons, 2002, p. 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, H. A., Fundamental Limitation of Small Antennas, Proceedings of IRE, vol. 35, Dec 1947, pp. 1479–1484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, H. A., The Spherical Coil as an Inductor, Shield or Antenna, Proceedings of IRE, vol. 58, September 1958, pp. 1595–1602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
H. A. Wheeler, The Radian Sphere Around a Small Antenna, Proceedings of IRE, vol. 59, 1959, pp. 1325–1331.
McLean, J. S., A Re-examination of the Fundamental Limits on the Radiation Q of Electrically Small Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-44, May 1996, pp. 672–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engheta, N. and Ziolkowsky, R. W., Metamaterials-Physics and Engineering Explorations, John Wiley and Sons, 2006. p. 378.Google Scholar
Baliarda, C. P., Romeu, J., and Cardama, A., The Koch Monopole: A Small Fractal Antenna, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 48, 2000, no. 11, pp. 1773–1781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gianvittorio, J. P. and Rahmat-Samii, Y., Fractal Antenna: A Novel Antenna Miniaturization Technique and Applications, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 44, 2002, no. 1, pp. 20–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, D. H. and Ganguly, S., An Overview of Fractal Antenna Engineering Research, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 45, February 2003, no. 1, pp. 39–40.Google Scholar
R-Mohassel, J., Mehdipour, A., and Aliakbarian, H., New Schemes of Size Reduction in Space Filling Resonant Dipole Antennas, 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 23–27, 2009, pp. 2430–2432.Google Scholar
Ryu, H. K. and Woo, J. M., Miniaturization of Rectangular Loop Antenna using Meander Line for RFID Tags, Electronics Letters, vol. 43, March 2007, pp. 372–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryu, H. K., Lim, S., and Woo, J. M., Design of Electrically Small, Folded Monopole Antenna using C-shaped Meander for Active 433.92 MHz RFID Tag in Metallic Container Application, Electronics Letters, vol. 44, 2008, pp. 1445–1447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borja, C. and Romeu, J., On the Behavior of Koch Fractal Boundary Microstrip Patch Antenna, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, 2003, no. 6, pp. 281–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, S. R., On the Performance of the Koch Fractal and Other Bent Wire Monopole, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, 2003, no. 6, pp. 1292–1300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engheta, N. and Ziolkowsky, R. W., Metamaterials Physics and Engineering Explorations, John Wiley and Sons, 2006, pp. 378–381.
Zhu, J., Hoorfar, A., and Engheta, N., Peano Antennas, Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 3, 2004, pp. 71–74.Google Scholar
Chen, X., S-Naemi, S., and Liu, Y., A Down-Sized Hilbert Antenna for UHF Band, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation 2003, pp. 581–584.Google Scholar
Huang, H. and Hoorfer, A., Miniaturization of Dual-Band Planar Inverted-F Antennas using Peano-Curve Elements, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP) 2006, a292 r206.
Gianvittorio, J. P. and Rahmat-Samii, Y., Fractal Antenna: A Novel Antenna Miniaturization Technique and Applications, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 44, 2002, no. 1, pp. 20–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, S. R., A Comparison of the Resonant Properties of Small Space-Filling Fractal Antennas, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 2, 2003, pp. 197–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krzysztofik, W. J., Modified Sierpinsky Fractal Monopole for ISM-Bands Handset Applications, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, 2009, no. 3, pp. 606–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, D.H. and Ganguly, S., An Overview of Fractal Antenna Engineering Research, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 45, 2003, no. 1, pp. 38–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stutzman, W. L and Thiele, G. A., Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd edn., John Wiley and Sons, pp. 252–258.
McFadden, M. and Scott, W. R., Analysis of the Equiangular Spiral Antenna on a Dielectric Substrate, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 55, 2007, no. 11, pp. 3163–3171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakano, H. et al., Equiangular Spiral Antenna Backed by a Shallow Cavity With Absorbing Strips, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, 2008, no. 8, pp. 2742–2747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volakis, J. L., Nurnberger, N. W., and Filipovic, D. S., A Broadband Cavity-Backed Slot Spiral Antenna, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 43, 2001, no. 6, pp. 15–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nurnberger, M. W. and Volakis, J. L., Extremely Broadband Slot Spiral Antennas with Shallow Reflecting Cavities, Electromagnetics, vol. 20, 1996, no. 4, pp. 130–131.Google Scholar
Kramer, B. A. et al., Design and Performance of an Ultra Wideband Ceramic-loaded Slot Spiral, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, 2005, no. 7, pp. 2193–2199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filipovic, D. S. and Volakis, J. L., Broadband Meanderline Slot Spiral Antenna, IEE Proceedings-Microwaves Antennas and Propagation, vol. 149, 2002, no. 2, pp. 98–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nurnberger, M. and Volakis, J. L., New Termination for Ultra Wide-band Slot Spirals, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 50, 2002, no. 1, pp. 82–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filipovic, D. S. and Volakis, J. L., Novel Slot Spiral Antenna Design for Dual- band/Multi-band Operation, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, 2003, no. 3, pp. 430–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filipovic, D. S. and Volakis, J. L., A Flush Mounted Multifunctional Slot Aperture (Combo-antenna) for Automotive Applications, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation vol. 52, 2004, no. 2, pp. 563–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, B. A. et al., Miniature Conformal Aperture with Volumetric Inductive Loading, IEEE APS International Symposium, 2006, Digest vol. 44, pp. 3693–3696.Google Scholar
Kramer, B. A. et al., Miniature UWB Antenna with Enhanced Inductive Loading, Small Antennas Novel Metamaterials, IEEE iWAT 2006 International Workshop, pp. 289–292.
Chen, C. C. and Volakis, J. L., Spiral Antennas: Overview, Properties and Miniaturization Techniques, in R. Waterhouse, (ed.), Printed Antennas for Wireless Communications, John Wiley and Sons, 2007.Google Scholar
Lee, M. et al., Distributed Lumped Loads and Lossy Transmission Line Model for Wideband Spiral Antenna Miniaturization and Characterization, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation vol. 55, 2007, no. 10, pp. 2671–2678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, B. A. et al., Size Reduction and a Low-profile Spiral Antenna using Inductive and Dielectric Loading, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, 2008, pp. 22–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volakis, J. L., Chen, C. C., and Fujimoto, K., Small Antennas-Miniaturization Techniques and Applications, McGraw-Hill, 2010.Google Scholar
Klopfenstein, R. W., A Transmission Line Taper of Improved Design, Proceedings of IRE, vol. 44, 1956, no. 1, pp. 31–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abadia, J. et al., 3D-Spiral Small Antenna Design and Realization for Biomedical Telemetry in the MICS band, Radioengineering, Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities and URSI Committees, vol. 18, 2009, no. 4, pp. 359–366.Google Scholar
Victrex® PEEK polymers, available at; .
Wheeler, J. H., Fundamental Limitations of Small Antennas, Proceedings of IRE, vol. 35, December 1947, pp. 1479–1484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardoso, J. C. and Safaal-Jazi, A., Spherical Helical Antenna with Circular Polarization over a Broad Beam, Electronics Letters, vol. 29, 1993, no. 4, pp. 325–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Safaal-Jazi, A. and Cardoso, J. C., Radiation Characteristics of a Spherical Helix Antenna, Proceedings of Institution of Electrical Engineers Microwave Antennas Propagation, vol. 143, 1996, no. 1, pp. 7–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hui, H. T. et al., The Input Impedance and the Antenna Gain of the Spherical Helix Antenna, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 49, 2001, pp. 1235–1237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, S. R., The Radiation Properties of Electrically Small Folded Spherical Helix Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation vol. 52, 2004, no. 4, pp. 953–960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, S. R., Low Q Electrically Small Linear and Elliptical Polarized Spherical Dipole Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, 2003, no. 3, pp. 1047–1053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, S. R., A Comparison of the Cylindrical Folded Helix Q to the Gustafsson Limit, EuCap 2009, Berlin, pp. 2554–2557.Google Scholar
Best, S. R., The Quality Factor of the Folded Cylindrical Helix, Radio Engineering, Proceedings of Czech and Slovak Technical Universities and URSI Committee, vol. 18, 2009, no. 4, pp. 343–347.Google Scholar
Mehdipour, A., Aliakbarian, H., and Rashed-Mohassel, J., A Novel Electrically Small Spherical Wire Antenna With Almost Isotropic Radiation Pattern, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, 2009, pp. 396–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, S. R., A Low Q Electrically Small Magnetic (TE Mode) Dipole, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 8, 2009, pp. 572–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thal, H. L., New Radiation Q Limits for Spherical Wire Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 54, 2006, no. 10, pp. 2757–2763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, O. S., Low-Q Electrically Small Spherical Magnetic Dipole Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, 2010, no. 7, pp. 2210–2217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alsawara, H. A. W. and Safaai-Jazi, A., Ultrawideband Hemispherical Helical Antenna, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, 2010, no. 10, pp. 3175–3181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramsay, J., Highlights of Antenna History, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Newsletter, December 1981, p. 8.
Harrison, C. W., Monopole with Inductive Loading, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-11, 1963, pp. 394–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, T. L., The Disk Loaded Monopole Antenna, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation vol. 52, 2008, no. 2, pp. 542–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, S. R. and Hanna, D. L., A Performance Comparison of Fundamental Small-Antenna Designs, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 52, 2010, no. 1, pp. 47–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, S. R., Small and Fractal Antennas, in Balanis, C. A. (ed.), Modern Antenna Handbook, John Wiley and Sons, 2008, 10.6.3.
Xing, Z. and Yadong, X., A Novel Electrically Small Monopole Load by Open-Circuited Transmission Line, IEEE APS International Symposium vol. 44, 2006, pp. 615–618.Google Scholar
J-Ying, L. and Y-Beng, G., Characteristics of Broadband Top-Loaded Open-Sleeve Monopole, IEEE APS International Symposium 2006, 157.7, pp. 635–638.Google Scholar
Surabandi, K. and Azadegan, R., Design of an Efficient Miniaturized UHF Planar Antenna, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, 2003, no. 6, pp. 1270–1276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Begdad, N. and Sarabandi, K., Bandwidth Enhancement and Further Size Reduction of a Class of Miniaturized Slot Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 52, 2004, no. 8, pp. 1928–1934.Google Scholar
Xu, P., Fujimoto, K., and Shiming, L., Performance of Quasi-self-complementary Antenna, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, vol. 40, 2002, pp. 464–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mushiake, Y., Self-Complementary Antennas, Springer, 1996, pp. 40–42.
Pu, Xu and Fujimoto, K., L-shaped Self-complementary Antenna, IEEE APS International Symposium, vol. 3, 2003, pp. 95–98.Google Scholar
Azadegan, R. and Sarabandi, K., Bandwidth Enhancement of Miniaturized Slot Antennas Using Folded, Complementary, and Self-Complementary Realization, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 55, 2007, no. 9, pp. 2435–2444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, L., Wang, S., Chen, X., and Oarini, C., A Small Printed Quasi-Self-Complementary Antenna for Ultrawideband Systems, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 8, 2009, pp. 554–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buck, M. C. and Filipovic, D. S., Two-Arm Sinuous Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, 2008, no. 5, pp. 1229–1235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, K. G. and Hoo, K. M. S., Electrically Small Complementary Pair (ESCP) with Interelement Coupling, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-24, 1976, no. 4, pp. 411–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwon, D-H. et al., Small Printed Combined Electric-Magnetic Type Ultrawideband Antenna With Directive Radiation Characteristics, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, 2008, no. 1, pp. 237–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazzaro, M. A. P. and Judaschke, R., A 150-GHz CPW-fed tapered-slot antenna, IEEE Microwave Wireless Components Letters, vol. 14, 2004, no. 2, pp. 62–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, X.-C. and Yu, C.-C., A Dual-band Slot-Monopole Hybrid Antenna, IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, vol. 56, 2008, no. 1, pp. 282–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, W. S. C. and Chen, W. R., CPW-fed Compact Meandered Patch Antenna for Dual-band Operation, Electronics Letters, vol. 40, 2004, no. 18, pp. 1094–1095.Google Scholar
Chen, W. S. and Wong, K. L., A Coplanar Waveguide-fed Printed Slot Antenna for Dual-frequency Operation, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, vol. 2, 2001, pp. 140–143.Google Scholar
Hong, W. and Sarabandi, K., Low Profile Miniaturized Planar Antenna With Omnidirectional Vertically Polarized Radiation, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 24, 1976, no. 4, pp. 411–418.Google Scholar
Pendry, J. B. et al., Low Frequency Plasmons in Thin-wire Structures, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol. 10, 1998, pp. 4785–4809.Google Scholar
Tretyakov, S., Analytical Modeling in Applied Electromagnetics, Artech House, 2003.Google Scholar
Engheta, N. and Ziolkowsky, R. W., Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006, pp. 88–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotman, W., Plasma simulation by artificial and parallel-plate media, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 10, 1962, no. 1, pp. 82–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pendry, J. B. et al., Magnetism from Conductors and Enhanced Nonlinear Phenomena, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 47, 1999, no. 11, pp. 2075–2084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. R. et al., A Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity, Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, 2000, no. 18, pp. 4184–4187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caloz, C. and Itoh, T., Applications of the Transmission line Theory to Left-handed (LH) Materials, USNC/URSI, San Antonio, 2002.Google Scholar
Lai, A., Caloz, C., and Itoh, T., Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line Metamaterials, IEEE Microwave Magazine, September 2004, pp. 34–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyer, A. K. and Eleftheriades, G. V., Negative Refractive Index Metamaterials Supporting 2D Waves, Proceedings of IEEE International Microwave Theory and TechniquesSymposium, Seattle, 2002.Google Scholar
Caloz, C. and Itoh, T., Electromagnetic Metamaterials, Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eleftheriades, G. V. and Balmain, K. G. (eds.), Negative Refraction Metamaterials: Fundamental Principles and Applications, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guha, D. and Antar, Y. M. M. (eds.), Microstrip and Printed Antennas, John Wiley and Sons, 2011, chapter 11.Google Scholar
Guha, D. and Antar, Y. M. M., Microstrip and Printed Antennas, John Wiley and Sons, 2011, p. 365.Google Scholar
Tsutaoka, T., et al., Negative Permeability Spectra of Magnetic Materials, IEEE iWAT 2008, P202, pp. 279–281.
Erentok, A. and Ziolkowsky, R. W., Metamaterial-Inspired Efficient Electrically Small Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, 2008, no. 3, pp. 691–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baena, J. D., Marques, R., and Medina, F., Artificial Magnetic Metamaterial Design Using Spiral Resonators, Physical Review B, vol. 69, 2004, 014402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simovski, C. R. and He, S., Frequency Range and Explicit Expressions for Negative Permittivity and Permeability for Isotropic Medium Formed by a Lattice of Perfectly Conducting Ω particles, Physics Letters A, vol. 311, 2003, p. 254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilotti, F., Alu, A., and Vegni, L., Design of Miniaturized Metamaterial Patch Antennas with µ–Negative Loading, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, 2008, no. 6, pp. 1640–1647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alu, A. et al., Subwavelength, Compact, Resonant Patch Antennas Loaded with Metamaterials, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 55, 2007, no. 1, pp. 13–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, P. Y. and Alu, A., Sub-Wavelength Elliptical Patch Antenna Loaded with µ–Negative Metamaterials, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, 2010, no. 9, pp. 2909–2919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart, H. R. and Pidwerbetsky, A., Electrically Small Antenna Elements Using Negative Permittivity Resonators, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 54, 2006, no. 6, pp. 1644–1653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, J. and Eleftheriades, G. V., A Compact Transmission-Line Metamaterial Antenna With Extended Bandwidth, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 8, 2009, pp. 295–298.Google Scholar
Caloz, C., Itoh, T., and Rennings, A., CRLH Metamaterial Leaky-Wave and Resonant Antennas, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 50, 2008, no. 5, pp. 26–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, C. A., Leong, K. M. K. H., and Itoh, T., 2-D Frequency Controlled Beam-scanning by a Leaky Guided Wave Transmission Line Array, IEEE International Symposium on Microwave Theory and Techniques Digest, 2006, pp. 457–460.
Kaneda, T., Sanada, A., and Kubo, N., 2-D Beam Scanning Plane Antenna Array Using Composite Right/Left-Handed Leaky Wave Antennas, IEICE Transactions on Electronics, vol. 89, 2006, no. 12, pp. 1904–1911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casares-Miranda, F. P., Camacho-Ponalosa, C., and Caloz, C., High-Gain Active Composite Right/Left-Handed Leaky Wave Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation AP-54, 2006, no. 8, pp. 2292–2300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qureshi, F., Antoniades, M. A., and Eleftheriades, G. V., A Compact and Low-Profile Metamaterial Ring Antenna with Vertical Polarization, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 4, 2005, pp. 333–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoniades, M. A and Eleftheriades, G. V., A Folded-Monopole Model for Electrically Small NRI-TL Metamaterial Antennas, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, 2008, pp. 425–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoniades, M. and Eleftheriades, G. V., A Broadband Dual-Mode Monopole Antenna Using NRI-TL Metamaterial Loading, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 8, 2009, pp. 258–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, J., Antoniades, M. A., and Eleftheriades, G. V., A Compact Tri-band Monopole Antenna With Single-Cell Metamaterial Loading, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, 2010, no. 4, pp. 1031–1038.Google Scholar
Herritz-Martinez, P. J. et al., Multifrequency and Dual-Mode Patch Antennas Filled With Left-Handed Structures, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, 2008, no. 8, pp. 2527–2539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y.-S., Hsu, M.-F., and Chung, S.-J., A Compact Slot Antenna Utilizing a Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line Feed, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, 2008, no. 3, pp. 675–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albee, T. K., Broadband VLF Loop Antenna System, US Patent no. 3953799, April 27, 1976.
Koley, S. and Gautier, J. L., Using a Negative Capacitance to Increase the Tuning Range of a Varactor Diode in MMIC Technology, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 49, 2001, pp. 2425–2430.Google Scholar
Kaya, A., et al., Bandwidth Enhancement of a Microstrip Antenna Using Negative Inductance as Impedance Matching Device, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 421, 2004, pp. 476–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linvill, J. G., Transistor Negative Impedance Converter, Proceedings of IRE, vol. 41, 1953, pp. 725–729.
Yanagisawa, T., RC Active Networks Using Current Inversion Type Negative Impedance Converters, IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory, vol. 4, 1957, pp. 140–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yogo, H. and Kato, K., Cirucuit Realization of Negative Impedance Converter at VHF, Electronics Letters, vol. 10, 1974, no. 9, pp. 155–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sussman-Fort, S. E. and Rudish, R. M., Non-Foster Impedance Matching for Transmit Applications, IEEE iWAT, 2006, pp. 53–56.Google Scholar
Sussman-Fort, S. E., Matching Network Design Using Non-Foster Impedances, International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2006, no. 16, pp. 135–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aberle, J. T., Two-Port Representation of an Antenna With Application to Non-Foster Matching Networks, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, 2008, no. 5, pp. 1218–1222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, K.-S. and Rojas, R. G., Electrically Small Wire Monopole Antenna with Non-Foster Impedance Element, EuCAP 2010, A02-1.
Koulouridis, S. and Volakis, J. L., Non-Foster Circuits for Small Broadband Antennas, IEEE APS International Symposium 2009, digest, pp. 1973–1976.
Kaya, A. and Yukel, E.Y., Investigation of Compensated Rectangular Microstrip Antenna With Negative Capacitor and Negative Inductor for Bandwidth Enhancement, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 55, 2007, pp. 1275–1282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×