Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 44
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
June 2012
Print publication year:
2007
Online ISBN:
9780511619045

Book description

This book explores social movements by analyzing an escalating spiral of tension between the Patriot movement and the state centered on the mutual framing of conflict as 'warfare'. By examining the social construction of 'warfare' as a principal script or frame defining the movement-state dynamic, Stuart A. Wright explains how this highly charged confluence of a war narrative engendered a kind of symbiosis leading to the escalation of a mutual threat that culminated in the Oklahoma City bombing. Wright offers a unique perspective on the events leading up to the bombing because he served as a consultant to Timothy McVeigh's defense team for eighteen months and draws on primary data based on face-to-face interviews with McVeigh. The book contends that McVeigh was firmly entrenched in the Patriot movement and was part of a network of 'warrior cells' that planned and implemented the bombing.

Reviews

"Why did “domestic terrorism” on the scale of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing occur? [Patriots, Politics, and the Oklahoma City Bombing] shows how convicted bomber Timothy McVeigh and his co-conspirators rose up from an increasingly militant Patriot social movement that promoted “leaderless resistance” by “phantom cells” in a spiraling “war” with U.S. law enforcement agencies – themselves increasingly militarized through gun raids and the war on drugs. By exploring the deep historical connections of the Patriot movement to Cold-War anti-communism, racist opposition to the Civil Rights movement, the anti-tax movement, the farm crisis, and opposition to gun control, Stuart Wright’s gripping and forceful account brings to light the social dynamics of a deeply troubling variant of right-wing political culture that America needs to understand and confront."
John R. Hall, University of California – Davis, Author, Apocalypse Observed

"This book should be read by anyone concerned to understand how terrorism, decidedly unrelated to "Islamo-fascism," has arisen in contemporary America. The portrait of Timothy McVeigh is riveting in its own way, but he is, for better or worse, safely dead. What is most disturbing is the suggestion that the current US armed forces may in effect be serving as a training camp for future McVeigh’s who may, for whatever complex of reasons, feel a similar alienation from their government."
Sanford Levinson, University of Texas, Author, Our Undemocratic Constitution: Where the Constitution Goes Wrong (and How We the People Can Correct It)

"The story of the Oklahoma City bombing is one that Stuart Wright is uniquely qualified to tell because of his masterful understanding of the Patriot movement, partly based on personal interviews with Timothy McVeigh. Combining the skills of a historian, a sociologist, and a detective, Wright places this cataclysmic event in the complex context of broad developments since the end of World War II and the specific policies, individual actions, and government responses that led up to the bombing. The result is a remarkably compelling analysis of the fateful social and political dynamics that brought McVeigh and his truckload of explosives to Oklahoma City. This book is an informative, insightful, and gripping study that is at once irresistibly fascinating and deeply disturbing."
Carl Smith, Northwestern University

"Stuart Wright’s book provides a fascinating insight into the Christian Patriot movement by centering on the Oklahoma City bombing. Wright draws on many personal interviews to create an account of a spiral of threat and opportunity that is a contribution to the theory of social movements. The book will be of interest to sociologists, political scientists, historians, and all others who study violent social movements."
Clyde Wilcox, Georgetown University

"In our post 9/11 world it is too easy to forget that there is a significant, armed, militant, domestic anti-government movement -- one that is also willing to use terrorist tactics. Wright's book is a useful and intellectually engaging reminder. Wright weaves together a nuanced story of how the anti-communism of the '50s, resistance to the civil rights movements of the '60s, the anti-tax backlash of the '70s, and the farm crisis of the '80s combined with a burgeoning "gun culture" to produce a movement that conceives of itself as at war with its own government in order to save its nation. This movement's ideology has been abetted and facilitated by a federal government that has "declared war" on drugs, crime, and terrorism, militarized the police, and expanded the domestic role of the military. Those interested in the far right, Patriot movement militias, and issues of terrorism in the contemporary world should not miss this book."
Rhys H. Williams, University of Cincinnati, Editor, Cultural Wars in American Politics

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References
Aho, James. 1990. The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism. Seattle: University of Washington.
Anti-Defamation League. 1995. Paranoia as Patriotism: Far-Right Influences on the Militia Movement. Special Report.
Armstrong, Paula S., and Schulman, Michael D.. 1990. “Financial Strain and Depression Among Farm Operators: The Role of Perceived Economic Hardship and Personal Control.” Rural Sociology 55(4): 475–93.
Barkun, Michael. 1994. Religion and the Racist Right. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
Barnet, Richard. 1988. “The Costs and Perils of Intervention,” pp. 207–21 in Klare, Michael T. and Kornbluh, Peter (eds.), Low Intensity Warfare. New York: Pantheon.
Baumann, Robert E. 1995. “License to Steal: Take It Away.” National Review (Feb. 20): 34–8.
Beam, Louis. 1992. “Leaderless Resistance.” The Seditionist no. 12 (Feb.): 1–6.
Bell, Daniel. 1963. The Radical Right. New York: Macmillan.
Belyea, Michael J., and Lobao, Linda M.. 1990. “Psychosocial Consequences of Agricultural Transformation: The Farm Crisis and Depression.” Rural Sociology 55(1): 58–75.
Bennett, David H. 1995. The Party of Fear. New York: Vintage.
Berlet, Chip, and Lyons, Matthew N.. 2000. Right-Wing Populism in America. New York: Guilford.
Bock, Alan W. 1995. Ambush at Ruby Ridge. Irvine, CA: Dickens Press.
Borger, Julian. 2001. “Death Row Diaries Reveal McVeigh's Goal of Martyrdom.” The Guardian (June 9). Accessed online at http://www.guardianunlimited.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,504079,00.html.
Bovard, James. 1991. The Farm Fiasco. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies.
Bovard, James. 1995. Lost Rights: The Destruction of American Liberty. New York: Palgrave.
Boyd, David G. 1995. “On the Cutting Edge: Law Enforcement Technology.” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (July). Accessed online at http://www.totse.com/en/law/justice_for_all/lawtech.html.
Bragg, Roy, and Asin, Stephanie 1993. “Two Protests Fizzle.” Houston Chronicle (April 4): 5A.
Breault, Marc, and King, Martin. 1993. Inside the Cult. New York: Harper Regan Books.
Bromley, David G., and Edward D. Silver. 1995. “The Davidian Tradition: From Patronal Clan to Prophetic Movement,” pp. 43–74 in Wright, Stuart A. (ed.), Armageddon in Waco. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Broyles, J. Allen. 1964. The John Birch Society: Anatomy of a Protest. Boston: Beacon Press.
Bultena, Gordon, Lasley, Paul, and Geller, Jack. 1986. “The Farm Crisis: Patterns and Impacts of Financial Distress Among Iowa Farm Families.” Rural Sociology 51(4): 436–48.
Call, John A., and Pfefferbaum, Betty. 1999. “Lessons from the First Two Years of Project Heartland, Oklahoma's Mental Health Response to the 1995 Bombing.” Psychiatric Services 50: 953–5.
Carter, Dan T. 1998. The Road to Oklahoma City: How Some Americans Came to Hate Their National Government.” Distinguished Faculty Lecture, Emory University, March. Accessed online at http://www.emory.edu/SENATE/facultycou/fac_cmtes/dfl_carter.htm.
Cash, J. D. 2004a. “Declassified FBI memo reveals twists in probe.” McCurtain Daily Gazette (Jan. 2). Accessed online at http://worldnetdaily.com/news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTILCE_ID=35475.
Cash, J. D. 2004b. “Withheld evidence to sink case against Nichols?McCurtain Daily Gazette (March 20): 1.
Chermak, Steven M. 2002. Searching for a Demon: The Media Construction of the Militia Movement. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Christenson, Jon. 1995. “Forest Service bombed in Nevada.” High Country News, (April 17): 1A.
Cook, Phillip J., and Ludwig, Jens. 1997. Guns in America: National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
Corcoran, James. 1990. Bitter Harvest: Gordon Kahl and the Posse Comitatus. New York: Viking.
Coulson, Danny O., and Shannon, Elaine. 1999. No Heroes. New York: Pocket Books.
Crawford, Robert, S. L. Gardiner, and Jonathan Mozzochi. 1994. “Patriot Games: Jack McLamb and Citizen Militias.” Report for the Coalition for Human Dignity, Portland, OR.
Crothers, Lane. 2003. Rage on the Right. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Cunningham, David. 2003. “State Versus Social Movement: FBI Counterintelligence Against the New Left,” pp. 45–77 in Goldstone, Jack A. (ed.), States, Parties and Social Movements. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Davidson, Osha Gray. 1996. Broken Heartland: The Rise of America's Rural Ghetto. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
Davidson, Osha Gray. 1998. Under Fire: The NRA and the Struggle for Gun Control. Expanded version. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
Dees, Morris, and Corcoran, James. 1996. Gathering Storm: America's Militia Threat. New York: Harper Collins.
della Porta, Donatella, and Diani, Mario. 1999. Social Movements: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
DeNardo, James. 1985. Power in Numbers: The Political Strategy in Protest and Rebellion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Diamond, Sara. 1995. Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. New York: Guilford Press.
Diani, Mario. 1995. Green Networks: A Structural Analysis of the Italian Environmental Movement. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Duffy, James E., and Alan C. Brantley. 1997. “Militias: Initiating Contact.” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (July). Accessed online at http://www.fbi.gov/publications/leb/1997/july975.htm.
Duke, Steven B., and Gross, Albert C.. 1994. America's Longest War: Rethinking Our Tragic Crusade Against Drugs. New York: Tarcher/Putnam.
Dunn, Timothy. 1996. Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978–1992: Low Intensity Conflict Doctrine Comes Home. Austin: University of Texas, Center for Mexican American Studies.
Dyer, Joel. 1997. Harvest of Rage: Why Oklahoma City Is Only the Beginning. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Farmer, Val. 1986. “Broken Heartland.” Psychology Today 20(4): 54–62.
Fenster, Mark. 1999. Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Final Report on the Bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Building, April 19, 1995. 2001. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma City Bombing Investigation Committee.
Fischer, Raymond L. 1996. “Hate fills the airwaves.” USA Today/Society for the Advancement of Education (May):1–4. Accessed online at http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_n2612_v124/ai_18274649.
Flynn, Kevin, and Gerhardt, Gary. 1989. The Silent Brotherhood. New York: Signet.
Forster, Arnold, and Epstein, Benjamin R.. 1964. Danger on the Right. New York: Random House.
Fried, Arthur. 1996. McCarthyism: The Great American Red Scare: A Documentary History. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fyfe, James J. 1997. “Statement of James J. Fyfe.” Hearings Before the Judiciary Committee, United States Senate: The Aftermath of Waco: Changes in Federal Law Enforcement, October 31 and November 1, 1995. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Gallagher, James J. 1992. Low Intensity Conflict: A Guide for Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
Gallaher, Carolyn. 2003. On the Fault-Line: Race, Class and the American Patriot Movement. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Gamson, William. 1992. “The Social Psychology of Collective,” pp. 53–76 in Mueller, Carol and Morris, Aldon (eds.), Frontiers of Social Movement Theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Gamson, William, and David Meyer. 1996. “The Framing of Political Opportunity,” pp. 275–90 in McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N. (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gamson, William, Fireman, Bruce, and Rytina, Steve. 1982. Encounters with Unjust Authority. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
George, John, and Wilcox, Laird. 1996. American Extremists: Militias, Supremacists, Klansmen, Communists and Others. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Gibson, James William. 1994. Warrior Dreams: Paramilitary Culture in Post-Vietnam America. New York: Hill and Wang.
Gitlin, Todd. 1993. The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage. New York: Bantam.
Giugni, Marco, Koopmans, Ruud, Passy, Florence, and Stratham, Paul. 2005. “Institutional and Discursive Opportunities for Extreme Right Mobilization in Five Countries.” Mobilization 10(1): 145–62.
Goldstone, Jack A., and Tilly, Charles. 2001. “Threat (and Opportunity): Popular Action and State Response in the Dynamics of Contentious Action,” pp. 179–94 in Aminzade, Ronald. (eds.), Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Goode, Eric. 1989. Drugs in American Society, 3rd ed. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Goodwin, Jeff, and Jasper, James M.. 2004. Rethinking Social Movements. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Graber, Janna. 1998. “Surviving.” Chicago Tribune (Nov. 22). Accessed online at http://wwwjannagraber.com/surviving.htm.
Griffith, Robert, and Theoharis, Athan. 1974. The Specter: Original Essays on the Cold War and the Origins of McCarthyism. New York: New Viewpoints.
Haggerty, Kevin D., and Richard V. Ericson. 2001. “The Military Technostructures of Policing,” pp. 43-64 in Kraska, Peter B. (ed.), Militarizing the American Criminal Justice System. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Hall, John R. 1995. “Public Narratives and the Apocalyptic Sect: From Jonestown to Mt. Carmel,” pp. 205–35 in Wright, Stuart A. (ed.), Armageddon in Waco. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hall, John R., and Neitz, Mary Jo. 1993. Culture: Sociological Perspectives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hall, Stuart. 1982. “The Rediscovery of Ideology: Return of the Repressed in Media Studies,” pp. 56–90 in Gurevitch, Michael (ed.), Culture, Society and Media. New York: Methuen.
Hall, Stuart, Critcher, Chris, Jefferson, Tony, Clarke, John, and Roberts, Brian. 1978. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. London: Macmillan.
Hamby, Alonzo L. 1973. Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hamilton, Neil A. 1996. Militias in America: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
Hamm, Mark S. 1997. Apocalypse in Oklahoma. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Hamm, Mark S. 2002. In Bad Company: America's Terrorist Underground. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Hargrove, David S. 1986. “Mental Health Response to the Farm Foreclosure Crisis.” Rural Sociologist 6(2): 88–95.
Henry, Larry. 1996. “SUN Profile: Harris' troubled past includes mail fraud, white supremacy.” Las Vegas Sun (Feb. 23). Accessed online at http://www.lasvegassun.com/dossier/bio/harris.html.
Hoffer, Eric. 1955. The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements. New York: Harper.
Hofstadter, Richard. 1965. The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays. New York: Knopf.
Holthouse, David. 2006. “A Few Bad Men.” Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report (Summer). Accessed online at http://splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?aid=66&printable=1
Hunt, Scott A., Robert D. Benford, and David A. Snow. 1994. “Identity Fields: Framing Processes and the Social Construction of Movement Identities,” pp. 185–208 in Larana, Enrique, Johnston, Han, and Gusfield, Joseph R. (eds.), New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity.Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Interview with Wally Kennett. 1993. Interview conducted by author on file.
Investigation into the Activities of Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Toward the Branch Davidians, Thirteenth Report by the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight Prepared in Conjunction with the Committee on the Judiciary, Aug. 2, 1996. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Janson, Donald, and Eismann, Bernard. 1963. The Far Right. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Jasper, William F. 1995. “Malicious Militia Reporting.” New American 11(9): 1–6. Accessed online at http://www.thenewamerican.com/tna/1995/vol11no09/vo11no09_militia.htm.
Johnson, Bill. 1995. “Oklahoma Prophet Indicted in Alleged Bomb Plot.” Albion Monitor News (Dec. 3). Accessed online at http://www.monitor.net/monitor/12–3-95/lampley.html.
Johnson, David, and Booth, Alan. 1990. “Rural Economic Decline and Marital Quality: A Panel Study of Farm Marriages.” Family Relations 39(2): 159–65.
Johnson, Kevin, and Page, Susan. 1996. “Government seeking help from anti-government groups.” USA Today (Mar. 29): 3A.
Johnston, David. 1996Montana standoff tests FBI director.” Houston Chronicle (Mar. 30): 2A.
Joint Doctrine for Military Operations Other Than War. 1995. Joint Pub. 3–07. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Jones, Stephen, and Israel, Peter. 1998. Others Unknown: The Oklahoma City Bombing Case and Conspiracy. New York: Public Affairs.
Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2002. Terror in the Mind of God. Updated version with new preface. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kettner, K. A., Geller, Jack, Ludtke, R. L., and Kelly, J.. 1988. “Economic Hardship Among Farm Operators in North Dakota: The Buffering Effect of Social Support.” Great Plains Sociologist 1(1): 69–88.
Kight, Marsha. 1998a. Forever Changed: Remembering Oklahoma City, April 19, 1995. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Kight, Marsha. 1998b. “The Oklahoma City Experience.” National Center for Victims of Crime: Networks (Winter/Spring): 14–15.
Klandermans, Bert. 1997. The Social Psychology of Protest. Oxford/Cambridge: Blackwell.
Klapp, Orrin. 1969. The Collective Search for Identity. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Klare, Michael T. 1988. “The Interventionist Impulse: U.S. Military Doctrine for Low-Intensity Warfare,” pp. 49–79 in Klare, Michael T. and Kornbluh, Peter (eds.), Low Intensity Warfare: Counterinsurgency, Proinsurgency and Antiterrorism in the Eighties. New York: Pantheon.
Klare, Michael T., and Kornbluh, Peter (eds.). 1988a. Low Intensity Warfare: Counterinsurgency, Proinsurgency and Antiterrorism in the Eighties. New York: Pantheon.
Klare, Michael T., and Peter Kornbluh. 1988b. “The New Interventionism: Low-Intensity Warfare in the 1980s and Beyond,” pp. 3–20 in Klare, Michael T. and Kornbluh, Peter (eds.), Low Intensity Warfare: Counterinsurgency, Proinsurgency and Antiterrorism in the Eighties. New York: Pantheon.
Kohl, Howard. 1988. The Last Farmer: An American Memoir. New York: Summit.
Koopmans, Ruud. 1997. “Dynamics of Repression and Mobilization of the German Extreme Right in the 1990s.” Mobilization 2(2) (Sept.): 149–64.
Kopel, David B. 1995. “Knock, Knock.” National Review, Mar. 20. Accessed online at http://www.davekopel.com/Waco/Arts/Knock-knock.htm.
Kopel, David B., and Blackman, Paul H.. 1997. No More Wacos: What's Wrong with Federal Law Enforcement and How to Fix It. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Kornhauser, William. 1959. The Politics of Mass Society. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Kraska, Peter B. 1993. “Militarizing the Drug War: A Sign of the Times,”pp. 159–206 in Kraska, Peter B. (ed.), Altered States of Mind: Critical Observations of the Drug War. New York: Garland.
Kraska, Peter B. 1994. “The Police and Military in the post Cold War Era: Streamlining the State's Use of Force Entities in the Drug War.” Police Forum 4: 1–8.
Kraska, Peter B. 1996. “Enjoying Militarism: Political/Personal Dilemmas in Studying U.S. Police Paramilitary Units.” Justice Quarterly 13: 405–29.
Kraska, Peter B. 2001a. “Crime Control as Warfare,” pp. 14–25 in Kraska, Peter B. (ed.), Militarizing the American Criminal Justice System. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Kraska, Peter B. 2001b. Militarizing the American Criminal Justice System. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Kraska, Peter B. 2001c. “The Military-Criminal Justice Blur,” pp. 3–13 in Kraska, Peter B. (ed.), Militarizing the American Criminal Justice System. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Kraska, Peter B., and Cubellis, Louis J.. 1997. “Militarizing Mayberry and Beyond: Making Sense of American Paramilitary Policing.” Justice Quarterly 14 (Dec.): 607–29.
Kraska, Peter B., and Kappeler, Victor E.. 1996. Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units.” Social Problems 44(1): 1–18.
Kriesi, Hanspeter. 1996. “The Organizational Structure of New Social Movements in a Political Context,” pp. 152–84 in McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N. (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kurzman, Charles. 1996. “Structural Opportunities and Perceived Opportunities in Social-Movement Theory: Evidence from the Iranian Revolution of 1979.” American Sociological Review 61(1) (Feb.): 153–70.
Lamy, Phillip. 1996. Millennium Rage: Survivalists, White Supremacists, and the Doomsday Prophecy. New York: Plenum.
Leistritz, F. Larry, and Brenda L. Ekstrom. 1988. “The Financial Characteristics of Production Units and Producers Experiencing Financial Stress,” pp. 73–92 in Murdock, Steve H. and Leistritz, F. Larry (eds.), The Farm Financial Crisis: Socioeconomic Dimensions and Implications for Producers and Rural Areas. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Leistritz, F. Larry, and Steve H. Murdock. 1988. “Financial Characteristics of Farms and of Farm Financial Markets and Policies in the United States,” pp. 112–30 in Murdock, Steve H. and Leistritz, F. Larry (eds.), The Farm Financial Crisis: Socioeconomic Dimensions and Implications for Producers and Rural Areas. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Levitas, Daniel. 2002. The Terrorist Next Door: The Militia Movement and the Radical Right. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press.
Lewis, James R. 1995. “Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes, the Anticult Movement, and the Waco Confrontation,” pp. 95–110 in Wright, Stuart A. (ed.), Armageddon in Waco. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lieby, Richard. 1997. “Many Militia Groups Scale Back, Distance Themselves from McVeigh.” Washington Post (June 14): A8.
Lincoln, C. Eric. 1974. The Black Church Since Frazier. New York: Schocken.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Rabb, Earl. 1970. The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America. New York: Harper and Row.
Luders, Joseph. 2003. “Countermovements, the State, and the Intensity of Racial Contention in the American South,” pp. 27–44 in Goldstone, Jack A. (ed.), States, Parties and Social Movements. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Macko, Steve. 1996. “Arizona Militia Group Arrested by Federal Authorties.” Emergency Net News Service, July 2, vol. 2: 184. Accessed online at http://www.emergency.com/AZ-viper.htm.
Marshall, Jonathan, Scott, Peter Dale, and Hunter, Jane. 1987. The Iran Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in the Reagan Era. Boston: South End Press.
McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1979. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McAdam, Doug. 1988. Freedom Summer. New York: Oxford University Press.
McAdam, Doug. 1999. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McAdam, Doug. 2003. “Beyond Structural Analysis: Toward a More Dynamic Understanding of Social Movements,” pp. 281–98 in Diani, Mario and McAdam, Doug (eds.), Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McAdam, Doug. 2004. “Revisiting the U.S. Civil Rights Movement: Toward a More Synthetic Understanding of the Origins of Contention,” pp. 201–32 in Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James M. (eds.), Rethinking Social Movements. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N. (eds.). 1996a. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald. 1996b. “Introduction: Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing Processes – Toward a Synthetic, Comparative Perspective on Social Movements,” pp. 1–20 in McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N. (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McAdam, Doug, Tarrow, Sidney, and Tilly, Charles. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.
McAlvaney, Don. 1993. “Abuses of BATF.” McAlvaney Intelligence Advisor (July). Accessed online at http://elfie.org/~croaker/janintel.html.
McCarthy, John D. 1996. “Constraints and Opportunities in Adopting, Adapting and Inventing,” pp. 141–51 in McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N. (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N.. 1973. The Trend of Social Movements: Professionalization and Resource Mobilization. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N.. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory. American Journal of Sociology 82(6): 1212–41.
Melucci, Alberto. 1989. Nomads of the Present. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Melucci, Alberto. 1996. Challenging Codes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meyer, David. 2002. Social Movements: Identity, Culture and the State. New York: Oxford University Press.
Michel, Lou, and Herbeck, Dan. 2000. American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing. New York: ReganBooks.
Miller, Richard Lawrence. 1996. Drug Warriors and Their Prey: From Police Power to Police State. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Moore, Carol. 1995. The Davidian Massacre. Franklin, TN: Legacy Communications and Springfield, VA: Gun Owners of America.
Morris, Aldon D. 1984. The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Free Press.
Murdock, Steve H., Albrecht, Don, Hamm, Rita, Leistritz, F. Larry, and Leholm, Arlen G.. 1986. “The Farm Crisis in the Great Plains: Implications for Theory and Policy Development.” Rural Sociology 51(4): 406–35.
Myrdal, Gunnar. 1944. An American Dilemma. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Nairn, Allan. 1981. “Reagan's Administration Links with Guatemala's Terrorist Government.” Covert Action Information Bulletin (April): 16–21.
National Public Radio. 2004. “Analysis: Evidence of More Conspirators Involved in Bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City.” All Things Considered, with Wade Goodwyn. Transcript of May 7 broadcast.
National Rifle Association. 1994, “As Trials of Waco Survivors Open in Texas, ACLU, NRA, Others Ask Clinton to Address Federal Police Abuse.” Joint Press Release with the American Civil Liberties Union, Jan. 10. Document on file with author.
Nichols, Nicole. 2003. Domestic Terrorism 101: The Kehoe Connection. Accessed online at http://www.eyeonhate.com/mcveigh/mcveigh8.html.
Niewert, David A. 1999. In God's Country: The Patriot Movement and the Pacific Northwest. Pullman: Washington State University Press.
Noble, Kerry. 1998. Tabernacle of Hate. Prescott, ON, Canada: Voyageur.
NRA-ILA FAX Network. “Media's Maligning Marches On. May 13, 1995. On file with author.
Oberschall, Anthony. 1973. Social Conflict and Social Movements. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
O'Brien, Michael. 1974. “McCarthy and McCarthyism: The Cedric Parker Case, November 1949,” pp. 224–39 in Griffith, Robert and Theoharis, Athan (eds.), The Specter: Original Essays on the Cold War and the Origins of McCarthyism. New York: New Viewpoints.
O'Brien, Sean, and Haider-Markel, Donald P.. 1998. “Fueling the Fire: Social and Political Correlates of Citizen Militia Activity.” Social Science Quarterly 79(2): 456–65.
Olmstead v. United States 277 U.S. 438 [1928].
Olsen, Norman. 1994. “The Martialization of American Society. Michigan Militia Report. On file with author.
Olsen, Norman. 1997. “Citizen Militias Defend Liberty,” pp. 10-18 in Charles Cozic (ed.), The Milita Movement. San Diego: Greenhaven Press.
Opp, Karl-Dieter, and Roehl, Wolfgang. 1990. “Repression, Micromobilization and Political Protest.” Social Forces 69(2): 521–47.
Palafax, Jose. 1996. “Militarizing the Border.” Covert Action Quarterly no. 56 (Spring). Accessed online at http://mediafilter.org/MFF/caq/CAQ56border.html.
Pate, James L. 1992. “Gun Gestapo: BATF Brownshirts Terrorize Tulsa.” Soldier of Fortune (June): 54–8.
Pate, James L. 1993a. “Gun Gestapo's Day of Infamy. Soldier of Fortune (June): 49–53, 62–4.
Pate, James L. 1993b. “No Longer Untouchable.” American Spectator (Aug.): 35–6.
Pate, James L. 1993c. “Standoff in Idaho: The Randy Weaver Incident.” Soldier of Fortune (March): 63.
Pate, James L. 1994. “Is America Becoming a Police State?Soldier of Fortune (Sept.): 34–7, 71–6.
Pate, James L. 1995. “Katona Gets His Guns.” Soldier of Fortune (May): 34–5.
Pew Research Center. 1993. The Vocal Minority in American Politics. Report issued July 16, 1993. Accessed online at http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=19930716.
Pratt, Larry. 1990. Armed People Victorious. Springfield, VA: Gun Owners of America.
Pratt, Larry. 1995a. “House Throws Curve Ball to Gun Rights Supporters.” Gun Owners of America News (June). Accessed online at http://www.gunowners.org/news/nws9506.htm.
Pratt, Larry. 1995b. “Introduction: Firearms: The People's Liberty Teeth,” pp. ix–xiv in Pratt, Larry (ed.), Safeguarding Liberty: The Constitution and Citizen Militias. Franklin, TN: Legacy Communications.
Pratt, Larry. 1995c. Safeguarding Liberty: The Constitution and Citizen Militias. Franklin, TN: Legacy Communications.
Rand, Kristen. 1996. Gun Shows in America: Tupperware Parties for Criminals. Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center.
Rathge, Richard W., Leistritz, F Larry, and Goreham, Gary A.. 1988. “Farmers Displaced in Economically Depressed Times.” Rural Sociology 53(3): 346–55.
Richardson, Valerie Richardson. 1997. “McVeigh draws the maximum penalty.” Washington Times (June 14): A5.
Ridgeway, James. 1990. Blood in the Face: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads and the Rise of a New White Culture. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press.
Robinson, Bryan. 2001. “Militias Will Not Consider McVeigh a Martyr” ABC News (June 12). Accessed online at http://www.abcnews.go.com/militias/1997/june12.htm.
Robinson, William I. 1992. A Faustian Bargain: U.S. Intervention in the Nicaraguan Elections and American Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Rogin, Michael Paul. 1967. The Intellectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Roland, Jon. 1994. “Motivation for the modern militia.” Accessed online at http://www.boogieonline.com/revolution/firearms/militia/movement.html.
Romano, Lois. 2001. “McVeigh is executed.” Washington Post (June 12): A1.
Rome Laboratory Law Enforcement Technology Team. 1996. “Transferring Defense Technology to Law Enforcement.” New Horizon (April):1–11. Accessed online at http://www.aci.net/kalliste/deftech.htm.
Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Keller, Linda Olsen. 1983. “Economic Vulnerability and Economic Crisis in Farm Couples.” Family Relations (Oct.): 567–73.
Sahagun, Louis. 1996. “Other groups threaten violence if agents attack Montana FreemenHouston Chronicle (April 5): 18A.
Sahagun, Louis, and Daunt, Tina. 1996. “Agents uncover guns, bombing materials in Viper home search.” Houston Chronicle (July 2).
Saito, Theodore. 1994. “Law Enforcement Arena Ripe for Technology Transfer.” International Society for Optical Engineering, OE Reports (Dec.): 1–2. Accessed online at http://www.spie.org/app/Publications/magazines/oearchive/december/law_enf.html.
Sherwood, Samuel. 1992. The Guarantee of the Second Amendment. Blackfoot, ID: Founders Press.
Sherwood, Samuel. 1995. Establishing an Independent Militia in the United States. Blackfoot, ID: Founders Press.
Sklar, Holly. 1988. Washington's War on Nicaragua. Boston: South End Press.
Skolnick, Jerome H., and Fyfe, James J.. 1993. Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force.New York: Free Press.
Smelser, Neil. 1962. The Theory of Collective Behavior. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Smith, Brent. 1994. Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Snow, David A., and Robert D. Benford. 1992. “Master Frames and Cycles of Protest,” pp.133-55 in Morris, Aldon D. and Mueller, Carol McClurg (eds.), Frontiers in Social Movements. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Snow, David A., Rochford, Burke E., Worden, Steven, and Benford, Robert. 1986. “Frame Alignment Process, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 51(4): 464–81.
Solomon, John. 2003a. “Agencies sat on data before attack.” Houston Chronicle (Feb. 12): 3A.
Solomon, John. 2003b. “FBI Linked McVeigh to Group After Bombing.” Associated Press (Feb.12). Accessed online at http://www.okcbombing.org/News%20articles/fbi_linked_mcveigh.htm.
Solomon, John. 2004a. “Document: Oklahoma City Bombing Was Taped.” Associated Press (April 20). Accessed online at http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=542^u=/ap/20040419/
Solomon, John. 2004b. “FBI Tried, and Failed, to Interview McVeigh on Death Row.” Associated Press (May 4). Accessed online at http://www.capitolhillblue.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi?/archive=29&num=4170&print.htm.
Sonnet, Neal R. 1990. “War on Drugs – or the Constitution?Trial (April): 24–30.
Southern Poverty Law Center. 1996. False Patriots: The Threat of Antigovernment Extremists. Montgomery, AL: SPLC.
Southern Poverty Law Center. 2001. “The Rise and Decline of the Patriots.” Intelligence Report. Accessed online at http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid_195&printable=1.
Spitzer, Robert J. 1995. The Politics of Gun Control. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
Sterling, Eric. 1990. “Is the Bill of Rights a Casualty of the War on Drugs?” Address delivered to the Colorado Bar Association, Sept. 14.
Stern, Kenneth S. 1996. A Force upon the Plain. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Stock, Catherine M. 1996. Rural Radicals: Righteous Rage in the American Grain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Stouffer, Samuel. 1955. Communism, Conformity and Civil Liberties: A Cross-Section of the Nation Speak[s] Its Mind. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Sugarman, Josh. 1992. NRA: Money, Firepower and Fear. Washington, DC: National Press Books.
Talley, Tim, 2004. “Sister: McVeigh rarely spoke of Nichols.” Daily Oklahoman (May 15): 1.
Tanner, William, and Robert Griffith. 1974. “Legislative Politics and ‘McCarthyism’: The Internal Security Act of 1950,” pp. 172–89 in Griffith, Robert and Theoharis, Athan (eds.), The Specter: Original Essays on the Cold War and the Origins of McCarthyism. New York: New Viewpoints.
Tarrow, Sidney. 1989. Democracy and Disorder: Protest and Politics in Italy, 1965–1974. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tarrow, Sidney. 1994. Power in Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tarrow, Sidney. 1995. “Cycles of Collective Action: Between Moments of Madness and the Repertoire of Contention,” pp. 89–115 in Traugott, Mark (ed.), Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Taylor, Verta. 1989. “Social Movement Continuity: The Women's Movement in Abeyance.” American Sociological Review 54: 761–75.
Thibodeau, David, and Whiteson, Leon. 1999. A Place Called Waco: A Survivor's Story. New York: Public Affairs.
Thomas, Jo. 1997. “McVeigh Speaks at Last, Fleetingly and Obscurely.” New York Times (Aug. 15): 1A.
Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Tilly, Charles. 1986. The Contentious French. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Trammell, Robby. 1998. “Self-Proclaimed Prophet Admits Building Bomb.” Daily Oklahoman (Nov.14): 1.
Turner, Ralph, and Killian, Lewis. 1962. Collective Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Uekert, Brenda K. 1995. Rivers of Blood: A Comparative Study of Government Massacres. New York : Praeger.
U.S. Department of Justice. 1994. Department of Justice Ruby Ridge Report. Unpublished report accessed online at http://www.prostar.com/web/amerika/Ruby005.htm.
U.S. Department of Justice. 2000. Responding to Terrorism Victims: Oklahoma City and Beyond. Report by Office for Victims of Crime. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of the Treasury. 1993. Report of the Department of Treasury on the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Investigation of Vernon Wayne Howell, Also Known as David Koresh. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2000. Commerce in Firearms in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. District Court, Western District of Texas. Application and Affidavit for Search Warrant, W93–15M, filed Feb. 26, 1993, Waco, TX.
U.S. Government Accounting Office. 1993. Small Arms Parts: Poor Controls Invite Widespread Theft. Report Number NSIAD-94–21. Washington, DC: U.S. GAO.
United States of America v. Charles Ray Polk, U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th District, Appeal from the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, Case no. 96–40836, 1997.
United States of America v. Larry Wayne Harris, William Job Leavitt, Jr., U.S. District Court, District of Nevada, Case no. MAG-98–2042-M-RLH, 1998.
United States of America v. Willie Ray Lampley, Cecilia Lampley, Larry Wayne Crow and John Dare Baird, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma, No. CR-95–63-S, 1995.
Vaughn, Ed. 1992. “National Guard Involvement in the Drug War.” Justicia (Dec.): 1–4.
Vizzard, William J. 2000. Shots in the Dark: The Policy, Politics and Symbolism of Gun Control. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Wagoner-Pacifici, Robin. 1994. Discourse and Destruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Walter, Jess. 1995. Every Knee Shall Bow. New York: Harper.
Warren, Donald I. 1976. The Radical Center: Middle Americans and the Politics of Alienation. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Wattenberg, Ben. 1993. “Gunning for Koresh.” American Spectator (Aug.): 31–40.
Welch, Robert. 1966. “Two Revolutions at Once,” p. 203, reprinted in The New Americanism—And Other Speeches and Essays. Boston and Los Angeles: Western Island Publishers.
Westcott, Kathryn. 2001. “Militias in Retreat.” BBC News Online (May 11). Accessed online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/americas/1325330stm.
Westin, Alan F. 1963. “The John Birch Society,” pp. 201–28 in Bell, Daniel (ed.), The Radical Right. New York: Doubleday.
White, Robert W. 1989. “From Peaceful Protest to Guerrilla War: Micromobilization of the Provisional Irish Republican Army.” American Journal of Sociology 94(6): 1277–302.
Whittier, Nancy. 1995. Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women's Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Whittier, Nancy. 1997. “Political Generation, Micro-Cohorts, and the Transformation of Social Movements.” American Sociological Review 62(5) (Oct.): 760–78.
Winthrop, Jim. 1997. “The Oklahoma City Bombing: Immediate Response Authority and Other Military Assistance to Civil Authority (MACA).” Army Law (July): 3–15.
Wirpsa, Leslie. 1995. “Rural Despair Feeds Militia Growth.” National Catholic Reporter (June 30): 10.
Wisotsky, Steven. 1990. Beyond the War on Drugs. New York: Prometheus Books.
Wright, Stuart A. 1995a. Armageddon in Waco: Critical Perspectives on the Branch Davidian Conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wright, Stuart A. 1995b. “Construction and Escalation of a Cult Threat: Dissecting Moral Panic and Official Reaction to the Branch Davidians,” pp. 75–94 in Wright, Stuart A. (ed.), Armageddon in Waco. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wright, Stuart A. 1999. “Anatomy of a Government Massacre: Abuses of Hostage-Barricade Protocols During the Waco Standoff.” Terrorism and Political Violence 11(2): 39–68.
Wright, Stuart A. 2001. “Field Notes: Isabel Andrade et al. v. U.S.Nova Religio 4(2): 157–64.
Wright, Stuart A. 2003. “A Decade after Waco: Reassessing Crisis Negotiations at Mt. Carmel in Light of New Government Disclosures.” Nova Religio 7(2): 101–10.
Wright, Stuart A. 2005. “Explaining Militarization at Waco: Construction and Convergence of a Warfare Narrative,” pp. 75–97 in Lewis, James R. (ed.), Controversial New Religions. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zeskind, Leonard. 1987. The Christian Identity Movement. Atlanta: Center for Democratic Renewal; New York: National Council of Churches, Division of Church and Society.
Zhao, Dingxin. 1989. “Prodemocracy Movement in Beijing.” American Journal of Sociology 103(6): 1493–529.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.