Indonesia's twenty-four-year occupation of Timor-Leste started in October 1975 with attacks from Indonesian West Timor on Balibó, Maliana, and other border towns in Timor-Leste's Bobonaro district. A month earlier FRETILIN (Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente/ Revolutionary Front for an Independent Timor-Leste) had assumed control after a brief but bloody civil war with rivals UDT (União Democrática Timorense/Timorese Democratic Union) and APODETI (Associação Popular Democrática Timorense/Asosiasi Demokratik Rakyat Timor/Timorese Popular Democratic Association). Indonesian troops seized northern Bobonaro, but FRETILIN's armed wing, FALINTIL (Forças Armadas de Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste/Armed Forces for the National Liberation of Timor-Leste), bogged them down as they pushed toward Dili. The slow advance overland contributed to Jakarta's decision to launch a full air and sea invasion of Dili on December 7, 1975. From the end of 1975 through the end of 1978, the most sustained fighting and highest death tolls were in the west, defined here as Bobonaro, Covalima, Ermera, Liquiçá and Oecusse districts. Two decades later, at the end of the occupation, the west again bore the brunt of the Indonesian military's violence, particularly during the UN-administered referendum of 1999. However, during the years in between, 1980 to 1990, there was little resistance activity in the west. Resistance organisation, fighting, and Indonesian violence against civilians were concentrated in the east and centre of the country.