The central document presented here is the 1644 will in Lima, Peru, of Leonor Alvarez from India, widow of Hernando Gutierrez of the Chinese nation (“nación chino”). Upon her death, Alvarez's will frees her four slaves from Africa and Asia, including their children, and makes one of them her sole heir and a co-executor of her will. How do we understand the presence of Asians in Spanish South America in this period? And what do the actions set in motion by Leonor Alvarez's illness and death tell us about her role in colonial Andean society? Leonor Alvarez lived in a Lima famous for the complex mix of people drawn together by colonial migration, commerce, and the slave trade. Already by the end of the sixteenth century these forces had converted Lima into a key imperial and religious administrative center as well as a commercial crossroads with a majority black population in a majority indigenous colony. Accounts by observers like Fray Martín de Murúa and Portuguese crypto-Jew don Pedro de León Portocarrero in Lima around this time mentioned the presence of people from China and India in the markets and streets. The trade items of silks, spices, porcelains, carved ivory, and other luxuries from Asia were in Lima's markets, shops, and wealthy homes and ornate churches. People also came south from New Spain's Manila Galleon trade with Asia.