The present chapter examines the revolutions that broke out in the second decade of the Restoration. As indicated by the comments of Tsar Nicholas I above, the major sites of conflict in this latest wave of unrest included Belgium, France, Switzerland, parts of Italy and Germany, and finally Poland. As might be expected, such an array of cases, virtually all of which have been portrayed as having a ‘composite nature,’ presents problems of typology and interpretation not unlike those encountered in the previous chapter. On one hand, the liberal dimension of these revolutions was prominent, in the sense that many were preceded by clashes of interest in which demands for civil liberties and representation were well-sounded and employed later as the rallying point for popular mobilization. Historiographical perspectives also place emphasis on the role of social grievances connected with the advance of the industrial revolution – a factor of still greater importance in appraisals of 1848. Finally, the revolutions of these years provide many new examples of how by-now familiar doctrines regarding the status and rights of nations figured into contemporary power struggles. As in the case of the revolutions of 1820, the elasticity of a concept like national sovereignty was of such an order that it could be implicated in a wide range of conflicts – from those of an internal constitutional nature, as in the case of France (and previously Spain) – to others, as in Belgium and Poland, that are more commonly associated with bids for secession and autonomy.