Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T08:51:47.268Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 12 - Eating Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 April 2024

David Kingdon
Affiliation:
University of Southampton
Paul Rowlands
Affiliation:
Derbyshire Healthcare NHS foundation Trust
George Stein
Affiliation:
Emeritus of the Princess Royal University Hospital
Get access

Summary

Eating disorders are complex and serious illnesses that can result in physical and psychiatric comorbidities, medical emergencies and progressive health consequences. Although general psychiatrists may be called upon to assist in emergencies or differential diagnoses, training in this area has been limited. The author attempts to fill the gap by providing a summary of the most recent advances in the field of eating disorders in this chapter to help orient trainees and general psychiatrists. This chapter provides an overview of the most recent changes to the DSM-5 and ICD-11 diagnostic categories for eating disorders, as well as their epidemiology, aetiology and treatment, including the management of complications and life-threatening medical emergencies.

The chapter summarises recent advances in the genetic and neurobiological understanding of eating disorders, as well as emerging new research. These scientific advances have the potential to contribute to the development of new, more-effective eating disorder treatments in the future.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. ICD-11: International Classification of Diseases (11th revision). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.Google Scholar
Schaumberg, K, Welch, E, Breithaupt, L, et al. The science behind the Academy for Eating Disorders’ Nine Truths About Eating Disorders. European Eating Disorders Review 2017;25(6):432–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silen, Y, Keski-Rahkonen, A. Worldwide prevalence of DSM-5 eating disorders among young people. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2022;35(6):362–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutz, AM, Marsh, AG, Gunderson, CG, et al. Eating disorder screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test characteristics of the SCOFF. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2020;35(3):885–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McManus, SM, Meltzer, H, Brugha, T, et al. Adult Psychiatric Morbidity in England, 2007: Results of a Household Survey. London; 2009.Google Scholar
Ayton, A, Viljoen, D, Ryan, S, et al. Risk, demand, capacity and outcomes in adult specialist eating disorder services in South-East of England before and since COVID-19. BJPsych Bulletin 2022;46(2):8995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galmiche, M, Dechelotte, P, Lambert, G, et al. Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000–2018 period: a systematic literature review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2019;109(5):1402–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolan, E, Bunting, L, McCartan, C, et al. Prevalence of probable eating disorders and associated risk factors: an analysis of the Northern Ireland Youth Wellbeing Survey using the SCOFF. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2022;62(1):180–95.Google ScholarPubMed
da Luz, FQ, Sainsbury, A, Mannan, H, et al. Prevalence of obesity and comorbid eating disorder behaviors in South Australia from 1995 to 2015. International Journal of Obesity (London) 2017;41(7):1148–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flatt, RE, Thornton, LM, Fitzsimmons-Craft, EE, et al. Comparing eating disorder characteristics and treatment in self-identified competitive athletes and non-athletes from the National Eating Disorders Association online screening tool. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2021;54(3):365–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagata, JM, Ganson, KT, Austin, SB. Emerging trends in eating disorders among sexual and gender minorities. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2020;33(6):562–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferrucci, KA, Lapane, KL, Jesdale, BM. Prevalence of diagnosed eating disorders in US transgender adults and youth in insurance claims. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2022;55(6):801–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swartz, L. Anorexia nervosa as a culture-bound syndrome. Social Science & Medicine 1985;20(7):725–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pike, KM, Dunne, PE. The rise of eating disorders in Asia: a review. Journal of Eating Disorders 2015;3:33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteiro, CA, Moubarac, JC, Cannon, G, et al. Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system. Obesity Reviews 2013;14(Suppl 2):21–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tobias, DK, Hall, KD. Eliminate or reformulate ultra-processed foods? Biological mechanisms matter. Cell Metabolism 2021;33(12):2314–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, KD, Ayuketah, A, Brychta, R, et al. Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: an inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake. Cell Metabolism 2020;32(4):690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eikey, EV, Reddy, MC, Booth, KM, et al. Desire to be underweight: exploratory study on a weight loss app community and user perceptions of the impact on disordered eating behaviors. JMIR mHealth uHealth 2017;5(10):e150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghaderi, A, Bulik, C, Myralf, M, et al. Anonymous online survey on disordered eating, drive for muscularity, sexual orientation, and satisfaction with life in young Swedish males. Archives of Sexual Behavior 2022;51(7):3457–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downs, J, Mycock, G. Eating disorders in men: limited models of diagnosis and treatment are failing patients. BMJ 2022;376:o537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fichter, MM, Naab, S, Voderholzer, U, et al. Mortality in males as compared to females treated for an eating disorder: a large prospective controlled study. Eating and Weight Disorders 2021;26(5):1627–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoang, U, Goldacre, M, James, A. Mortality following hospital discharge with a diagnosis of eating disorder: national record linkage study, England, 2001-2009. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2014;47(5):507–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Hoeken, D, Hoek, HW. Review of the burden of eating disorders: mortality, disability, costs, quality of life, and family burden. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2020;33(6):521–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulik, CM, Coleman, JRI, Hardaway, JA, et al. Genetics and neurobiology of eating disorders. Nature Neuroscience 2022;25(5):543–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mack, I, Penders, J, Cook, J, et al. Is the impact of starvation on the gut microbiota specific or unspecific to anorexia nervosa? A narrative review based on a systematic literature search. Current Neuropharmacology 2018;16(8):1131–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mack, I, Cuntz, U, Gramer, C, et al. Weight gain in anorexia nervosa does not ameliorate the faecal microbiota, branched chain fatty acid profiles, and gastrointestinal complaints. Scientific Reports 2016;6:26752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayton, A, Ibrahim, A. The Western diet: a blind spot of eating disorder research? – a narrative review and recommendations for treatment and research. Nutrition Reviews 2020;78(7):579–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Small, DM, DiFeliceantonio, AG. Processed foods and food reward. Science 2019;363(6425):346–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Eating Disorders: Recognition and Treatment. NICE Guideline (NG69). London: NICE; 2017.Google Scholar
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 164: Eating Disorders. Edinburgh: Heathcare Improvement, Scotland; 2022.Google Scholar
Viljoen, DK, King, E, Harris, S, et al. The alarms should no longer be ignored: A survey of the demand, capacity and provision of adult community eating disorder services in England and Scotland. PsyArXiv 2022. psyarxiv.com/6eszj/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Eating Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2023.Google Scholar
Fairburn, CG. Overcoming Binge Eating. 2nd ed. New York, London: The Guilford Press; 2013.Google Scholar
Cooper, Z, Fairburn, C. The eating disorder examination: a semi‐structured interview for the assessment of the specific psychopathology of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1987;6(1):18.3.0.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohn, K, Doll, HA, Cooper, Z, et al. The measurement of impairment due to eating disorder psychopathology. Behavior Research and Therapy 2008;46(10):1105–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilbert, A, Hoek, HW, Schmidt, R. Evidence-based clinical guidelines for eating disorders: international comparison. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2017;30(6):423–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE Guidance 69. Eating Disorders: Recognition and Treatment. London: NIHCE. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng69 (accessed 14 September 2023).Google Scholar
Lock, J. Family therapy for eating disorders in youth: current confusions, advances, and new directions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2018;31(6):431–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milos, G, Spindler, A, Schnyder, U, et al. Instability of eating disorder diagnoses: prospective study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005;187:573–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, CG, Cooper, Z, Shafran, R. Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a ‘transdiagnostic’ theory and treatment. Behavior Research and Therapy 2003;41(5):509–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, U, Ryan, EG, Bartholdy, S, et al. Two-year follow-up of the MOSAIC trial: a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing two psychological treatments in adult outpatients with broadly defined anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2016;49(8):793800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, VV, Jordan, J, Luty, SE, et al. Specialist supportive clinical management for anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2006;39(8):625–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zipfel, S, Wild, B, Gross, G, et al. Focal psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, and optimised treatment as usual in outpatients with anorexia nervosa (ANTOP study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014;383(9912):127–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteleone, AM, Pellegrino, F, Croatto, G, et al. Treatment of eating disorders: a systematic meta-review of meta-analyses and network meta-analyses. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2022;142:104857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute of Care and Excellence. Transition between Inpatient Mental Health Settings and Community or Care Home Settings (NG 53). London: NICE; 2016.Google Scholar
Fairburn, CG, Jones, R, Peveler, RC, et al. Three psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa. A comparative trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991;48(5):463–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, CG, Bailey-Straebler, S, Basden, S, et al. A transdiagnostic comparison of enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) and interpersonal psychotherapy in the treatment of eating disorders. Behavior Research and Therapy 2015;70:6471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, CG, Cooper, Z, Doll, HA, et al. Transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with eating disorders: a two-site trial with 60-week follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry 2009;166(3):311–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalle Grave, R, Calugi, S, Doll, HA, et al. Enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents with anorexia nervosa: an alternative to family therapy? Behavior Research and Therapy 2013;51(1):R9R12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Grange, D, Eckhardt, S, Dalle Grave, R, et al. Enhanced cognitive-behavior therapy and family-based treatment for adolescents with an eating disorder: a non-randomized effectiveness trial. Psychological Medicine 2020:1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalle, Grave R. Multistep Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders. Plymouth, UK: Jason Aronson; 2013.Google Scholar
Dalle, Grave R, Sartirana, M, Calugi, S. Complex Cases and Comorbidity in Eating Disorders. New York: Springer; 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman. Ignoring the Alarms: How NHS Eating Disorder Services Are Failing Patients. London: Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, 2017.Google Scholar
Ayton, A, Ibrahim, A. Does UK medical education provide doctors with sufficient skills and knowledge to manage patients with eating disorders safely? Postgraduate Medical Journal 2018;94(1113):374–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicholls, D, Robinson, P, Ayton, A, et al. Medical Emergencies in Eating Disorders (MEED): Guidance on Recognition and Management. CR233. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2022.Google Scholar
Bell, RM. Holy Anorexia. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press; 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, R. Phthisiologia: Or, a Treatise of Consumptions. London: Smith and Walford; 1694. English translation of;1689.Google Scholar
Marcé, L-V. On a form of hypochondriacal delirium occurring consecutive to dyspepsia, and characterized by refusal of food. Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology 1860;13:264–66.Google Scholar
Gull, WW. Address in medicine. British Medical Journal 1868;2(397):131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lasegue, EC. On hysterical anorexia. Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental & Neuro Sciences 2016;9(1).Google Scholar
Gull, W. Anorexia hysterica (apepsia hysterical). British Medical Journal 1873;2:1873.Google Scholar
Ryle, JA. Anorexia nervosa. Lancet 1936;2:893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keys, A, Brožek, J, Henschel, A, et al. The Biology of Human Starvation (2 vols). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, GF. The changing nature of anorexia nervosa: an introduction to the conference. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1985;19(2–3):101–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prince, R. The concept of culture-bound syndromes: anorexia nervosa and brain-fag. Social Science & Medicine 1985;21(2):197203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, HJ, Thornton, LM, Yilmaz, Z, et al. Common genetic variation and age of onset of anorexia nervosa. Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science 2022;2(4):368–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, A, Flynn, M, Shearer, J, et al. The first episode rapid early intervention for eating disorders – upscaled study: clinical outcomes. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2021;16(1):97105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobrescu, SR, Dinkler, L, Gillberg, C, et al. Anorexia nervosa: 30-year outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry 2020;216(2):97104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Eeden, AE, van Hoeken, D, Hoek, HW. Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2021;34(6):515–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keshaviah, A, Edkins, K, Hastings, ER, et al. Re-examining premature mortality in anorexia nervosa: a meta-analysis redux. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2014;55(8):1773–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ishiguro, H, Yagasaki, H, Horiuchi, Y. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in the field of psychiatry: a review. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2021;12:803898.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharp, HEC, Critchley, HD, Eccles, JA. Connecting brain and body: transdiagnostic relevance of connective tissue variants to neuropsychiatric symptom expression. World Journal of Psychiatry 2021;11(10):805–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAulay, C, Hay, P, Mond, J, et al. Eating disorders, bipolar disorders and other mood disorders: complex and under-researched relationships. Journal of Eating Disorders 2019;7:32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Z, Halls, D, Byford, S, et al. Autistic characteristics in eating disorders: treatment adaptations and impact on clinical outcomes. European Eating Disorders Review 2022;30(5):671–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dinkler, L, Taylor, MJ, Rastam, M, et al. Anorexia nervosa and autism: a prospective twin cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2021;62(3):316–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, DJ, Fox, MM, Babigian, HM, et al. Epidemiology of anorexia nervosa in Monroe County, New York: 1960–1976. Psychosomatic Medicine 1980;42(6):551–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Micali, N, Hagberg, KW, Petersen, I, et al. The incidence of eating disorders in the UK in 2000-2009: findings from the General Practice Research Database. BMJ Open 2013;3: e002646. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Udo, T, Grilo, CM. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5-defined eating disorders in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Biological Psychiatry 2018;84(5):345–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keski-Rahkonen, A, Mustelin, L. Epidemiology of eating disorders in Europe: prevalence, incidence, comorbidity, course, consequences, and risk factors. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2016;29(6):340–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, K, Yamamoto, M, Yamazaki, O, et al. Prevalence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in a geographically defined area in Japan. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2000;28(2):173–80.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tong, J, Miao, S, Wang, J, et al. A two-stage epidemiologic study on prevalence of eating disorders in female university students in Wuhan, China. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2014;49(3):499505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsai, MC, Gan, ST, Lee, CT, et al. National population-based data on the incidence, prevalence, and psychiatric comorbidity of eating disorders in Taiwanese adolescents and young adults. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2018;51(11):1277–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selvini‐Palazzoli, M, Viaro, M. The anorectic process in the family: a six‐stage model as a guide for individual therapy. Family Process 1988;27(2):129–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minuchin, SR, Baker, BI. Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press; 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crisp, A, Hsu, L, Harding, B, et al. Clinical features of anorexia nervosa: a study of a consecutive series of 102 female patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1980;24(3–4):179–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, HJ, Yilmaz, Z, Thornton, LM, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa. Nature Genetics 2019;51(8):1207–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, L, Yilmaz, Z, Gaspar, H, et al. Significant locus and metabolic genetic correlations revealed in genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry 2017;174(9):850–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berthold, N, Pytte, J, Bulik, CM, et al. Bridging the gap: short structural variants in the genetics of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2022;55(6):747–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, JS, Cote, AC, Dobbyn, A, et al. Mapping anorexia nervosa genes to clinical phenotypes. Psychological Medicine 2023;53(6):2619–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedman, A, Breithaupt, L, Hubel, C, et al. Bidirectional relationship between eating disorders and autoimmune diseases. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2019;60(7):803–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulik, CM, Flatt, R, Abbaspour, A, et al. Reconceptualizing anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2019;73(9):518–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penas-Lledo, E, Bulik, CM, Lichtenstein, P, et al. Risk for self-reported anorexia or bulimia nervosa based on drive for thinness and negative affect clusters/dimensions during adolescence: a three-year prospective study of the TChAD cohort. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2015;48(6):692–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cass, K, McGuire, C, Bjork, I, et al. Medical complications of anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatics 2020;61(6):625–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulik, CM, Carroll, IM, Mehler, P. Reframing anorexia nervosa as a metabo-psychiatric disorder. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 2021;32(10):752–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Igudesman, D, Sweeney, M, Carroll, IM, et al. Gut-brain interactions: implications for a role of the gut microbiota in the treatment and prognosis of anorexia nervosa and comparison to type I diabetes. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 2019;48(3):343–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keller, L, Dempfle, A, Dahmen, B, et al. The effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) administration on the microbiome-gut-brain axis in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (the MiGBAN study): study protocol for a longitudinal, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2022;23(1):545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carrera, O, Gutierrez, E. Hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa: to warm or not to warm. That is the question (a translational research one). Journal of Eating Disorders 2018;6:4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, MB, Meyer, IH. Comorbidity and age of onset of eating disorders in gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals. Psychiatry Research 2010;180(2–3):126–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solmi, M, Wade, TD, Byrne, S, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychological interventions for the treatment of adult outpatients with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2021;8(3):215–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibrahim, A, Ryan, S, Viljoen, D, et al. Integrated enhanced cognitive behavioural (I-CBTE) therapy significantly improves effectiveness of inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa in real life settings. Journal of Eating Disorders 2022;10(1):98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herzog, W, Wild, B, Giel, KE, et al. Focal psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, and optimised treatment as usual in female outpatients with anorexia nervosa (ANTOP study): 5-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial in Germany. Lancet Psychiatry 2022;9(4):280–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthews, A, Kramer, RA, Peterson, CM, et al. Higher admission and rapid readmission rates among medically hospitalized youth with anorexia nervosa/atypical anorexia nervosa during COVID-19. Eating Behaviors 2021;43:101573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaye, WH, Bulik, CM. Treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa in the US – A crisis in care. JAMA Psychiatry 2021;78(6):591–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ibrahim, A, Cutinha, D, Ayton, A. What is the evidence for using bed rest as part of hospital treatment of severe anorexia nervosa? Evidence-Based Mental Health 2019;22(2):7782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goddard, E, Hibbs, R, Raenker, S, et al. A multi-centre cohort study of short term outcomes of hospital treatment for anorexia nervosa in the UK. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, J, Simpson, AV, Voy, SJ. Length of stay of inpatients with eating disorders. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 2015;22(1):4553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalle Grave, R, Conti, M, Calugi, S. Effectiveness of intensive cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents and adults with anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2020;53(9):1428–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, L, Trueman, H. Improving mealtimes for patients and staff within an eating disorder unit: understanding of the problem and first intervention during the pandemic – an initial report. BMJ Open Quality 2021;10(2).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tan, JOA, Stewart, A, Fitzpatrick, R, et al. Attitudes of patients with anorexia nervosa to compulsory treatment and coercion. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2010;33(1):13–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayton, A, Keen, C, Lask, B. Pros and cons of using the Mental Health Act for severe eating disorders in adolescents. European Eating Disorders Review 2009;17(1):1423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, A, Ramsay, R, Russell, G, et al. Follow-up mortality study of compulsorily treated patients with anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2015;48(7):860–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, BT, Xu, T, Wang, Y, et al. Time course of relapse following acute treatment for anorexia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry 2021;178(9):848–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treasure, J, Oyeleye, O, Bonin, EM, et al. Optimising care pathways for adult anorexia nervosa. What is the evidence to guide the provision of high-quality, cost-effective services? European Eating Disorders Review 2021;29(3):306–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adamson, J, Cardi, V, Kan, C, et al. Evaluation of a novel transition support intervention in an adult eating disorders service: ECHOMANTRA. International Review of Psychiatry 2019;31(4):382–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, R, Bian, Q, Chen, H. Effectiveness of olanzapine in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain and Behavior 2022;12(2):e2498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mack, RA, Stanton, CE. Responding to ‘Terminal anorexia nervosa: three cases and proposed clinical characteristics’. Journal of Eating Disorders 2022;10(1):87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaudiani, JL, Bogetz, A, Yager, J. Terminal anorexia nervosa: three cases and proposed clinical characteristics. Journal of Eating Disorders 2022;10(1):23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riddle, M, O’Melia, AM, Bauschka, M. First, do no harm: the proposed definition of ‘terminal anorexia’ is fraught with danger for vulnerable individuals. Journal of Eating Disorders 2022;10(1):81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downs, J, Ayton, A, Collins, L, et al. Untreatable or unable to treat? Creating more effective and accessible treatment for long-standing and severe eating disorders. Lancet Psychiatry 2023;10(2):146–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindvall Dahlgren, C, Wisting, L, Ro, O. Feeding and eating disorders in the DSM-5 era: a systematic review of prevalence rates in non-clinical male and female samples. Journal of Eating Disorders 2017;5:56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinkler, L, Wronski, ML, Lichtenstein, P, et al. Etiology of the broad avoidant restrictive food intake disorder phenotype in Swedish twins aged 6 to 12 years. JAMA Psychiatry 2023;80(3):260–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, G. Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine 1979;9(3):429–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, CG, Cooper, Z, Doll, HA, et al. The natural course of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder in young women. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000;57(7):659–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayton, A, Ibrahim, A, Dugan, J, et al. Ultra-processed foods and binge eating: a retrospective observational study. Nutrition 2021;84:111023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulik, CM, Thornton, LM, Parker, R, et al. The Eating Disorders Genetics Initiative (EDGI): study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2021;21(1):234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donato, K, Ceccarini, MR, Dhuli, K, et al. Gene variants in eating disorders. Focus on anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene 2022;63(2 Suppl 3):E297E305.Google ScholarPubMed
Lie, SO, Bulik, CM, Andreassen, OA, et al. Stressful life events among individuals with a history of eating disorders: a case-control comparison. BMC Psychiatry 2021;21(1):501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, CG, Welch, SL, Doll, HA, et al. Risk factors for bulimia nervosa. A community-based case-control study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1997;54(6):509–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eddy, KT, Tabri, N, Thomas, JJ, et al. Recovery from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa at 22-year follow-up. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2017;78(2):184–9.Google Scholar
Winston, AP. Eating disorders and diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports 2020;20(8):32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fanelli, G, Franke, B, De Witte, W, et al. Insulinopathies of the brain? Genetic overlap between somatic insulin-related and neuropsychiatric disorders. Translational Psychiatry 2022;12(1):59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wisting, L, Reas, DL, Bang, L, et al. Eating patterns in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: associations with metabolic control, insulin omission, and eating disorder pathology. Appetite 2017;114:226–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treasure, J, Kan, C, Stephenson, L, et al. Developing a theoretical maintenance model for disordered eating in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2015;32(12):1541–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, CM, Fischer, S, Young-Hyman, D. Topical review: a comprehensive risk model for disordered eating in youth with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2015;40(4):385–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wisting, L, Snoek, F. Terminology matters: ‘diabulimia’ is insufficient to describe eating disorders in individuals with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2020;37(6):1075–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goddard, G, Oxlad, M. Caring for individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus who restrict and omit insulin for weight control: evidence-based guidance for healthcare professionals. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2022;185:109783.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appolinario, JC, Sichieri, R, Lopes, CS, et al. Correlates and impact of DSM-5 binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa and recurrent binge eating: a representative population survey in a middle-income country. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2022;57(7):1491–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cucchi, A, Ryan, D, Konstantakopoulos, G, et al. Lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 2016;46(7):1345–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munn-Chernoff, MA, Johnson, EC, Chou, YL, et al. Shared genetic risk between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes: evidence from genome-wide association studies. Addiction Biology 2021;26(1):e12880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, AE, Trolio, V, Halicki-Asakawa, A, et al. Eating disorders and the nine symptoms of borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and series of meta-analyses. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2022;55(8):9931011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yilmaz, Z, Quattlebaum, MJ, Pawar, PS, et al. Associations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and disordered eating symptoms in adolescence: a population-based twin study. Behavior Genetics 2023;53(2):143–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, PE, Luck, A, Violato, M, et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of two ways of delivering guided self-help for people with an eating disorder: a multi-arm randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2021;54(7):1224–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, TD, Ghan, C, Waller, G. A randomized controlled trial of two 10-session cognitive behaviour therapies for eating disorders: An exploratory investigation of which approach works best for whom. Behavior Research and Therapy 2021;146:103962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toro, CT, Jackson, T, Payne, AS, et al. A feasibility study of the delivery of online brief cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-T) for eating disorder pathology in the workplace. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2022;55(5):723–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Himmerich, H, Kan, C, Au, K, et al. Pharmacological treatment of eating disorders, comorbid mental health problems, malnutrition and physical health consequences. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2021;217:107667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinhausen, HC, Weber, S. The outcome of bulimia nervosa: findings from one-quarter century of research. American Journal of Psychiatry 2009;166(12):1331–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franko, DL, Tabri, N, Keshaviah, A, et al. Predictors of long-term recovery in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: data from a 22-year longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2018;96:183–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Mayor, RV, Garcia-Soidan, FJ. Eating disoders in type 2 diabetic people: brief review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome 2017;11(3):221–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nieto-Martinez, R, Gonzalez-Rivas, JP, Medina-Inojosa, JR, et al. Are eating disorders risk factors for type 2 diabetes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Diabetes Reports 2017;17(12):138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, HL, Hubel, C, Herle, M, et al. Risk and protective factors for new-onset binge eating, low weight, and self-harm symptoms in >35,000 individuals in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2023;56(1):91107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubel, C, Abdulkadir, M, Herle, M, et al. One size does not fit all. Genomics differentiates among anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2021;54(5):785–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilyas, A, Hubel, C, Stahl, D, et al. The metabolic underpinning of eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of insulin sensitivity. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2019;497:110307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milton, AC, Hambleton, A, Dowling, M, et al. Technology-enabled reform in a nontraditional mental health service for eating disorders: participatory design study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(2):e19532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pawar, PS, Thornton, LM, Flatt, RE, et al. Binge-eating disorder with and without lifetime anorexia nervosa: a comparison of sociodemographic and clinical features. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2023;56(2):428–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulik, CM, Bertoia, ML, Lu, M, et al. Suicidality risk among adults with binge-eating disorder. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2021;51(5):897906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Virgo, H, Hutchison, E, Mitchell, E, et al. The Cost of Eating Disorders in the UK 2019 and 2020. Hearts and Minds and Genes Coalition for Eating Disorders. 2021. www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/65877873/the-cost-of-eating-disorders-in-the-uk-2019-and-2020-with-annex.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Eating Disorders
  • Edited by David Kingdon, University of Southampton, Paul Rowlands, Derbyshire Healthcare NHS foundation Trust, George Stein, Emeritus of the Princess Royal University Hospital
  • Book: Seminars in General Adult Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 04 April 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781911623861.027
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Eating Disorders
  • Edited by David Kingdon, University of Southampton, Paul Rowlands, Derbyshire Healthcare NHS foundation Trust, George Stein, Emeritus of the Princess Royal University Hospital
  • Book: Seminars in General Adult Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 04 April 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781911623861.027
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Eating Disorders
  • Edited by David Kingdon, University of Southampton, Paul Rowlands, Derbyshire Healthcare NHS foundation Trust, George Stein, Emeritus of the Princess Royal University Hospital
  • Book: Seminars in General Adult Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 04 April 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781911623861.027
Available formats
×