Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T07:11:18.523Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 13 - Moral Education in and for Virtual Spaces

from Part III - Responses to Contemporary Moral Problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2023

Douglas W. Yacek
Affiliation:
Universität Dortmund
Mark E. Jonas
Affiliation:
Wheaton College, Illinois
Kevin H. Gary
Affiliation:
Valparaiso University, Indiana
Get access

Summary

This chapter describes and expands upon virtue ethical and virtue theoretical approaches to moral education in and for virtual spaces. Building on existing claims that virtual spaces call for new kinds of virtues, we argue that structural constraints make risks and vices especially hard to overcome in these contexts. We organize these constraints around a threefold approach to integrity, according to how they hinder knowledge, self-efficacy, and self-unity. We then turn to positive recommendations for removing these barriers. We outline implications for end users by exploring the need for the development of the “burdened virtues”, applying ideas from Lisa Tessman. We also consider what it would look like for this kind of moral development to be supported by educators, policy-makers, and other leaders within the tech ecosystem. We suggest that the way forward will be to educate for and build spaces in which the online and offline worlds are drawn into closer alignment, supporting integrity in all its forms.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alfano, M. (2013). Character as moral fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. (2012). Epistemic justice as a virtue of social institutions. Social Epistemology, 26(2), 163173. doi: 10.1080/02691728.2011.652211.Google Scholar
Babbitt, S. E. (1996). Impossible dreams: Rationality, integrity and moral imagination. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Baker-White, E. (2022). Nothing sacred: These apps reserve the right to sell your prayers, BuzzFeed News. Available at: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/emilybakerwhite/apps-selling-your-prayers.Google Scholar
Barlow, J. P. (1996). A declaration of the independence of cyberspace, electronic frontier foundation. Available at: https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence.Google Scholar
BBC News (July 3, 2018). Roblox “gang rape” shocks mother. BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-44697788.Google Scholar
Beioley, K. (February 21, 2022). Metaverse vs employment law: The reality of the virtual workplace. Financial Times. Available at: https://amp.ft.com/content/9463ed05-c847-425d-9051-482bd3a1e4b1#.Google Scholar
Benjamin, R. (2016). Informed refusal: Toward a justice-based bioethics. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 41(6), 967990. doi: 10.1177/0162243916656059.Google Scholar
Benjamin, R. (2019). Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the New Jim Code. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Biss, M. (2011). Aristotle on friendship and self-knowledge: The friend beyond the mirror. History of Philosophy Quarterly, 28(2), 125140.Google Scholar
Bloom, P. (2017). It’s ridiculous to use virtual reality to empathize with refugees. The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/02/virtual-reality-wont-make-you-more-empathetic/515511.Google Scholar
Brewer, T. (2005). Virtues we can share: Friendship and Aristotelian ethical theory. Ethics, 115(4), 721758. doi: 10.1086/430489.Google Scholar
Calhoun, C. (1995). Standing for something. The Journal of Philosophy, 92(5), 235260. doi: 10.2307/2940917.Google Scholar
Damer, B., & Hinrichs, R. (2014). The virtuality and reality of avatar cyberspace. In Grimshaw, M. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of virtuality (pp. 1741). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 0.1093/oxfordhb/9780199826162.013.032.Google Scholar
D’Ignazio, C., & Klein, L. (2020). Data feminism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Available at: https://data-feminism.mitpress.mit.edu.Google Scholar
Donoso, V., Ólafsson, K., & Broddason, T. (2009). What we know, what we do not know – Google Search. In Livingstone, S. & Haddon, L. (Eds.), Kids online: Opportunities and risks for children (pp. 1930). Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Dotter, D. L., & Roebuck, J. B. (1988). The labeling approach re‐examined: Interactionism and the components of deviance. Deviant Behavior, 9(1), 1932. doi: 10.1080/01639625.1988.9967765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elan, P. (September 1, 2021). “I believe it’s a mental health issue”: The rise of Zoom dysmorphia. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/sep/01/i-believe-its-a-mental-health-issue-the-rise-of-zoom-dysmorphia.Google Scholar
Ess, C. M. (2011). Self, community, and ethics in digital mediatized worlds. In Ess, C. M. & Thorseth, M. (Eds.), Trust and virtual worlds: Contemporary perspectives (pp. 330). New York, NY: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Ess, C. M. (2014). Ethics at the boundaries of the virtual. In Grimshaw, M. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of virtuality (pp. 683697). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199826162.013.009Google Scholar
Fisher, M., Goddu, M. K., & Keil, F. C. (2015). Searching for explanations: How the internet inflates estimates of internal knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(3), 674687. doi: 10.1037/xge0000070.Google Scholar
Fisher, M., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2021). Harder than you think: How outside assistance leads to overconfidence. Psychological Science, 32(4), 598610. doi: 10.1177/0956797620975779.Google Scholar
Flanagan, O. J. (1991). Varieties of moral personality: Ethics and psychological realism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Flew, T. (2008). New media: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, J., Bailenson, J. N., & Tricase, L. (2013). The embodiment of sexualized virtual selves: The Proteus effect and experiences of self-objectification via avatars. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 930938. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.027.Google Scholar
Frankfurt, H. G. (1988). The importance of what we care about: Philosophical essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511818172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankfurt, H. G. (1998). Necessity, volition, and love. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511624643.Google Scholar
Frankfurt, H. G. (2004). The reasons of love. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fricker, M. (2015). Epistemic contribution as a central human capability. In Hull, G. (Ed.), The equal society: Essays on equality in theory and practice (pp. 7390). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Grimshaw, M. (2014). Introduction. In Grimshaw, M. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of virtuality (pp. 116). Oxford: Oxford University Press, doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199826162.013.046.Google Scholar
Harrison, T. (2021). Thrive: How to cultivate character so your children can flourish online. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., & Zaki, J. (2018). Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLoS ONE, 13(10), e0204494. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204494.Google Scholar
Hicks, B., Konovalova, I., Myers, K., Falconer, L., & Board, M. (2021). Taking “A walk through dementia”: Exploring care home practitioners’ experiences of using a virtual reality tool to support dementia awareness. Ageing & Society, 1–26. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X21000994.Google Scholar
Hoyle, B. (February 10, 2018). Tech-free schools for children of Silicon Valley. The Times. Available at: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tech-free-schools-for-children-of-silicon-valley-jbh637vwp.Google Scholar
Hughes, S. (2020). I met the woman who trolled me online. BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-54421632.Google Scholar
Hunt, E. (January 23, 2019). Faking it: How selfie dysmorphia is driving people to seek surgery. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/jan/23/faking-it-how-selfie-dysmorphia-is-driving-people-to-seek-surgery.Google Scholar
Hunter, A., & Mosco, V. (2014). Virtual dystopia. In Grimshaw, M. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of virtuality (pp. 727738). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199826162.013.007.Google Scholar
Irom, B. (2018). Virtual reality and the Syrian refugee camps: Humanitarian communication and the politics of empathy. International Journal of Communication, 12(0), 23.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. K. (2020). Imaginative simulation in the moral life. Doctoral thesis. University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Kaiser, J., & Rauchfleisch, A. (2018). Unite the right? How YouTube’s recommendation algorithm connects the US Far-Right. D&S Media Manipulation [Preprint].Google Scholar
Kraut, R. E. (1973). Effects of social labeling on giving to charity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9(6), 551562.Google Scholar
Lebowitz, S. (November 13, 2018). Silicon Valley nannies are being asked to monitor kids’ screen time. Business Insider South Africa. Available at: https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/silicon-valley-nannies-monitor-kids-screen-time-2018-10.Google Scholar
Lemert, E. M. (1972). Human deviance, social problems, and social control. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Smillie, L., Garcia, D., Hertwig, R., Weatherall, J., Egidy, S., ... Leiser, M. (2020). Technology and democracy: Understanding the influence of online technologies on political behaviour and decision-making. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union (EUR – Scientific and Technical Research Reports – EUR 30422 EN). doi: 10.2760/593478, JRC122023.Google Scholar
Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2009). Kids online: Opportunities and risks for children. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Martingano, A. J., Hererra, F., & Konrath, S. (2021). Virtual reality improves emotional but not cognitive empathy: A meta-analysis. Technology, Mind, and Behavior, 2(1). doi: 10.1037/tmb0000034.Google Scholar
McKelvey, C. (2013). Sexualized avatars affect the real world, Stanford researchers find | Stanford News Release. Stanford News Service, 9 October. Available at: https://news.stanford.edu/pr/2013/pr-virtual-female-avatars-100913.html.Google Scholar
Medina, J. (2012). The epistemology of resistance: Gender and racial oppression, epistemic injustice, and resistant imaginations. Oxford/New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Medlin, P. (August 12, 2021). Illinois is the first state to have high schools teach news literacy. NPR . Available at: https://text.npr.org/1026993142.Google Scholar
Mortier, R., Haddadi, H., Henderson, T., McAuley, D., & Crowcroft, J. (2014). Human-data interaction: The human face of the data-driven society. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2508051. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2508051.Google Scholar
Nabi, D. A., & Charlton, J. P. (2014). The psychology of addiction to virtual environments. In Grimshaw, M. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of virtuality (pp. 187204). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199826162.013.022.Google Scholar
Nadolny, L., Woolfrey, J., Pierlott, M. F., & Kahn, S. (2013). SciEthics Interactive: science and ethics learning in a virtual environment. Educational Technology Research and Development, 61(6), 979999. doi: 10.1007/s11423-013-9319-0.Google Scholar
Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York, NY: NYU Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pink, S., Ruckenstein, M., Willim, R., & Duque, M. (2018). Broken data: Conceptualising data in an emerging world. Big Data & Society, 5(1). doi: 10.1177/2053951717753228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prinz, J. (2011). Against empathy. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 49(s1), 214233. doi: 10.1111/j.2041-6962.2011.00069.x.Google Scholar
Reeves, B., Malone, T. W., & O’Driscoll, T. (May 1, 2008). Leadership’s Online Labs. Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2008/05/leaderships-online-labs.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, M. H., Ottoni, R., West, R., Almeida, V. A., Meira, W. Jr. (2020). Auditing radicalization pathways on YouTube. In Proceedings of the 2020 conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (pp. 131141.) New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.Google Scholar
Riva, G. (2014). Medical clinical uses of virtual worlds. In Grimshaw, M. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of virtuality (pp. 649665). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199826162.013.014.Google Scholar
Søraker, J. H. (2011). Virtual entities, environments, worlds and reality: Suggested definitions and taxonomy. In Thorseth, M. & Ess, C. M. (Eds.), Trust and virtual worlds: Contemporary perspectives (pp. 4472). New York, NY: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Spinelli, L., & Crovella, M. (2020). How YouTube leads privacy-seeking users away from reliable information. In Kuflik, T. & Torre, I. (Eds.), Adjunct publication of the 28th ACM conference on user modeling, adaptation and personalization (pp. 244251). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.Google Scholar
Strickland, E., & Harris, M. (February 15, 2022). Their bionic eyes are now obsolete and unsupported. IEEE Spectrum. Available at: https://spectrum.ieee.org/bionic-eye-obsolete.Google Scholar
Swann, W. B., & Ely, R. J. (1984). A battle of wills: Self-verification versus behavioral confirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(6), 12871302. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.46.6.1287.Google Scholar
Tanz, J. (May 17, 2016). Soon we won’t program computers. We’ll train them like dogs. Wired. Available at: https://www.wired.com/2016/05/the-end-of-code.Google Scholar
Tessman, L. (2005). Burdened virtues: Virtue ethics for liberatory struggles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tessman, L. (2017). When doing the right thing is impossible. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ticknor, B. (2019). Virtual reality and correctional rehabilitation: A game changer. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(9), 13191336. doi: 10.1177/0093854819842588.Google Scholar
Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Vallor, S. (2016). Technology and the virtues: A philosophical guide to a future worth wanting. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Velleman, J. D. (2000). From self psychology to moral philosophy. Philosophical Perspectives, 14, 349377.Google Scholar
Velleman, J. D. (2005). Self to self: Selected essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511498862.Google Scholar
Waldmeir, P. (February 21, 2022). Virtual worship gives organised religion a boost. Financial Times. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/087aff26-45ad-4da9-9e15-6648fcd3e69b.Google Scholar
Watson, L. (2021). The right to know: Epistemic rights and why we need them. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weller, C. (October 24, 2017). Bill Gates and Steve Jobs raised their kids tech-free – and it should’ve been a red flag. The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/bill-gates-and-steve-jobs-raised-their-kids-techfree-and-it-should-ve-been-a-red-flag-a8017136.html.Google Scholar
Yee, N., & Bailenson, J. (2007). The Proteus effect: The effect of transformed self-representation on behavior. Human Communication Research, 33(3), 271272. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00299.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×