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3 - Principles of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy

from Section I - Physics, safety, and patient handling

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2009

By
Nicola J. Robertson ,
Enrico de Vita  and
Ernest B. Cady
Edited by
Janet M. Rennie ,
Cornelia F. Hagmann  and
Nicola J. Robertson
Nicola J. Robertson
Affiliation:
Senior Lecturer in Neonatology and Honorary Consultant Neonatologist, University College London Hospitals, London
Enrico de Vita
Affiliation:
Magnetic Resonance Physicist, Department of Medical Physics and Bio-Engineering, University College London Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Ernest B. Cady
Affiliation:
Clinical Scientist and Section Head MR Physics UCLH NHS Trust; Director, Bloomsbury Centre for Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Honorary Lecturer UCL, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, UCLH, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Janet M. Rennie
Affiliation:
University College London
Cornelia F. Hagmann
Affiliation:
University College London
Nicola J. Robertson
Affiliation:
University College London
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Summary

Nuclear magnetic resonance – a historical perspective

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most important medical diagnostic development since the discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895. Professor Paul Lauterbur obtained the world's first MRI scan in the USA in 1973, but many techniques empowering the modality were invented in the UK at Aberdeen, Nottingham, and Oxford Universities. The main historical highlights are summarized in Fig. 3.1 and Table 3.1.

In 1952 Felix Bloch of Stanford and Edward Purcell of Harvard Universities shared the Nobel Prize for observing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [1, 2] (see below). Following this, the imaging applications of NMR evolved independently of metabolic uses and the terms MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) came into use (clinical MRI primarily detects hydrogen (1H) nuclei (protons) in water and MRS detects protons and other nuclei in more complicated metabolites).

Magnetic resonance imaging

In 1971 Raymond Damadian showed differences in NMR water characteristics between normal and abnormal tissues as well as between different types of normal tissue [3]. Contemporaneously, Paul Lauterbur superimposed small magnetic field gradients on the highly uniform magnetic field required for NMR spectroscopy: the NMR resonant frequency, of water for example, is directly proportional to the local magnetic field strength and thus location can be encoded. Signal intensity at a particular radio frequency (RF) was then proportional to the water concentration at the corresponding location.

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Neonatal Cerebral Investigation , pp. 22 - 44
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

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  • Principles of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
    • By Nicola J. Robertson, Senior Lecturer in Neonatology and Honorary Consultant Neonatologist, University College London Hospitals, London, Enrico de Vita, Magnetic Resonance Physicist, Department of Medical Physics and Bio-Engineering, University College London Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK, Ernest B. Cady, Clinical Scientist and Section Head MR Physics UCLH NHS Trust; Director, Bloomsbury Centre for Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Honorary Lecturer UCL, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, UCLH, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
  • Edited by Janet M. Rennie, University College London, Cornelia F. Hagmann, University College London, Nicola J. Robertson, University College London
  • Book: Neonatal Cerebral Investigation
  • Online publication: 07 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544750.005
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  • Principles of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
    • By Nicola J. Robertson, Senior Lecturer in Neonatology and Honorary Consultant Neonatologist, University College London Hospitals, London, Enrico de Vita, Magnetic Resonance Physicist, Department of Medical Physics and Bio-Engineering, University College London Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK, Ernest B. Cady, Clinical Scientist and Section Head MR Physics UCLH NHS Trust; Director, Bloomsbury Centre for Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Honorary Lecturer UCL, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, UCLH, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
  • Edited by Janet M. Rennie, University College London, Cornelia F. Hagmann, University College London, Nicola J. Robertson, University College London
  • Book: Neonatal Cerebral Investigation
  • Online publication: 07 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544750.005
Available formats
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  • Principles of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
    • By Nicola J. Robertson, Senior Lecturer in Neonatology and Honorary Consultant Neonatologist, University College London Hospitals, London, Enrico de Vita, Magnetic Resonance Physicist, Department of Medical Physics and Bio-Engineering, University College London Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK, Ernest B. Cady, Clinical Scientist and Section Head MR Physics UCLH NHS Trust; Director, Bloomsbury Centre for Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Honorary Lecturer UCL, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, UCLH, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
  • Edited by Janet M. Rennie, University College London, Cornelia F. Hagmann, University College London, Nicola J. Robertson, University College London
  • Book: Neonatal Cerebral Investigation
  • Online publication: 07 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544750.005
Available formats
×