Students of women's participation in the arts have persuasively argued that the relative dearth of famous women writers and artists results from the historical structure of opportunities – or more accurately, lack of them. For instance, until recently, women writers, artists, and composers had less formal education and training than their male counterparts. Except for the daughters of families in the arts, as well as some of the social elite, women were frequently excluded from the social networks central to cultural milieus (Showalter 1977; Tuchman 1975). But the structure of opportunity is not merely a matter of training and association with others intent on learning and creating an art. It also results from the esteem or prestige accorded a genre, which is in turn strongly influenced by socio-economic developments and institutional configurations.

The purpose of this chapter is to suggest that the growing prestige of the novel in England in the Victorian period was one of the factors limiting the opportunities for women to have their work seriously considered and to achieve fame. Our procedure is to examine the fate of manuscripts that women and men submitted to one publishing house, Macmillan and Company in London, between November 1866 and December 1887.

We have analyzed our data, not qualitatively, but statistically. By so doing, we hope both to reveal patterns that might otherwise remain hidden and to show some of the possibilities of a sociological approach to literary history.