Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T06:11:36.727Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 3 - Psychological Motives of QAnon Followers

from Part II - Recruiting and Maintaining Followers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 September 2023

Monica K. Miller
Affiliation:
University of Nevada, Reno
Get access

Summary

Research suggests that people adopt conspiracy theories in an attempt to satisfy (1) existential (e.g., the need to feel secure and in control), (2) epistemic (e.g., the need to understand the world), and (3) social (e.g., the need to feel positive about one’s self or group) motives (Douglas et al., 2017). In this chapter, we consider the extent to which this framework can explain belief in the QAnon conspiracy theory specifically. QAnon beliefs appear to be driven by existential threats, such as the belief that there is a vast satanic paedophile ring which is being covered up by left-wing Hollywood elites. Regarding epistemic motives, such as the tendency to seek patterns where they do not exist, it becomes understandable why some people might be attracted by cryptic “Q Drops.” Finally, QAnon beliefs are typically right-wing and tend to point the finger towards the left-wing elite for all the alleged wrong-doings. QAnon beliefs, therefore, also appear to be socially motivated. Following the discussion, we outline the similarities and differences between QAnon and other conspiracy theories, and outline ideas for future research.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Social Science of QAnon
A New Social and Political Phenomenon
, pp. 33 - 48
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abalakina‐Paap, M., Stephan, W. G., Craig, T., & Gregory, W. L. (1999). Beliefs in conspiracies. Political Psychology, 20(3), 637647.Google Scholar
Abramson, A. (2017, March 8). President Trump’s allies keep talking about the “Deep State”. What’s that? Time. https://time.com/4692178/donald-trump-deep-state-breitbart-barack-obama/Google Scholar
Barron, D., Furnham, A., Weis, L., Morgan, K. D., Towell, T., & Swami, V. (2018). The relationship between schizotypal facets and conspiracist beliefs via cognitive processes. Psychiatry Research, 259, 1520.Google Scholar
Bertin, P., Nera, K., Hamer, K., Uhl-Haedicke, I., & Delouvée, S. (2021). Stand out of my sunlight: The mediating role of climate change conspiracy beliefs in the relationship between national collective narcissism and acceptance of climate science. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/cnmfaGoogle Scholar
Biddlestone, M., Green, R., Cichocka, A., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analytic synthesis of the motives associated with conspiracy beliefs. PsyArXiv.Google Scholar
Biddlestone, M., Green, R., Cichocka, A., Sutton, R. M., & Douglas, K. M. (2021). Conspiracy beliefs and the individual, relational, and collective selves. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(10), e12639.Google Scholar
Bracewell, L. (2021). Gender, populism, and the QAnon conspiracy movement. Frontiers in Sociology, 5, 615727.Google Scholar
Brotherton, R., & French, C. C. (2014). Belief in conspiracy theories and susceptibility to the conjunction fallacy. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(2), 238248.Google Scholar
Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., & De Zavala, A. G. (2016a). Does self-love or self-hate predict conspiracy beliefs? Narcissism, self-esteem, and the endorsement of conspiracy theories. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(2), 157166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., Golec de Zavala, A., & Olechowski, M. (2016b). “They will not control us”: Ingroup positivity and belief in intergroup conspiracies. British Journal of Psychology, 107(3), 556576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coda Story. (2021, June 9). Living with Q: How QAnon is Destroying the Private Lives of Americans [Video]. www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTNkFfkxGjMGoogle Scholar
Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Drinkwater, K., Parker, A., & Clough, P. (2017). Statistical bias and endorsement of conspiracy theories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31(4), 368378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., Callan, M. J., Dawtry, R. J., & Harvey, A. J. (2016). Someone is pulling the strings: Hypersensitive agency detection and belief in conspiracy theories. Thinking & Reasoning, 22(1), 5777.Google Scholar
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., & Cichocka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 538542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Devari, F. (2019). Understanding conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 40, 335.Google Scholar
Duckitt, J., Wagner, C., Du Plessis, I., & Birum, I. (2002). The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 7593.Google Scholar
Federico, C. M., Weber, C. R., Ergun, D., & Hunt, C. (2013). Mapping the connections between politics and morality: The multiple sociopolitical orientations involved in moral intuition. Political Psychology, 34(4), 589610.Google Scholar
Franks, B., Bangerter, A., Bauer, M. W., Hall, M., & Noort, M. C. (2017). Beyond “monologicality”? Exploring conspiracist worldviews. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 861.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedberg, B. (2020, July 31). The dark virality of a Hollywood blood-harvesting conspiracy. Wired. www.wired.com/story/opinion-the-dark-virality-of-a-hollywood-blood-harvesting-conspiracy/Google Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., & Federico, C. M. (2018). Collective narcissism and the growth of conspiracy thinking over the course of the 2016 United States presidential election: A longitudinal analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(7), 10111018.Google Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawickreme, N. (2009). Collective narcissism and its social consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 10741096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, R., & Douglas, K. M. (2018). Anxious attachment and belief in conspiracy theories. Personality and Individual Differences, 125, 3037.Google Scholar
Green, R., & Douglas, K. M. (2020, July). Making mountains out of molehills: Anxious attachment, belief in conspiracy theories, and the tendency to exaggerate life’s problems [Conference Session]. International Society of Political Psychology, Virtual Event.Google Scholar
Grzesiak-Feldman, M. (2007). Conspiracy thinking and state–trait anxiety in young Polish adults. Psychological Reports, 100(1), 199202.Google Scholar
Grzesiak-Feldman, M. (2013). The effect of high-anxiety situations on conspiracy thinking. Current Psychology, 32(1), 100118.Google Scholar
Hart, J., & Graether, M. (2018). Something’s going on here: Psychological predictors of belief in conspiracy theories. Journal of Individual Differences, 39(4), 229237.Google Scholar
Hennessy, M. (2020, July 29). Debunked: The conspiracy theories around the so-called Hollywood drug adrenochrome. TheJournal.ie. www.thejournal.ie/adrenochrome-mark-zuckerberg-5160653-Jul2020/Google Scholar
IAmBecauseWeAre. (2018). QAnon – The storm. Word Press. Retrieved June 1, 2021, from https://krypt3ia.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/q_s_posts_-_cbts_-_7–2-0.pdfGoogle Scholar
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. K. (2017). Too special to be duped: Need for uniqueness motivates conspiracy beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(6), 724734.Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., Ledgerwood, A., & Hardin, C. D. (2008). Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 171186.Google Scholar
Jutzi, C. A., Willardt, R., Schmid, P. C., & Jonas, E. (2020). Between conspiracy beliefs, ingroup bias, and system justification: How people use defense strategies to cope with the threat of COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 578586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, C., Clutton, P., & Dunn, A. G. (2019). Pathways to conspiracy: The social and linguistic precursors of involvement in Reddit’s conspiracy theory forum. PLoS ONE, 14(11), e0225098.Google Scholar
Klein, C., Clutton, P., & Polito, V. (2018). Topic modeling reveals distinct interests within an online conspiracy forum. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 189.Google Scholar
Kochi, S. (2021, February 2). How does the QAnon conspiracy theory spread online? Media Diversity Institute. www.media-diversity.org/how-does-qanon-spread-online/Google Scholar
Kofta, M., Soral, W., & Bilewicz, M. (2020). What breeds conspiracy antisemitism? The role of political uncontrollability and uncertainty in the belief in Jewish conspiracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(5), 900918.Google Scholar
Lantian, A., Muller, D., Nurra, C., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). “I know things they don’t know!Social Psychology, 48(3), 160173.Google Scholar
Lantian, A., Muller, D., Nurra, C., Klein, O., Berjot, S., & Pantazi, M. (2018). Stigmatized beliefs: Conspiracy theories, anticipated negative evaluation of the self, and fear of social exclusion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(7), 939954.Google Scholar
Leary, M. R. (2005). Sociometer theory and the pursuit of relational value: Getting to the root of self-esteem. European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 75111.Google Scholar
Leiser, D., Duani, N., & Wagner-Egger, P. (2017). The conspiratorial style in lay economic thinking. PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0171238.Google Scholar
Mamic, A. (2020, December 15). What it means to “do your own research.” Medium. https://medium.com/illumination-curated/what-it-means-to-do-your-own-research-c00cf5c25056Google Scholar
Martineau, P. (2017, December 19). The storm is the new Pizzagate – Only worse. Intelligencer. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/12/qanon-4chan-the-storm-conspiracy-explained.htmlGoogle Scholar
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2017). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
Moskalenko, S. (2021, March 25). Many QAnon followers report having mental health diagnoses. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/many-qanon-followers-report-having-mental-health-diagnoses-157299Google Scholar
Nera, K., Wagner‐Egger, P., Bertin, P., Douglas, K., & Klein, O. (2021). A power‐challenging theory of society, or a conservative mindset? Upward and downward conspiracy theories as ideologically distinct beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4–5), 740757.Google Scholar
Norris, P., & Epstein, S. (2011). An experiential thinking style: Its facets and relations with objective and subjective criterion measures. Journal of Personality, 79(5), 10431080.Google Scholar
North, A. (2020, September 18). How #SaveTheChildren is pulling American moms into QAnon. Vox. www.vox.com/21436671/save-our-children-hashtag-qanon-pizzagateGoogle Scholar
Peterson, A. H. (2020, October 29). The real housewives of QAnon: How conspiracy theorists co-opted #SavetheChildren to lure suburban moms into Q’s labyrinth. ELLE. www.elle.com/culture/a34485099/qanon-conspiracy-suburban-women/Google Scholar
Petrini, L., & Arendt-Nielsen, L. (2020). Understanding pain catastrophizing: Putting pieces together. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 603420.Google Scholar
Pettipiece, T. (2021, March 21). History repeats itself: From the New Testament to QAnon. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/history-repeats-itself-from-the-new-testament-to-qanon-156915Google Scholar
Poon, K.-T., Chen, Z., & Wong, W.-Y. (2020). Beliefs in conspiracy theories following ostracism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(8), 12341246.Google Scholar
Pytlik, N., Soll, D., & Mehl, S. (2020). Thinking preferences and conspiracy belief: Intuitive thinking and the jumping to conclusions-bias as a basis for the belief in conspiracy theories. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 568942.Google Scholar
Reddit. (2019). [r/QAnonCasualties]. Have a friend or loved one taken in by QAnon? Look here for support, resources and a place to vent [Subreddit]. Reddit. www.reddit.com/r/QAnonCasualties/Google Scholar
Richards, H. J., Benson, V., Donnelly, N., & Hadwin, J. A. (2014). Exploring the function of selective attention and hypervigilance for threat in anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(1), 113.Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. (2018, September 11). A trail of “bread crumbs,” leading conspiracy theorists into the wilderness. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/magazine/a-trail-of-bread-crumbs-leading-conspiracy-theorists-into-the-wilderness.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & O’Mara, E. M. (2011). Individual self, relational self, collective self: Hierarchical ordering of the tripartite self. Psychological Studies, 56(1), 98107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommer, W. (2021). Trust the plan: The rise of QAnon and the conspiracy that reshaped America. HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Spocchia, G. (2021, January 9). What role did QAnon play in the capitol riot? The Independent. www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/qanon-capitol-congress-riot-trump-b1784460.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sternisko, A., Cichocka, A., Cislak, A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2023). National narcissism predicts the belief in and the dissemination of conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from 56 countries. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49(1), 4865.Google Scholar
Sternisko, A., Cichocka, A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2020). The dark side of social movements: Social identity, non-conformity, and the lure of conspiracy theories. Current Opinion in Psychology, 35, 16.Google Scholar
Sutton, R. M., & Douglas, K. M. (2022). Rabbit hole syndrome: Inadvertent, accelerating, and entrenched commitment to conspiracy beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 48, 101462.Google Scholar
Swami, V., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., Tran, U. S., & Furnham, A. (2014). Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories. Cognition, 133(3), 572585.Google Scholar
Tollefson, J. (2021). Tracking QAnon: How Trump turned conspiracy-theory research upside down. Nature, 590(7845), 192193.Google Scholar
van Prooijen, J. (2017). Why education predicts decreased belief in conspiracy theories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31(1), 5058.Google Scholar
van Prooijen, J. (2020). An existential threat model of conspiracy theories. European Psychologist, 25(1), 1625.Google Scholar
van Prooijen, J., Douglas, K. M., & De Inocencio, C. (2018). Connecting the dots: Illusory pattern perception predicts belief in conspiracies and the supernatural. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 320335.Google Scholar
Vesoulis, A. (2018, August 3). Here’s why experts worry about the popularity of QAnon’s conspiracy theory. Time. https://time.com/5356851/what-is-qanonGoogle Scholar
Wagner-Egger, P., Delouvée, S., Gauvrit, N., & Dieguez, S. (2018). Creationism and conspiracism share a common teleological bias. Current Biology, 28(16), R867R868.Google Scholar
Watt, C. S. (2020, September 23). The QAnon orphans: People who have lost loved ones to conspiracy theories. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/23/qanon-conspiracy-theories-loved-onesGoogle Scholar
Wood, M. J., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2012). Dead and alive. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(6), 767773.Google Scholar
Zonis, M., & Joseph, C. M. (1994). Conspiracy thinking in the Middle East. Political Psychology, 15(3), 443459.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×