Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-07T23:16:32.069Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2018

Philip S. Rainbow
Affiliation:
Natural History Museum, London
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Trace Metals in the Environment and Living Organisms
The British Isles as a Case Study
, pp. 671 - 719
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdullah, A. M. and Ireland, M. P. (1986). Cadmium Content, Accumulation and Toxicity in Dog Whelks Collected around the Welsh Coastline. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 17, 557561.Google Scholar
Abdullah, M. I. and Royle, L. G. (1972). Heavy Metal Content of Some Rivers and Lakes in Wales. Nature, 238, 329330.Google Scholar
Abdullah, M. I. and Royle, L. G. (1974). A Study of the Dissolved and Particulate Trace Elements in the Bristol Channel. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 54, 581597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdullah, M. I., Royle, L. G. and Morris, A. W. (1972). Heavy Metal Concentrations in Coastal Waters. Nature, 235, 158160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abel, P. D. and Green, D. W. J. (1981). Ecological and Toxicological Studies on Invertebrate Fauna of Two Rivers in the Northern Pennine Orefield. In Heavy Metals in Northern England: Environmental and Biological Aspects, ed. Say, P. J. and Whitton, B. A.. Durham: Department of Botany, University of Durham, pp. 109122.Google Scholar
Abrahams, P. W. and Thornton, I. (1987). Distribution and Extent of Land Contamination by Arsenic and Associated Metals in Mining Regions of Southwest England. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 96, B1B8.Google Scholar
Ackroyd, D. R., Bale, A. J., Howland, R. J. M., et al. (1986). Distributions and Behaviour of Dissolved Cu, Zn and Mn in the Tamar Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 23, 621640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, W. J., Blust, R., Borgmann, U., et al. (2010). Utility of Tissue Residues for Predicting Effects of Metals on Aquatic Organisms. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 7, 7598.Google Scholar
Alexander, W. and Street, A. (1951). Metals in the Service of Man, 4th edn. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Allen, J. I. and Moore, M. N. (2004). Environmental Prognostics: Is the Current Use of Biomarkers Appropriate for Environmental Risk Evaluation? Marine Environmental Research, 58, 227232.Google Scholar
Alloway, B. J. and Davies, B. E. (1971). Trace Element Content of Soils Affected by Base Metal Mining in Wales. Geoderma, 5, 197208.Google Scholar
Alzieu, C. (1986). TBT Detrimental Effects on Oyster Culture in France – Evolution since Antifouling Paint Regulation. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, Proceedings of Oceans 86 Conference Record. Organotin Symposium 4, 1130–1134.Google Scholar
Alzieu, C. (2000). Impact of Tributyl Tin in Invertebrates. Ecotoxicology, 9, 7176.Google Scholar
Amiard, J. C. and Amiard-Triquet, C. (2013). Molecular and Histocytological Biomarkers. In Ecological Biomarkers: Indicators of Ecotoxicological Effects, ed. Amiard-Triquet, C., Amiard, J. C. and Rainbow, P. S., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 75105.Google Scholar
Amiard, J. C., Amiard-Triquet, C., Barka, S., Pellerin, J. and Rainbow, P. S. (2006). Metallothioneins in Aquatic Invertebrates: Their Role in Metal Detoxification and Their Use as Biomarkers. Aquatic Toxicology, 76, 160202.Google Scholar
Amiard, J. C., Amiard-Triquet, C., Berthet, B. and Métayer, C. (1987). Comparative Study of the Patterns of Bioaccumulation of Essential (Cu, Zn) and Non-Essential (Cd, Pb) Trace Metals in Various Estuarine and Coastal Organisms. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 106, 7389.Google Scholar
Amiard, J. C., Amiard-Triquet, C. and Métayer, C. (1985). Experimental Study of Bioaccumulation, Toxicity and Regulation of Some Trace Metals in Various Estuarine and Coastal Organisms. Symposia Biologica Hungarica, 29, 313323.Google Scholar
Amiard-Triquet, C. (2009). Behavioral Disturbances: The Missing Link between Sub-Organismal and Supra-Organismal Responses to Stress? Prospects Based on Aquatic Research. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 15, 87110.Google Scholar
Amiard-Triquet, C. and Amiard, J. C. (2013). Behavioral Ecotoxicology. In Ecological Biomarkers: Indicators of Ecotoxicological Effects, ed. Amiard-Triquet, C., Amiard, J. C. and Rainbow, P. S.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 253277.Google Scholar
Amiard-Triquet, C. and Rainbow, P. S. (Eds) (2009). Environmental Assessment of Estuarine Ecosystems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amiard-Triquet, C., Amiard, J. C. and Rainbow, P. S. (Eds) (2013). Ecological Biomarkers: Indicators of Ecotoxicological Effects. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Amiard-Triquet, C., Rainbow, P. S. and Roméo, M. (Eds) (2011). Tolerance to Environmental Contaminants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Ancion, P.-Y., Lear, G., Dopheide, A. and Lewis, G. D. (2013). Metal Concentrations in Stream Biofilm and Sediments and Their Potential to Explain Biofilm Microbial Community Structure. Environmental Pollution, 173, 117124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, M. J. (1984). Thames Estuary: Pollution and Recovery. In Effects of Pollution at the Ecosystem Level, ed. Sheehan, P. J., Miller, D. R., Butler, G. C. and Bourdeau, P.. Chichester: SCOPE, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 195217.Google Scholar
Andrews, M. J. and Rickard, D. G. (1980). Rehabilitation of the Inner Thames Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 11, 327332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, S. M., Johnson, M. S. and Cooke, J. A. (1984). Cadmium in Small Mammals from Grassland Established on Metalliferous Mine Waste. Environmental Pollution A, 33, 153162.Google Scholar
Andrews, S. M., Johnson, M. S. and Cooke, J. A. (1989a). Distribution of Trace Element Pollutants in a Contaminated Grassland Ecosystem Established on Metalliferous Fluorspar Tailings. 1: Lead. Environmental Pollution, 58, 7385.Google Scholar
Andrews, S. M., Johnson, M. S. and Cooke, J. A. (1989b). Distribution of Trace Element Pollutants in A Contaminated Grassland Ecosystem Established on Metalliferous Fluorspar Tailings. 2: Zinc. Environmental Pollution, 59, 241252.Google Scholar
Angel, M. V. (1984). Detrital Organic Fluxes through Pelagic Ecosystems. In Flows of Energy and Materials in Marine Ecosystems, ed. Fasham, M. J. R.. New York, NY: Plenum Press, pp. 475516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anon (1998) Summary of Data for Selected Sites along the Thames Estuary. In A Rehabilitated Estuarine Ecosystem, ed. Attrill, M. J.. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, appendix A.Google Scholar
Antonovics, J., Bradshaw, A. M. and Turner, R. G. (1971). Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants. Advances in Ecological Research, 7, 185.Google Scholar
ANZECC and ARMCANZ [Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agricultural and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand] (2000). National Water Quality Management Strategy, Vol. 1, The Guidelines. Paper No. 4. Australia: Department of Agriculture and Resources. www.agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/water/nwqms-guidelines-4-vol1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Appleton, J. D., Cave, M. R., Palumbo-Roe, B. and Wragg, J. (2013). Lead Bioaccessibility in Topsoils from Lead Mineralisation and Urban Domains, UK. Environmental Pollution, 178, 278287.Google Scholar
Appleton, J. D., Cave, M. R. and Wragg, J. (2012). Modelling Lead Bioaccessibility in Urban Topsoils Based on Data from Glasgow, London, Northampton and Swansea, UK. Environmental Pollution, 171, 265272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apte, S. C., Gardner, M. J., Gunn, A. M., Ravenscroft, J. E. and Vale, J. (1990). Trace Metals in the Severn Estuary: A Reappraisal. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 8, 393396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, F. C. and Hodgson, I. H. (1987). Total and Extractable Trace Element Contents of Soils in England and Wales. Journal of Soil Science, 38, 421431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardestani, M. M., van Straalen, N. M. and van Gestel, C. A. M. (2014). Uptake and Elimination Kinetics of Metals in Soil Invertebrates: A Review. Environmental Pollution, 193, 277295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armitage, P. D. (1980). The Effects of Mine Drainage and Organic Enrichment on Benthos in the River Nent System, Northern Pennines. Hydrobiologia, 74, 119128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armitage, P. D. and Blackburn, J. H. (1985). Chironomidae in a Pennine Stream System Receiving Mine Drainage and Organic Enrichment. Hydrobiologia, 121, 165172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, R. E., Hodson, M. E. and Langdon, C. J. (2008). A Cu Tolerant Population of the Earthworm Dendrodrilus rubidus (Savigny, 1862) at Coniston Copper Mines, Cumbria, UK. Environmental Pollution, 152, 713722.Google Scholar
Aston, S. R., Thornton, I., Webb, J. S., Purves, J. B. and Milford, B. L. (1974). Stream Sediment Composition: An Aid to Water Quality Assessment. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 3, 321325.Google Scholar
Atherton, I., Bosanquet, S. and Lawley, M. (Eds) (2010). Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland: A Field Guide. Plymouth: British Bryological Society, Latimer Trend & Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. L. (1985). Tin and Tin Mining. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. L. (1987). Copper and Copper Mining. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Attrill, M. J. and Thomas, R. M. (1995). Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediment from the Thames Estuary, UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 11, 742744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Au, D. W. T. (2004). The Application of Histo-Cytopathological Biomarkers in Marine Pollution Monitoring: A Review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48, 817834.Google Scholar
Aubail, A., Méndez-Fernandez, P., Bustamente, P., Churlaud, C., Ferreira, M. and Vingada, J. V. (2013). Use of Skin and Blubber Tissues of Small Cetaceans to Assess the Trace Element Content of Internal Organs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 76, 158169.Google Scholar
Austen, M. C. and Somerfield, P. J. (1997). A Community-Level Sediment Bioassay Applied to an Estuarine Heavy Metal Gradient. Marine Environmental Research, 43, 315328.Google Scholar
Awrahman, Z. A., Rainbow, P. S., Smith, B. D., Khan, F. R., Bury, N. R. and Fialkowski, W. (2015). Bioaccumulation of Arsenic and Silver by the Caddisfly Larvae Hydropsyche siltalai and H. pellucidula: A Biodynamic Modeling Approach. Aquatic Toxicology, 161, 196207.Google Scholar
Awrahman, Z. A., Rainbow, P. S., Smith, B. D., Khan, F. R. and Fialkowski, W. (2016). Caddisflies Hydropsyche spp. as biomonitors of Trace Metal Bioavailability Thresholds Causing Disturbance in Freshwater Stream Benthic Communities. Environmental Pollution, 216, 793805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baden, S. P. and Neil, D. M. (1998). Accumulation of Manganese in the Haemolymph, Nerve and Muscle Tissue of Nephrops norvegicus (L.) and Its Effect on Neuromuscular Performance. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 119A, 351359.Google Scholar
Baden, S. P., Eriksson, S. P. and Weeks, J. M. (1995). Uptake, Accumulation and Regulation of Manganese during Experimental Hypoxia and Normoxia by the Decapod Nephrops norvegicus (L.). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 31, 93102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badsha, K. S. and Goldspink, C. R. (1982). Preliminary Observations on the Heavy Metal Content of Four Species of Freshwater Fish in NW England. Journal of Fish Biology, 21, 251267.Google Scholar
Baker, A. J. M. (1981). Accumulators and Excluders: Strategies in the Response of Plants to Heavy Metals. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 3, 643654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, A. J. M. (1987). Metal Tolerance. New Phytologist, 106 (Suppl.), 93111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, A. J. M., Ernst, W. H. O., Van der Ent, A., Malaisse, F. and Ginocchio, R. (2010). Metallophytes: The Unique Biological Resource, Its Ecology and Conservational Status in Europe, Central Africa and Latin America. In Ecology of Industrial Pollution, ed. Batty, L. C. and Hallberg, K. B.. Cambridge: British Ecological Society, Cambridge University Press, pp. 740.Google Scholar
Baker, A. J. M., McGrath, S. P., Sidoli, C. M. D. and Reeves, R. D. (1994). The Possibility of in Situ Heavy Metal Decontamination of Polluted Soils Using Crops Of Metal-Accumulating Plants. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 11, 4149.Google Scholar
Balassone, G., Rossi, M., Boni, M., Stanley, G. and McDermott, P. (2008). Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Nonsulfide Zn-Pb at Silvermines and Galmoy (Irish Midlands). Ore Geology Reviews, 33, 168186.Google Scholar
Ballan-Dufrançais, C. (2002). Localization of Metals in Cells of Pterygote Insects. Microscopy Research and Technique, 56, 403420.Google Scholar
Balls, P. W. and Topping, G. (1987). The Influence of Inputs to the Firth of Forth on the Concentrations of Trace Metals in Coastal Waters. Environmental Pollution, 45, 159172.Google Scholar
Barak, N. A.-E. and Mason, C. F. (1990). A Survey of Heavy Metal Levels in Eels (Anguilla anguilla) from Some Rivers in East Anglia, England: The Use of Eels as Pollution Indicators. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 75, 827833.Google Scholar
Barkay, T., Tripp, S. C. and Olson, B. H. (1985). Effect of Metal-Rich Sewage Sludge Application on the Bacterial Communities of Grasslands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49, 333337.Google Scholar
Barltrop, D., Strehlow, C. D., Thornton, I. and Webb, J. S. (1975). Absorption of Lead from Dust and Soil. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 51, 801804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, H. (1948). The Leaching Rate and Behaviour of Antifouling Compositions. Journal of the Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, 31, 455461.Google Scholar
Barnes, R. D. (1980). Invertebrate Zoology, 4th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College.Google Scholar
Barnes, R. S. K. (1974). Estuarine Biology. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.Google Scholar
Barnett, B. E. and Ashcroft, C. R. (1985). Heavy Metals in Fucus vesiculosus in the Humber Estuary. Environmental Pollution, 9, 193213.Google Scholar
Barrento, S., Marques, A., Teixeira, B., Carvalho, M. L., Vaz-Pires, P. and Nunes, M. L. (2009). Influence of Season and Sex on the Contents of Minerals and Trace Elements in Brown Crab (Cancer pagurus, Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 32533260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrington, E. J. W. (1967). Invertebrate Structure and Function. London: Nelson.Google Scholar
Barton, D. B. (1971a). Essays in Cornish Mining History, vol. 2. Truro: D. Bradford Barton Ltd.Google Scholar
Barton, D. B. (1971b). Arsenic Production in West Cornwall. In Essays in Cornish Mining History, vol. 2, ed. Barton, D. B.. Truro: D. Bradford Barton Ltd., pp. 101125.Google Scholar
Basu, M., Pande, M., Bhadoria, P. B. S. and Mahapatra, S. C. (2009). Potential Fly-Ash Utilization in Agriculture: A Global Review. Progress in Natural Science, 19, 11731186.Google Scholar
Bat, L. (1998). Influence of Sediment on Heavy Metal Uptake by the Polychaete Arenicola marina. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 22, 341350.Google Scholar
Batty, L. C. (2005). The Potential Importance of Mine Sites for Biodiversity. Mine Water and the Environment, 24, 101103.Google Scholar
Bayley, M., Baatrup, E. and Bjerregaard, P. (1997). Woodlouse Behavior in the Assessment of Clean and Contaminated Field Sites. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16, 23092314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beane, S. J., Comber, S. D. W,. Rieuwerts, J. and Long, P. (2016). Abandoned Metal Mines and Their Impact on Receiving Waters: A Case Study from Southwest England. Chemosphere, 153, 294306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebianno, M. J. and Langston, W. J. (1993). Turnover Rate of Metallothionein and Cadmium in Mytilus edulis. BioMetals, 6, 239244.Google Scholar
Bebianno, M. J. and Langston, W. J. (1995). Induction of Metallothionein Synthesis in the Gill and Kidney of Littorina littorea Exposed to Cadmium. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 75, 173186.Google Scholar
Becker, P. H. (1992). Egg Mercury Levels Decline with Laying Sequence in Charadriiformes. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48, 762767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beernaert, J., Scheirs, J., Van den Brande, G., et al. (2008). Do Wood Mice (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) Use Food Selection as a Means to Reduce Heavy Metal Intake? Environmental Pollution, 151, 599607.Google Scholar
Bellinger, D. C. (2004). Lead. Pediatrics, 113 (Suppl. 4), 10161022.Google Scholar
Beltman, D. J., Clements, W. H., Lipton, J. and Cacela, D. (1999). Benthic Invertebrate Metals Exposure, Accumulation, and Community-Level Effects Downstream from a Hard-Rock Site. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18, 299307.Google Scholar
Benedetti, M., Ciaprini, F., Piva, F., et al. (2011). A Multidisciplinary Weight of Evidence Approach for Classifying Polluted Sediments: Integrating Sediment Chemistry, Bioavailability, Biomarkers Responses and Bioassays. Environment International, 38, 1728.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, G. and Tranvik, L. (1989). Critical Metal Concentrations for Forest Soil Invertebrates. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 47, 381417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtsson, G., Ek, H. and Rundgren, S. (1992). Evolutionary Response of Earthworms to Long-Term Metal Exposure. Oikos, 63, 289297.Google Scholar
Bennett, P. M., Jepson, P. D., Law, R. J., et al. (2001). Exposure to Heavy Metals and Infectious Disease Mortality in Harbour Porpoises from England and Wales. Environmental Pollution, 112, 3340.Google Scholar
Benson, L. M., Porter, E. K. and Peterson, P. J. (1981). Arsenic Accumulation, Tolerance and Genotypic Variation in Plants on Arsenical Mine Wastes in S.W. England. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 3, 655666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bérard, A., Mazzia, C., Sappin-Didier, V. Capowiez, L. and Capowiez, Y. (2014). Use of the MicroRespTM Method to Assess Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance in the Context of Metal Soil Contamination. Ecological Indicators, 40, 2733.Google Scholar
Berrow, M. L. and Burridge, J. C. (1980). Trace Element Levels in Soils: Effects of Sewage Sludge. In Inorganic Pollution and Agriculture. MAFF/ADAS Reference Book 326. London: HMSO, pp. 159184.Google Scholar
Berry, R. J. (1977). Inheritance and Natural History. London: New Naturalist, Collins.Google Scholar
Berthet, B., Mouneyrac, C., Amiard, J.-C., et al. (2003). Accumulation and Soluble Binding of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc in the Polychaete Hediste diversicolor from Coastal Sites with Different Trace Metal Bioavailabilities. Archives of Contamination and Toxicology, 45, 468478.Google Scholar
Bervoets, L., De Jonge, M. and Blust, R. (2016). Identification of Threshold Body Burdens of Metals for the Protection of the Aquatic Ecological Status Using Two Benthic Invertebrates. Environmental Pollution, 210, 7684.Google Scholar
Bervoets, L., Int Panis, L. and Verheyen, R. (1994). Trace Metal Levels in Water, Sediments and Chironomus gr. thumni, from Different Water Courses in Flanders (Belgium). Chemosphere, 29, 15911601.Google Scholar
Bervoets, L., Knapen, D., De Jonge, M., Van Campenhout, K. and Blust, R. (2013). Differential Hepatic Metal and Metallothionein Levels in Three Feral Fish Species along a Metal Pollution Gradient. PLoS ONE, 8(3), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060805.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, P., Welch, A. H., Stollenwerk, K. G., McLaughlin, M. J., Bundschuh, J. and Panaullah, G. (2007). Arsenic in the Environment: Biology and Chemistry. Science of the Total Environment, 379, 109120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bick, D. (1982). The Old Copper Mines of Snowdonia. Newent, Gloucestershire: Pound House.Google Scholar
Bierkens, J., Buekers, J., Van Holderbeke, M. and Torfs, R. (2012). Health Impact Assessment and Monetary Valuation of IQ Loss in Pre-School Children Due to Lead Exposure through Locally Produced Food. Science of the Total Environment, 414, 9097.Google Scholar
Bizoux, J. P., Brevers, F., Meerts, P., Graitson, E. and Mahy, G. (2004). Ecology and Conservation of Belgian Populations of Viola calaminaria, a Metallophyte with a Restricted Geographic Distribution. Belgian Journal of Botany, 137, 91104.Google Scholar
Blaber, S. J. M. (1970). The Occurrence of a Penis-Like Outgrowth behind the Right Tentacle in Spent Females of Nucella lapillus (L.). Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 39, 231233.Google Scholar
Blanck, H. (2002). A Critical Review of Procedures and Approaches Used for Assessing Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance (PICT) in Biotic Communities. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 8, 10031034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanck, H. and Wängberg, S. A. (1988). Induced Community Tolerance in Marine Periphyton Established under Arsenate Stress. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 45, 18161819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanck, H., Wängberg, S. A. and Molander, S. (1988). Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance: A New Ecotoxicological Tool. In Functional Testing of Aquatic Biota for Estimating Hazards of Chemicals ASTM 988, ed. Cairns, J. and Pratt, J. R.. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 219230.Google Scholar
Bland, S., Ackroyd, D. R., Marsh, J. G. and Millward, G. E. (1982). Heavy Metal Content of Oysters from the Lynher Estuary, U.K. Science of the Total Environment, 22, 235241.Google Scholar
Boisson, F., Goudard, F., Durand, J. P., et al. (2003). Comparative Radiotracer Study of Cadmium Uptake, Storage, Detoxification and Depuration in the Oyster Crassostrea gigas: Potential Adaptive Mechanisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 254, 177186.Google Scholar
Bolam, S. G. (2012). Impacts of Dredged Material Disposal on Macrobenthic Invertebrate Communities: A Comparison of Structural and Functional (Secondary Production) Changes at Disposal Sites around England and Wales. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 21992210.Google Scholar
Bolam, S. G., Rees, H. L., Somerfield, P., et al. (2006). Ecological Consequences of Dredged Material Disposal in the Marine Environment: A Holistic Assessment of Activities around the England and Wales Coastline. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 415426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boldina-Cosqueric, I., Amiard, J.-C., Amiard-Triquet, C., et al. (2010). Biochemical, Physiological and Behavioural Biomarkers in the Endobenthic Bivalve Scrobicularia plana as Tools for the Assessment of Estuarine Sediment Quality. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73, 17331741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bone, Q., Ryan, K. P. and Pulsford, A. L. (1983). The Structure and Composition of the Teeth and Grasping Spines of Chaetognaths. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 63, 929939.Google Scholar
Bonneris, E., Perceval, O., Masson, S., Hare, L. and Campbell, P. G. C. (2005). Sub-Cellular Partitioning of Cd, Cu and Zn in Tissues of Indigenous Unionid Bivalves Living along a Metal Exposure Gradient and Links to Metal-Induced Effects. Environmental Pollution, 135, 195208.Google Scholar
Bortolotti, G. R. (2010). Flaws and Pitfalls in the Chemical Analysis of Feathers: Bad News–Good News for Avian Chemoecology and Toxicology. Ecological Applications, 20, 17661774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boscher, A., Gobert, S., Guignard, C., et al. (2010). Chemical Contaminants in Fish Species from Rivers in the North of Luxembourg: Potential Impact on the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra). Chemosphere, 78, 785792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bothe, H. (2011). Plants in Heavy Metal Soils. In Soil Biology, Vol. 30: Detoxification of Heavy Metals, ed. Sherameti, I. and Varma, A.. Berlin–Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 3557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boult, S., Collins, D. N., White, K. N. and Curtis, C. D. (1994). Metal Transport in a Stream Polluted by Acid Mine Drainage: The Afon Goch, Anglesey, UK. Environmental Pollution, 84, 279284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowen, G. G., Dussek, C. and Hamilton, R. M. (1998). Pollution Resulting from the Abandonment and Subsequent Flooding of Wheal Jane Mine in Cornwall, UK. Geological Society London, Special Publications, 128, 9399.Google Scholar
Bowen, H. J. M. (1979). Environmental Chemistry of the Elements. London and New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Boyd, R. S. (2004). Ecology of Hyperaccumulation. New Phytologist, 162, 563567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, R. S. and Wall, M. A. (2001). Responses of Generalist Predators Fed High-Ni Melanotrichus boydi (Heteroptera: Miridae): Elemental Defense against the Third Trophic Level. American Midland Naturalist, 146, 186198.Google Scholar
Boyden, C. R. (1975). Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Poole Harbour, Dorset. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 6, 180187.Google Scholar
Boyden, C. R. (1977). Effect of Size upon Metal Content of Shellfish. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 57, 675714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyden, C. R. and Romeril, M. G. (1974). A Trace Metal Problem in Pond Oyster Culture. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 5, 7478.Google Scholar
Boyden, C. R., Aston, S. R. and Thornton, I. (1979). Tidal and Seasonal Variations of Trace Elements in Two Cornish Estuaries. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 9, 303317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyden, C. R., Watling, H. and Thornton, I. (1975). Effect of Zinc on the Settlement of the Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Marine Biology, 31, 227234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradshaw, A. D. (1952). Populations of Agrostis tenuis Resistant to Lead and Zinc Poisoning. Nature, 169, 1098.Google Scholar
Bragigand, V., Berthet, B., Amiard, J. C. and Rainbow, P. S. (2004). Estimates of Trace Metal Bioavailability to Humans Ingesting Contaminated Oysters. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42, 18931902.Google Scholar
Brand, L. E. (1991). Minimum Iron Requirements of Marine Phytoplankton and the Implications for the Biogeochemical Control of New Production. Limnology and Oceanography, 36, 17561771.Google Scholar
Brittain, J. E. (1982). Biology of Mayflies. Annual Review of Entomology, 27, 119147.Google Scholar
Broadway, A., Cave, M. R., Wragg, J., et al. (2010). Determination of the Bioaccessibility of Chromium in Glasgow Soil and the Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 409, 267277.Google Scholar
Brook, F. and Allbutt, M. (1973). The Shropshire Lead Mines. Cheddleton, Leek, Staffordshire: Moorland Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Brookes, P. C. (1995). The Use of Microbial Parameters in Monitoring Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 19, 269279.Google Scholar
Brooks, R. R. (1987). Serpentine and Its Vegetation. London and Sydney: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Brown, B. E. (1976). Observations on the Tolerance of the Isopod Asellus meridianus Rac. to Copper and Lead. Water Research, 10, 555559.Google Scholar
Brown, B. E. (1977a). Effects of Mine Drainage on the River Hayle, Cornwall. A) Factors Affecting Concentrations of Copper, Zinc and Iron in Water, Sediments and Dominant Invertebrate Fauna. Hydrobiologia, 52, 221233.Google Scholar
Brown, B. E. (1977b). Uptake of Copper and Lead by a Metal-Tolerant Isopod Asellus meridianus Rac. Freshwater Biology, 7, 235244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, B. E. (1978). Lead Detoxification by a Copper-Tolerant Isopod. Nature, 276, 388390.Google Scholar
Brown, F. M. J. and Balls, P. W. (1997). Trace Metals in Fish and Shellfish from Scottish Waters. Scottish Fisheries Research Report, 60, 136.Google Scholar
Brown, J. H., Buchanan, J. S. and Whitley, J. E. (1988). Uptake and Excretion of Inorganic Mercury in the Lobster Homarus gammarus (L.) White 1847: Long-Term Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of the Metal. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 15, 125141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruland, K. W. (1983). Trace Elements in Sea-Water. Chemical Oceanography, 8, 157220.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. (1967). Zinc Concentrations of Fast and Slow Contracting Muscles in the Lobster. Nature, 213, 10431044.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. (1968). Concentrations of Zinc and Copper in the Tissues of Decapod Crustaceans. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 48, 303321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryan, G. W. (1973). The Occurrence and Seasonal Variation of Trace Metals in the Scallops Pecten maximus (L.) and Chlamys opercularis (L.). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 53, 145166.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. (1976). Some Aspects of Heavy Metal Tolerance in Aquatic Organisms. In Effects of Pollutants on Aquatic Organisms, ed. Lockwood, A. P. M.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 734.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. (1984). Pollution Due to Heavy Metals and Their Compounds. In Marine Ecology, Part 3, ed. Kinne, O.. London: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 12891430.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. (1985). Bioavailability and Effects of Heavy Metals in Marine Deposits. In Wastes in the Ocean, Vol. 6: Nearshore Waste Disposal, ed. Ketchum, B. H., Capuzzo, J. M., Burt, W. V., Duedall, I. W., Park, P. K. and Kester, D. R.. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 4279.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. and Gibbs, P. E. (1979). Zinc: A Major Inorganic Component of Nereid Polychaete Jaws. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 59, 969973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryan, G. W. and Gibbs, P. E. (1980). Metals in Nereid Polychaetes: The Contribution of Metals in the Jaws to the Total Body Burden. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 60, 641654.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. and Gibbs, P. E. (1983). Heavy Metals in the Fal Estuary, Cornwall: A Study of Long-Term Contamination by Mining Waste and Its Effects on Estuarine Organisms. Occasional Publications of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2, 1112.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. and Gibbs, P. E. (1987). Polychaetes as Indicators of Heavy-Metal Availability in Marine Deposits. In Oceanic Processes in Marine Pollution, Vol. 1: Biological Processes and Wastes in the Ocean, ed. Capuzzo, J. M. and Kester, D. R.. Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, pp. 3749.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. and Hummerstone, L. G. (1971). Adaptation of the Polychaete Nereis diversicolor to Estuarine Sediments Containing High Concentrations of Heavy Metals. 1. General Observations and Adaptations to Copper. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 51, 845863.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. and Hummerstone, L. G. (1973a). Brown Seaweed as an Indicator of Heavy Metals in Estuaries in South-West England. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 53, 705720.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. and Hummerstone, L. G. (1973b). Adaptation of the Polychaete Nereis diversicolor to Estuarine Sediments Containing High Concentrations of Zinc and Cadmium. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 53, 839857.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. and Hummerstone, L. G. (1977). Indicators of Heavy-Metal Contamination in the Looe Estuary (Cornwall) with Particular Regard to Silver and Lead. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 57, 7592.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. and Hummerstone, L. G. (1978). Heavy Metals in the Burrowing Bivalve Scrobicularia plana from Contaminated and Uncontaminated Estuaries. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 401419.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. and Langston, W. J. (1992). Bioavailability, Accumulation and Effects of Heavy Metals in Sediments with Special Reference to United Kingdom Estuaries: A Review. Environmental Pollution, 76, 89131.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W. and Uysal, H. (1978). Heavy Metals in the Burrowing Bivalve Scribicularia plana from the Tamar Estuary in Relation to Environmental Levels. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 89108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryan, G. W., Gibbs, P. E., Burt, G. R. and Hummerstone, L. G. (1987b). The Effects of Tributyltin (TBT) Accumulation on Adult Dog-Whelks, Nucella lapillus: Long-Term Field and Laboratory Experiments. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67, 525544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryan, G. W., Gibbs, P. E., Hummerstone, L. G. and Burt, G. R. (1986). The Decline of the Gastropod Nucella lapillus around South-West England: Evidence for the Effect of Tributyl Tin from Antifouling Paints. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 66, 611640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryan, G. W., Gibbs, P. E., Hummerstone, L. G. and Burt, G. R. (1987a). Copper, Zinc, and Organotin as Long-Term Factors Governing the Distribution of Organisms in the Fal Estuary in Southwest England. Estuaries, 10, 208219.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W., Langston, W. J. and Hummerstone, L. G. (1980). The Use of Biological Indicators of Heavy Metal Contamination in Estuaries. Occasional Publications of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1, 173.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W., Langston, W. J., Hummerstone, L. G. and Burt, G. R. (1985). A Guide to the Assessment of Heavy-Metal Contamination in Estuaries. Occasional Publications of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 4, 192.Google Scholar
Bryan, G. W., Langston, W. J., Hummerstone, L. G., Burt, G. R. and Ho, Y. B. (1983). An Assessment of the Gastropod, Littorina littorea, as an Indicator of Heavy-Metal Contamination in United Kingdom Estuaries. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 63, 327345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brydie, J. R. and Polya, D. A. (2003). Metal Dispersion in Sediments and Waters of the River Conwy Draining the Llanrwst Mining Field, North Wales. Mineralogical Magazine, 67, 289304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, J. A. (1992). The Cornish Mining Industry: A Brief History. Redruth, Cornwall: Tor Mark Press.Google Scholar
Bull, K. R., Every, W. J., Freestone, P., Hall, J. R. and Osborn, D. (1983). Alkyl Lead Pollution and Bird Mortalities on the Mersey Estuary, UK, 1979–1981. Environmental Pollution A, 31, 239259.Google Scholar
Bull, K. R., Murton, R. K., Osborn, D., Ward, P. and Cheng, L. (1977). High Levels of Cadmium in Atlantic Seabirds and Sea-Skaters. Nature, 269, 507509.Google Scholar
Bullock, E. (1970). Occurrence of Free Porphyrins in Certain Coelenterates. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 33, 711712.Google Scholar
Bundy, J. G., Kille, P., Liebeke, M. and Spurgeon, D. J. (2014). Metallothioneins May Not Be Enough: The Role of Phytochelatins in Invertebrate Metal Detoxification. Environmental Science and Technology, 48, 885886.Google Scholar
Burger, J. (1993). Metals in Avian Feathers: Bioindicators of Environmental Pollution. Reviews in Environmental Toxicology, 5, 197306.Google Scholar
Burrows, I. G. and Whitton, B. A. (1983). Heavy Metals in Water, Sediments and Invertebrates from a Metal-Contaminated River Free of Organic Pollution. Hydrobiologia, 106, 263273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, R., Waite, P. and Burnley, R. (1987). Cornish Mines: Metalliferous and Associated Minerals 1845–1913. Exeter: University of Exeter in Association with the Northern Mine Research Society NMRA. Wheaton and Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Burton, M. A. S. and Peterson, P. J. (1979). Metal Accumulation by Aquatic Bryophytes from Polluted Mine Streams. Environmental Pollution, 19, 3946.Google Scholar
Burton, S. M., Rundle, S. D. and Jones, M. B. (2001). The Relationship between Trace Metal Contamination and Stream Meiofauna. Environmental Pollution, 111, 159167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bury, N. R. and Handy, R. D. (2010). Copper and Iron Uptake in Teleost Fish. In Surface Chemistry, Bioavailability and Metal Homeostasis in Aquatic Organisms: An Integrated Approach. Essential Reviews in Experimental Biology, vol. 2. Ed. Bury, N. R. and Handy, R. D.. London: Society for Experimental Biology, pp. 107127.Google Scholar
Bury, N. R. and Wood, C. M. (1999). Mechanism of Branchial Apical Silver Uptake by Rainbow Trout Is via the Proton-Coupled Na+ Channel. American Journal of Physiology, 277, R1385–R1391.Google Scholar
Bustamente, P. and Miramand, P. (2005). Subcellular and Body Distributions of 17 Trace Elements in the Variegated Scallop Chlamys varia from the French Coast of the Bay of Biscay. Science of the Total Environment, 337, 5973.Google Scholar
Bustamente, P., Caurant, F., Fowler, S.W. and Miramand, P. (1998). Cephalopods as a Vector for the Transfer of Cadmium to Top Marine Predators in the North-East Atlantic Ocean. Science of the Total Environment, 220, 7180.Google Scholar
Bustamente, P., Cosson, R. P., Gallien, I., Caurant, F. and Miramand, P. (2002). Cadmium Detoxification Processes in the Digestive Gland of Cephalopods in Relation to Accumulated Cadmium Concentrations. Marine Environmental Research, 53, 227241.Google Scholar
Butterworth, J., Lester, P. and Nickless, G. (1972). Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Severn Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 3, 7274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, B. W., Sileo, L., Franson, J. C. and Moore, J. (1983). Effects of Dietary Cadmium on Mallard Ducklings. Environmental Research, 32, 286297.Google Scholar
Caines, L. A. (1978). Heavy Metal Residues in Grey Seals (Halichoerus grypus) from the Farne Islands. International Council for the Exploration of the Seas ICES, 1980/E, 40, 113.Google Scholar
Cairns, J. (1991). The Status of the Theoretical and Applied Status of Restoration Ecology. Environmental Professional, 13, 186194.Google Scholar
Caldow, R., McGrorty, S., West, A., Durell, S. E. A. le V. dit, Stillman, R. and Anderson, S. (2005), Macro-Invertebrate Fauna in the Intertidal Mudflats. In The Ecology of Poole Harbour, ed. Humphreys, J. and May, V.. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 91108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callahan, D. L., Baker, A. J. M., Kolev, S. D. and Wedd, A. G. (2006). Metal Ion Ligands in Hyperaccumulating Plants. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 11, 212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, J. I. A., Jacobsen, C. S. and Sørensen, J. (1995). Species Variation and Plasmid Incidence among Fluorescent Peudomonas Strains Isolated from Agricultural and Industrial Soils. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 18, 5162.Google Scholar
Campbell, P. G. C. (1995). Interaction between Trace Metals and Aquatic Organisms: A Critique of the Free-Ion Activity Model. In Metal Speciation and Aquatic Systems, ed. Tessier, A. and Turner, D. R.. New York, NY: Wiley, pp. 45102.Google Scholar
Camusso, M., Polesello, S., Valsecchi, S. and Vignati, D. A. L. (2012). Importance of Dietary Uptake of Trace Elements in the Benthic Deposit-Feeding Lumbriculus variegatus. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 36, 103112.Google Scholar
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) (1999a). Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life. Winnipeg: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.Google Scholar
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) (1999b). Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life: Summary Tables. Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, 1999. Winnipeg: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.Google Scholar
Canli, M. and Furness, R. W. (1993). Heavy Metals in Tissues of the Norway Lobster Nephrops norvegicus: Effects of Sex, Size and Season. Chemistry and Ecology, 8, 1932.Google Scholar
Carlisle, D. B. (1968). Vanadium and Other Metals in Ascidians. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B, 171, 3142.Google Scholar
Carpenter, K. E. (1924). A Study of the Fauna of Rivers Polluted by Lead Mining in the Aberystwyth District of Cardiganshire. Annals of Applied Biology, 11, 123.Google Scholar
Casado-Martinez, M. C., Smith, B. D., DelValls, T. A. and Rainbow, P. S. (2009a). Pathways of Trace Metal Uptake in the Lugworm Arenicola marina. Aquatic Toxicology, 92, 917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casado-Martinez, M. C., Smith, B. D., DelValls, T. A., Luoma, S. N. and Rainbow, P. S. (2009b). Biodynamic Modelling and the Prediction of Accumulated Trace Metal Concentrations in the Polychaete Arenicola marina. Environmental Pollution, 157, 27432750.Google Scholar
Casado-Martinez, M. C., Smith, B. D., Luoma, S. N. and Rainbow, P. S. (2010a). Metal Toxicity in a Sediment-Dwelling Polychaete: Threshold Body Concentrations or Overwhelming Accumulation Rates? Environmental Pollution, 158, 30713076.Google Scholar
Casado-Martinez, M. C., Smith, B. D., Luoma, S. N. and Rainbow, P. S. (2010b). Bioaccumulation of Arsenic from Water and Sediment by a Deposit-Feeding Polychaete (Arenicola marina): A Biodynamic Modelling Approach. Aquatic Toxicology, 98, 3443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caurant, F., Amiard, J. C., Amiard-Triquet, C. and Sauriau, P. G. (1994). Ecological and Biological Factors Controlling the Concentrations of Trace Elements (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Se, Zn) in Delphinids Globicephala melas from the North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 103, 207219.Google Scholar
Caurant, F., Aubail, A., Lahaye, V., et al. (2006). Lead Contamination of Small Cetaceans in European Waters: The Use of Stable Isotopes for Identifying the Sources of Lead Exposure. Marine Environmental Research, 62, 131148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cave, R. R., Ledoux, L., Turner, K., Jickells, T. Andrews, J. E. and Davies, H. (2003). The Humber Catchment and Its Coastal Area: From UK to European Perspectives. Science of the Total Environment, 314–316, 3152.Google Scholar
CEFAS (Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science) (1997). Monitoring and Surveillance of Non-Radioactive Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment and Activities Regulating the Disposal of Wastes at Sea, 1994. Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, 47, 159.Google Scholar
CEFAS (Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science) (2001). Monitoring and Surveillance of Non-Radioactive Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment and Activities Regulating the Disposal of Wastes at Sea, 1998. Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, 53, 175.Google Scholar
CEFAS (Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science) (2003). Monitoring of the Quality of the Marine Environment, 1999–2000. Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, 54, 198.Google Scholar
Chadwick, E. A., Simpson, V. R., Nicholls, A. E. L. and Slater, F. M. (2011). Lead levels in Eurasian Otters Decline with Time and Reveal Interactions between Sources, Prevailing Weather and Stream Chemistry. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 19111916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, H. M and Rainbow, P. S. (1993). The Accumulation of Dissolved Zinc by the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Ophelia, 38, 1330.Google Scholar
Chan, H. M., Bjerregaard, P., Rainbow, P. S. and Depledge, M. H. (1992). Uptake of Zinc and Cadmium by Two Populations of Shore Crabs Carcinus maenas at Different Salinities. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 86, 9197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, S. I. and Reinfelder, J. R. (2002). Relative Importance of Dissolved versus Trophic Bioaccumulation of Copper in Marine Copepods. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 231, 179186.Google Scholar
Chapman, P. M. (2007). Determining When Contamination Is Pollution: Weight of Evidence Determinations for Sediments and Effluents. Environment International, 33, 492501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, P. M. and Hollert, H. (2006). Should the Sediment Quality Triad Become a Tetrad, a Pentad, or Possibly Even a Hexad? Journal of Soils and Sediments, 6, 48.Google Scholar
Chapman, P. M. and Long, E. R. (1983). The Use of Bioassays as a Part of a Comprehensive Approach to Marine Pollution Assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 14, 8184.Google Scholar
Chapman, P. M., Swartz, R. C., Roddie, B., Phelps, H. L., van den Hurk, P. and Butler, R. (1992). An International Comparison of Sediment Toxicity Tests in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 91, 253264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, P. M., Wang, F., Janssen, C., Persoone, G. and Allen, H. E. (1998). Ecotoxicology of Metals in Aquatic Sediments: Binding and Release, Bioavailability, Risk Assessment and Remediation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, 22212243.Google Scholar
Chassard-Bouchaud, C., Boutin, J. F., Hallegot, P. and Galle, P. (1989). Chromium Uptake, Distribution and Loss in the Mussel Mytilus edulis: A Structural, Ultrastructural and Microanalytical Study. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 7, 117136.Google Scholar
Chatelain, M., Gasparini, J., Jacquin, L. and Frantz, A. (2014). The Adaptive Function of Melanin-Based Plumage Coloration to Trace Metals. Biology Letters, 10, 20140164. dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, L. (1974). Notes on the Ecology of the Oceanic Insect Halobates. Marine Fisheries Review, 36, 17.Google Scholar
Cheng, L., Alexander, G. V. and Franco, P. J. (1976). Cadmium and Other Heavy Metals in Sea-Skaters (Gerridae: Halobates, Rheumobates). Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 6, 3338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, M. S. and Wang, W.-X. (2005). Influences of Subcellular Compartmentalization in Different Prey on the Transfer of Metals to a Predatory Gastropod from Different Prey. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 286, 155166.Google Scholar
Chisholm, J. E., Jones, G. C. and Purvis, O. W. (1987). Hydrated Copper Oxalate, Moolooite, in Lichens. Mineralogical Magazine, 51, 715718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christian, G. (1967). Ashdown Forest. Lewes, Sussex: Farncombe & Co. (1928) Ltd.Google Scholar
Chubb, C. J., Dale, R. P. and Stoner, J. H. (1980). Inputs into Swansea Bay. In Industrialised Embayments and Their Environmental Problems, ed. Collins, M. B., Banner, F. T., Tyler, P. A., Wakefield, S. J. and James, A. E.. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 307327.Google Scholar
Clark, H. F., Hausladen, D. M. and Brabander, D. J. (2008). Urban Gardens: Lead Exposure, Recontamination Mechanisms, and Implications for Remediation Design. Environmental Research, 107, 312319.Google Scholar
Clarke, K. R. and Ainsworth, M. (1993). A Method of Linking Multivariate Community Structure to Environmental Variables. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 92, 205219.Google Scholar
Clarke, M. R. (1996). Cephalopods as Prey. III. Cetaceans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B, 351, 10531065.Google Scholar
Clemens, S. (2006). Toxic Metal Accumulation, Responses to Exposure and Mechanisms of Tolerance in Plants. Biochimie, 88, 17071719.Google Scholar
Clements, W. H. (2000). Integrating Effects of Contaminants across Levels of Biological Organization: An Overview. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, 7, 113116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clements, W. H. (2004). Small-Scale Experiments Support Causal Relationships between Metal Contamination and Macroinvertebrate Community Responses. Ecological Applications, 14, 954957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clements, W. H. and Newman, M. C. (2002). Community Ecotoxicology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Google Scholar
Clements, W. H. and Rohr, J. R. (2009). Community Responses to Contaminants: Using Basic Ecological Principles to Predict Ecotoxicological Effects. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 28, 17891800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clements, W. H., Carlisle, D. M., Lazorchak, J. M. and Johnson, P. C. (2000). Heavy Metals Structure Benthic Communities in Colorado Mountain Streams. Ecological Applications, 10, 626638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyde River Purification Board (1984). Concentrations of Trace Metals in Water and Brown Trout from the Glengonnar Water. Leadhills. Clyde River Purification Board Technical Report No. 82.Google Scholar
Cobbett, C. and Goldsbrough, P. (2002). Phytochelatins and Metallothioneins: Roles in Heavy Metal Detoxification and Homeostasis. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 53, 159182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colbourn, P. and Thornton, I. (1978). Lead Pollution in Agricultural Soils. Journal of Soil Science, 29, 513526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colbourn, P., Alloway, B. J. and Thornton, I. (1975). Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Soils Associated with Regional Geochemical Anomalies in South-West England. Science of the Total Environment, 4, 359363.Google Scholar
Cole, S., Codling, I. D., Parr, W. and Zabel, T. (1999). Guidelines for Managing Water Quality Impacts within UK European Marine Sites. Swindon: Water Research Council (WRC).Google Scholar
Condry, W. M. (1981). The Natural History of Wales. London: New Naturalist, Collins.Google Scholar
Cooke, J. A. (2011). Cadmium in Small Mammals. In Environmental Contaminants in Biota: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, 2nd edn., ed. Beyer, W. N. and Meador, J. P.. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Books, pp. 627642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooke, J. A. and Morrey, D. R. (1981). Heavy Metals and Fluoride in Soils and Plants Associated with Metaliferous Mine Wastes in the Northern Pennines. In Heavy Metals in Northern England: Environmental and Biological Aspects, ed. Say, P. J. and Whitton, B. A.. Durham: Department of Botany, University of Durham, pp. 153164.Google Scholar
Cooper, S., Hare, L. and Campbell, P. G. C. (2010). Subcellular Partitioning of Cadmium in the Freshwater Bivalve, Pyganodon grandis, after Separate Short-Term Exposures to Waterborne or Diet-Borne Metal. Aquatic Toxicology, 100, 303312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corp, N. and Morgan, A. J. (1991). Accumulation of Heavy Metals from Polluted Soils by the Earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus: Can Laboratory Exposure of ‘Control’ Worms Reduce Biomonitoring Problems? Environmental Pollution, 74, 3952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotter-Howells, J. and Thornton, I. (1991). Sources and Pathways of Environmental Lead to Children in a Derbyshire Mining Village. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 13, 127135.Google Scholar
Coughtrey, P. J. and Martin, M. H. (1976a). The Distribution of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu within the Pulmonate Mollusc Helix aspersa Müller. Oecologia, 23, 315322.Google Scholar
Coughtrey, P. J. and Martin, M. H. (1976b). Comparisons between the Levels of Lead, Zinc and Cadmium within a Contaminated Environment. Chemosphere, 1, 1520.Google Scholar
Coughtrey, P. J. and Martin, M. H. (1977). Cadmium Tolerance of Holcus lanatus from a Site Contaminated by Aerial Outfall. New Phytologist, 79, 273280.Google Scholar
Coughtrey, P. J., Jones, C. H., Martin, M. H. and Shales, S. W. (1979). Litter Accumulation in Woodlands Contaminated by Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu. Oecologia, 39, 5160.Google Scholar
Coyle, G. (2010). The Riches Beneath Our Feet. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Creamer, R. E., Rimmer, D. L. and Black, H. I. J. (2008). Do Elevated Soil Concentrations of Metals Affect the Diversity and Activity of Soil Invertebrates in the Long-Term? Soil Use and Management, 24, 3746.Google Scholar
Croteau, M.-N. and Luoma, S. N. (2008). A Biodynamic Understanding of Dietborne Metal Uptake by a Freshwater Invertebrate. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 18011806.Google Scholar
Croteau, M.-N. and Luoma, S. N. (2009). Predicting Dietborne Metal Toxicity from Metal Influxes. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 49154921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crothers, J. H. (1967). The Biology of the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Field Studies, 2, 407434.Google Scholar
Crowder, A. (1991). Acidification, Metals and Macrophytes. Environmental Pollution, 71, 171203.Google Scholar
Croxall, J. P. and Prince, P. A. (1980). Food, Feeding Ecology and Ecological Segregation of Seabirds at South Georgia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 14, 103131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croxall, J. P. and Prince, P. A. (1996). Cephalopods as Prey. I. Seabirds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B, 351, 10231043.Google Scholar
Culbard, E. B., Thornton, I., Watt, J., Wheatley, M., Moorcroft, S. and Thompson, M. (1988). Metal Contamination in British Urban Dusts and Soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 17, 226234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culshaw, C., Newton, L. C. Weir, I. and Bird, D. J. (2002). Concentrations of Cd, Zn and Cu in Sediments and Brown Shrimp (Crangon crangon) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK. Marine Environmental Research, 54, 331334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dafforn, K. A., Lewis, J. A. and Johnston, E. L. (2011). Antifouling Strategies: History and Regulation, Ecological Impacts and Mitigation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 453465.Google Scholar
Daka, E. R. and Hawkins, S. J. (2004). Tolerance to Heavy Metals in Littorina saxatilis from a Metal Contaminated Estuary in the Isle of Man. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84, 393400.Google Scholar
Dallinger, R., Berger, B., Hunziker, P. E. and Kägi, J. H. R. (1997). Metallothionein in Snail Cd and Cu Metabolism. Nature, 388, 237238.Google Scholar
Dallinger, R., Chabicovsky, M., Hödl, E., Prem, C., Hunziker, P. and Manzl, C. (2005). Copper in Helix pomatia (Gastropoda) Is Regulated by One Single Cell Type: Differently Responsive Metal Pools in Rhogocytes. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 289, 11851195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dang, F. and Wang, W.-X. (2012). Why Mercury Concentration Increases with Fish Size? Biokinetic Explanation. Environmental Pollution, 163, 192198.Google Scholar
Darlington, S. T. and Gower, A. M. (1990). Location of Copper in Larvae of Plectrocnemia conspersa (Curtis) (Trichoptera) Exposed to Elevated Metal Concentrations in a Mine Drainage Stream. Hydrobiologia, 196, 91100.Google Scholar
Darlington, S. T., Gower, A. M. and Ebdon, L. (1987). Studies on Plectrocnemia conspersa (Curtis) in Copper Contaminated Streams in South West England. In Series Entomologica, Vol. 39: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Trichoptera, Lyon, France, July 1986, ed. Bournaud, M. and Trachet, H.. Netherlands: Springer, pp. 353357.Google Scholar
Dauwe, T., Bervoets, L., Blust, R., Pinxten, R. and Eens, M. (1999). Are Eggshells and Egg Contents of Great and Blue Tits Suitable as Indicators of Heavy Metal Pollution? Belgian Journal of Zoology, 129, 439447.Google Scholar
Dauwe, T., Janssens, E., Bervoets, L., Blust, R. and Eens, M. (2005a). Heavy-Metal Concentrations in Female Laying Great Tits (Parus major) and Their Clutches. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 49, 249256.Google Scholar
Dauwe, T., Janssens, E., Pinxten, R. and Eens, M. (2005b). The Reproductive Success and Quality of Blue Tits (Parus caeruleus) in a Heavy Metal Pollution Gradient. Environmental Pollution, 136, 243251.Google Scholar
Davies, A. G. and Sleep, J. A. (1979). Photosynthesis in Some British Coastal Waters May Be Inhibited by Zinc Pollution. Nature, 277, 292293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, B. E. (1971). Trace Metal Content of Soils Affected by Base Metal Mining in the West of England. Oikos, 22, 366372.Google Scholar
Davies, B. E. (1987). Consequences of Environmental Contamination by Lead Mining in Wales. Hydrobiologia, 149, 213220.Google Scholar
Davies, B. E. and Ballinger, R. C. (1990). Heavy Metals in Soils in North Somerset, England, with Special Reference to Contamination from Base Metal Mining in the Mendips. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 12, 291300.Google Scholar
Davies, B. E. and Ginnever, R. C. (1979). Trace Metal Contamination of Soils and Vegetables in Shipham, Somerset. Journal of Agricultural Science, 93, 753756.Google Scholar
Davies, B. E. and Roberts, L. J. (1978). The Distribution of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils in Northeast Clwyd, Wales. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 9, 507518.Google Scholar
DEFRA and Environment Agency (2002). The Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Model (CLEA): Technical Basis and Algorithms. R & D Publication CLR 10. ISBN 1 857 05749 X. Bristol: Environment Agency.Google Scholar
De Jonge, M., Belpaire, C., Geerarts, C., De Cooman, W., Blust, R. and Bervoets, L. (2012). Ecological Impact Assessment of Sediment Remediation in a Metal-Contaminated Lowland River Using Translocated Zebra Mussels and Resident Macroinvertebrates. Environmental Pollution, 171, 99108.Google Scholar
De Jonge, M., Blust, R. and Bervoets, L. (2010). The Relation between Acid Volatile Sulphides (AVS) and Metal Accumulation in Aquatic Invertebrates: Implications of Feeding Behaviour and Ecology. Environmental Pollution, 158, 13811391.Google Scholar
De Jonge, M., Dreesen, F., De Paepe, J., Blust, R. and Bervoets, L. (2009). Do Acid Volatile Sulphides (AVS) Influence the Accumulation of Sediment-Bound Metals to Benthic Invertebrates under Natural Field Conditions? Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 45104516.Google Scholar
De Jonge, M., Lofts, S., Bervoets, L. and Blust, R. (2014). Relating Metal Exposure and Chemical Speciation to Trace Metal Accumulation in Aquatic Insects under Natural Field Conditions. Science of the Total Environment, 496, 1121.Google Scholar
De Jonge, M., Tipping, E., Lofts, S., Bervoets, L. and Blust, R. (2013). The Use of Invertebrate Body Burdens to Predict Ecological Effects of Metal Mixtures in Mining-Impacted Waters. Aquatic Toxicology, 142–143, 294302.Google Scholar
De Jonge, M., Van de Vijver, B., Blust, R. and Bervoets, L. (2008). Responses of Aquatic Organisms to Metal Pollution in a Lowland River in Flanders: A Comparison of Diatoms and Macroinvertebrates. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 615629.Google Scholar
Del Val, C., Barea, J. M. and Azćon-Aguilar, C. (1999). Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Populations in Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 718723.Google Scholar
Department of Environment (1989). Code of Practice for Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge. London: HMSO. http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/247/164/sludge-report.pdfGoogle Scholar
De Pauw, N. and Heylen, S. (2001). Biotic Index for Sediment Quality Assessment of Watercourses in Flanders, Belgium. Aquatic Ecology, 35, 121133.Google Scholar
de Vries, W., Römkens, F. A. M. and Schütze, G. (2007). Critical Soil Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in View of Health Effects on Humans and Animals. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 191, 91130.Google Scholar
Dines, H. G. (1969). The Metalliferous Mining Region of South-West England, Vols. I and II. 2nd Impression with Amendments. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Di Toro, D. M., Mahony, J. D., Hansen, D. J., Scott, K. J., Carlson, A. R. and Ankley, G. T. (1992). Acid Volatile Sulfide Predicts the Acute Toxicity of Cadmium and Nickel in Sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 26, 96101.Google Scholar
Di Toro, D. M., Zarba, C. S., Hansen, D. J., et al. (1991). Technical Basis for Establishing Sediment Quality Criteria for Nonionic Organic Chemicals Using Equilibrium Partitioning. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 10, 15411583.Google Scholar
Di Veroli, A., Santoro, F., Pallatoni, M., et al. (2014). Deformities of Chironomid Larvae and Heavy Metal Pollution: From Laboratory to Field Studies. Chemosphere, 112, 917.Google Scholar
Dmowski, K. (1999). Birds as Bioindicators of Heavy Metal Pollution: Review and Examples Concerning European Species. Acta Ornithologica, 34, 125.Google Scholar
Donat, J. R. and Bruland, K. W. (1995). Trace Elements in the Oceans. In Trace Elements in Natural Waters, ed. Salbu, B. and Steinnes, E.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 47281.Google Scholar
Dorrington, V. H. and Pyatt, F. B. (1982). History, Ecology and Physical and Chemical Nature of Two Metalliferous Spoil Tips in South-West England. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 18, 177185.Google Scholar
Downing, M. G., Staff, M. G. and Sheldrake, P. J. (1998). The Legacy of Metalliferous Mining in Great Britain. In GREEN 2. Contaminated and Derelict Land, ed. Sarsby, R. W.. London: Thomas Telford, pp. 5259.Google Scholar
Downs, S. G., Macleod, C. L., Jarvis, K., Birkett, J. W. and Lester, J. N. (1999). Comparison of Mercury Bioaccumulation in Eel (Anguilla anguilla) and Roach (Rutilus rutilus) from River Systems in East Anglia, UK: 1. Concentrations in Fish Tissue. Environmental Technology, 20, 11891200.Google Scholar
Dowson, P. H., Bubb, J. M. and Lester, J. N. (1992). Organotin Distribution in Sediments and Waters of Selected East Coast Estuaries in the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 24, 492498.Google Scholar
Dowson, P. H., Bubb, J. M. and Lester, J. N. (1993). Temporal Distributions of Organotins in the Aquatic Environment: Five Years after the 1987 UK Retail Ban on TBT Based Antifouling Paints. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26, 487494.Google Scholar
Drescher, H. E., Harms, U. and Huschenbeth, E. (1977). Organochlorines and Heavy Metals in the Harbour Seal Phoca vitulina from the German North Sea Coast. Marine Biology, 41, 99106.Google Scholar
Drobne, D. and Hopkin, S. P. (1995). The Toxicity of Zinc to Terrestrial Isopods in a “Standard” Laboratory Test. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 31, 16.Google Scholar
Duquesne, S., Newton, L. C., Giusti, L., Marriott, S. B., Stärk, H.-J. and Bird, D. J. (2006). Evidence for Declining Levels of Heavy Metals in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, U.K. and Their Spatial Distribution in Sediments. Environmental Pollution, 143, 187196.Google Scholar
Durou, C., Poirier, L., Amiard, J.-C., Budzinski, H., Gnassia-Barelli, M., Lemenech, K., Peluhet, L., Mouneyrac, C., Roméo, M. and Amiard-Triquet, C. (2007b). Biomonitoring in a Clean and a Multi-Contaminated Estuary Based on Biomarkers and Chemical Analyses in the Endobenthic Worm Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Pollution, 148, 445458.Google Scholar
Durou, C., Smith, B. D., Roméo, M., Rainbow, P. S., Mouneyrac, C., Mouloud, M., Gnassia-Barelli, M., Gillet, P., Deutch, B. and Amiard-Triquet, C. (2007a). From Biomarkers to Population Responses in Nereis diversicolor: Assessment of Stress in Estuarine Ecosystems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 66, 402411.Google Scholar
Durrant, C. J., Stevens, J. R., Hogstrand, C. and Bury, N. R. (2011). The Effect of Metal Pollution on the Population Genetic Structure of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.) Residing in the River Hayle, Cornwall, UK. Environmental Pollution, 159, 35953603.Google Scholar
Edington, J. M. and Hildrew, A. G. (1981). A Key to the Caseless Caddis Larvae of the British Isles with Notes on Their Ecology. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No. 43. Kendal: Titus Wilson & Son Ltd.Google Scholar
Edwards, K. C., Swinnerton, H. H. and Hall, R. H. (1962). The Peak District. London: Collins, New Naturalist.Google Scholar
Eisler, R. (1981). Trace Metal Concentrations in Marine Organisms. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Elderfield, H., Hepworth, A., Edwards, P. N. and Holliday, L. M. (1979). Zinc in the Conwy River and Estuary. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 9, 403422.Google Scholar
Elderfield, H., Thornton, L. and Webb, J. S. (1971). Heavy Metals and Oyster Culture in Wales. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2, 4447.Google Scholar
Elliott, M. and Griffiths, A. H. (1986). Mercury Contamination in Components of an Estuarine Ecosystem. Water, Science and Technology, 18, 161170.Google Scholar
Emmerson, R. H. C., O’Reilly-Wiese, S. B., Macleod, C. L. and Lester, J. N. (1997). A Multivariate Assessment of Metal Distribution in Inter-Tidal Sediments of the Blackwater Estuary, UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 34, 960968.Google Scholar
Endean, R. (1955). Studies on the Blood and Tests of Some Australian Ascidians. III. The Formation of the Test of Pyura stolonifera (Heller). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 6, 157164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endean, R. (1961). The Test of the Ascidian, Phallusia mammillata. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 102, 107117.Google Scholar
Environment Agency (2008a). Environmental Quality Standards for Trace Metals in the Aquatic Environment. Environment Agency Science Report SC030194. Bristol: Environment Agency.Google Scholar
Environment Agency (2008b). Assessment of Metal-Mining Contaminated River Sediments in England and Wales. Environment Agency Science Project Report SC030136/SR4. Bristol: Environment Agency.Google Scholar
Environment Agency (2009a). Ecological Indicators for Abandoned Mines, Phase 1: Review of the Literature. Environment Agency Science Project Report SC030136/R49. Bristol: Environment Agency.Google Scholar
Environment Agency (2009b). Using Soil Guideline Values. Science Report SC050021/SGV Introduction. Bristol, UK: Environment Agency. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/297676/scho0309bpqm-e-e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Environment Agency (2009c). Updated Technical Background to the CLEA Model. Science Report SC050021/SR3. Bristol: Environment Agency. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/297676/scho0309bpqm-e-e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Eraly, D., Hendrickx, F., Backeljau, T., Bervoets, L. and Lens, L. (2011). Direct and Indirect Effects of Metal Stress on Physiology and Life History Variation in Field Populations of a Lycosid Spider. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74, 14891497.Google Scholar
Eraly, D., Hendrickx, F., Bervoets, L. and Lens, L. (2010). Experimental Exposure to Cadmium Affects Metallothionein-Like Protein Levels but Not Survival and Growth in Wolf Spiders from Polluted and Reference Populations. Environmental Pollution, 158, 21242131.Google Scholar
Erry, B. V., Macnair, M. R., Meharg, A. A. and Shore, R. F. (2000). Arsenic Contamination in Wood Mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) and Bank Voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) on Abandoned Mine Sites in Southwest Britain. Environmental Pollution, 110, 179187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erry, B. V., Macnair, M. R., Meharg, A. A., Shore, R. F. and Newton, I. (1999). Arsenic Residues in Predatory Birds from an Area of Britain with Naturally and Anthropogenically Elevated Arsenic Levels. Environmental Pollution, 106, 9195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Food Safety Authority (2008). Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Protection Products and Their Residues on a Request from the EFSA PRAPeR Unit on Risk Assessment for Birds and Mammals. European Food Safety Authority Journal, 734, 1181.Google Scholar
Evans, P. R. and Moon, S. J. (1981). Heavy Metals in Shorebirds and Their Prey in North-East England. In Heavy Metals in Northern England: Environmental and Biological Aspects, ed. Say, P. J. and Whitton, B. A.. Durham: Department of Botany, University of Durham, pp. 181190.Google Scholar
Evans, P. R., Uttley, J. D., Davidson, N. C. and Ward, P. (1987). Shorebirds (S.Os Charadrii and Scolopaci) as Agents of Transfer of Heavy Metals within and between Estuarine Ecosystems. In Pollutant Transport and Fate in Ecosystems, Special Publication Number 6 of the British Ecological Society, ed. Coughtrey, P. J., Martin, M. H. and Unsworth, M. H.. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 337352.Google Scholar
Evans, S. M., Birchenough, A. C. and Brancato, M. S. (2000). The TBT Ban: Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 204211.Google Scholar
Evans, S. M., Evans, P. M. and Leksono, T. (1996). Widespread Recovery of Dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.), from Tributyltin Contamination in the North Sea and Clyde Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 32, 263269.Google Scholar
Evans, S. M., Hutton, A., Kendall, M. and Samosir, A. M. (1991). Recovery in Populations of Dogwhelks Nucella lapillus (L.) Suffering from Imposex. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 22, 331333.Google Scholar
Everaarts, J. M. and Fischer, C. V. (1992). The Distribution of Heavy Metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) in the Fine Fraction of Surface Sediments of the North Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 29, 232331.Google Scholar
Everard, M. and Denny, P. (1984). The Transfer of Lead by Freshwater Snails in Ullswater, Cumbria. Environmental Pollution A, 35, 299314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everett, J. L., Day, C. L. and Reynolds, D. (1967). Comparative Survey of Lead at Selected Sites in the British Isles in Relation to Air Pollution. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 5, 2935.Google Scholar
Falasco, E., Bona, F., Badino, G., Hoffmann, L. and Ector, L. (2009). Diatom Teratological Forms and Environmental Alterations: A Review. Hydrobiologia, 623, 135.Google Scholar
Falconer, C. R., Davies, I. M. and Topping, G. (1983). Trace Metals in the Common Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena. Marine Environmental Research, 8, 119127.Google Scholar
Faria, M. S., Lopes, R. J., Malcato, J., Nogueira, A. J. A. and Soares, A. M. V. M. (2008). In Situ Bioassays with Chironomus riparius Larvae to Biomonitor Metal Pollution in Rivers and to Evaluate the Efficiency of Restoration Measures in Mine Areas. Environmental Pollution, 151, 213221.Google Scholar
Fattorini, D. and Regoli, F. (2004). Arsenic Speciation in Tissues of the Mediterranean Polychaete Sabella spallanzanii. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23, 18811887.Google Scholar
Fattorini, D. and Regoli, F. (2012). Hyper-Accumulation of Vanadium in Polychaetes. In Vanadium: Biochemical and Molecular Biological Approaches, ed. Michibata, H.. Dordrecht: Springer Science, pp. 7392.Google Scholar
Fattorini, D., Notti, A., Halt, M. N., Gambi, M. N. and Regoli, F. (2005). Levels and Chemical Speciation of Arsenic in Polychaetes: A Review. Marine Ecology, 26, 255264.Google Scholar
Fattorini, D., Notti, A., Nigro, M. and Regoli, F. (2010). Hyperaccumulation of Vanadium in the Antarctic Polychaete Perkinsiana littoralis as a Natural Chemical Defense against Predation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 17, 220228.Google Scholar
Fialkowski, W. and Rainbow, P. S. (2006). The Discriminatory Power of Two Biomonitors of Trace Metal Bioavailabilities in Freshwater Streams. Water Research, 40, 18051810.Google Scholar
Fialkowski, W., Calosi, P., Dahlke, S., et al. (2009). The Sandhopper Talitrus saltator (Crustacea: Amphipoda) as a Biomonitor of Trace Metal Bioavailabilities in European Coastal Waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 3944.Google Scholar
Fialkowski, W. F., Klonowska-Olejnik, M., Smith, B. D. and Rainbow, P. S. (2003). Mayfly Larvae (Baetis rhodani and B. vernus) as Biomonitors of Trace Metal Pollution in Streams of a Catchment Draining a Zinc and Lead Mining Area of Upper Silesis, Poland. Environmental Pollution, 121, 253267.Google Scholar
Ficetola, G. F., Miaud, C., Pompanon, F. and Taberlet, P. (2008). Species Detection Using Environmental DNA from Water Samples. Biology Letters, 4, 423425.Google Scholar
Fisher, I. J., Pain, D. J. and Thomas, V. G. (2006). A Review of Lead Poisoning from Ammunition Sources in Terrestrial Birds. Biological Conservation, 131, 421432.Google Scholar
Fisher, N. S., Stupakoff, I., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S., Wang, W.-X., Teyssié, J.-L., Fowler, S. W. and Crusius, J. (2000). Trace Metals in Marine Copepods: A Field Test of a Bioaccumulation Model Coupled to Laboratory Uptake Kinetics Data. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 194, 211218.Google Scholar
Florence, T. M. (1977). Trace Metal Species in Fresh Waters. Water Research, 11, 681687.Google Scholar
Ford, G. C., Harrison, P. M., Rice, D. W., et al. (1984). Ferritin: Design and Formation of an Iron-Storage Molecule. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B, 304, 551565.Google Scholar
Fordyce, F. (2007). Selenium Geochemistry and Health. Ambio, 36, 9497.Google Scholar
Förstner, U. and Wittmann, G. T. W. (1983). Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment, 2nd edn. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Fossi Tankoua, O., Buffet, P. E., Amiard, J.-C., et al. (2012). Intersite Variation of a Battery of Biomarkers at Different Levels of Biological Organisation in the Estuarine Endobenthic Worm Nereis diversicolor (Polychaeta, Nereididae). Aquatic Toxicology, 114–115, 96103.Google Scholar
Foster, P. (1976). Concentrations and Concentration Factors of Heavy Metals in Brown Algae. Environmental Pollution, 10, 4553.Google Scholar
Foster, P., Hunt, D. T. E. and Morris, A. W. (1978). Metals in an Acid Mine Stream and Estuary. Science of the Total Environment, 9, 7586.Google Scholar
Foster, P. L. (1977). Copper Exclusion as a Mechanism of Heavy Metal Tolerance in a Green Alga. Nature, 269, 322323.Google Scholar
Foster, P. L. (1982a). Species Associations and Metal Contents of Algae from Rivers Polluted by Heavy Metals. Freshwater Biology, 12, 1739.Google Scholar
Foster, P. L. (1982b). Metal Resistances of Chlorophyta from Rivers Polluted by Heavy Metals. Freshwater Biology, 12, 4161.Google Scholar
Foulds, S. A., Brewer, P. A., Macklin, M. G., Haresign, W., Betson, R. E. and Rassner, S. M. E. (2014). Flood-Related Contamination in Catchments Affected by Historical Metal Mining: An Unexpected and Emerging Hazard of Climate Change. Science of the Total Environment, 476–477, 165180.Google Scholar
Fowler, S. W. (1977). Trace Elements in Zooplankton Particulate Products. Nature, 269, 5153.Google Scholar
Fowler, S. W. (1990). Critical Review of Selected Heavy Metal and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Concentrations in the Marine Environment. Marine Environmental Research, 29, 164.Google Scholar
Frankland, E. and Morton, J. C. (1873). Fifth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Franklin, A. (1987). The Concentrations of Metals, Organochlorine Pesticide and PCB Residues in Marine Fish and Shellfish: Results from MAFF Fish and Shellfish Monitoring Programmes, 1977–84. MAFF Aquatic Monitoring Report, 16, 138.Google Scholar
Franson, J. C. and Pain, D. J. (2011). Lead in Birds. In Environmental Contaminants in Biota: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, 2nd edn., ed. Beyer, W. N. and Meador, J. P.. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Books, pp. 563593.Google Scholar
Fraústo da Silva, J. J. R. and Wiliams, R. J. P. (1993). The Biological Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Furness, R. W. (2015). Birds as Monitors of Mercury Pollution. In Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology, 4th edn., ed. Newman, M. C.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 160165.Google Scholar
Furness, R. and Hutton, M. (1979). Pollutant Levels in the Great Skua Catharacta skua. Environmental Pollution, 19, 261268.Google Scholar
Furness, R. and Hutton, M. (1980). Pollutants and Impaired Breeding of Great Skuas Catharacta skua in Britain. Ibis, 122, 8894.Google Scholar
Gabriels, W., Lock, K., De Pauw, N. and Goethals, P. L. M. (2010). Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders (MMIF) for Biological Assessment of Rivers and Lakes in Flanders (Belgium). Limnologica, 40, 199207.Google Scholar
Gajdosechova, Z., Brownlow, A., Cottin, N. T., et al. (2016). Possible Link between Hg and Cd Accumulation in the Brain of Long-Finned Pilot Whales (Globicephala melas). Science of the Total Environment, 545–546, 407413.Google Scholar
Galay Burgos, M. and Rainbow, P. S. (1998). Uptake, Accumulation and Excretion by Corophium volutator (Crustacea: Amphipoda) of Zinc, Cadmium and Cobalt Added to Sewage Sludge. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 47, 603620.Google Scholar
Galay Burgos, M. and Rainbow, P. S. (2001). Availability of Cadmium and Zinc from Sewage Sludge to the Flounder, Platichthys flesus, via a Marine Food Chain. Marine Environmental Research, 51, 417439.Google Scholar
Gallien, I., Caurant, F., Bordes, M., et al. (2001). Cadmium-Containing Granules in Kidney Tissue of the Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) off the Faroe Islands. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C, 130, 389395.Google ScholarPubMed
Gao, S. and Wang, W.-X. (2014). Oral Bioaccessibility of Toxic Metals in Contaminated Oysters and Relationships with Metal Internal Sequestration. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 110, 261268.Google Scholar
Gao, Y. and Bradshaw, A. D. (1995). The Containment of Toxic Wastes: II. Metal Movement in Leachate and Drainage at Parc Lead–Zinc Mine, North Wales. Environmental Pollution, 90, 379382.Google Scholar
Garty, J. (2001). Biomonitoring Atmospheric Heavy Metals with Lichens: Theory and Application. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 20, 309371.Google Scholar
Gault, N. F. S., Tolland, E. L. C. and Parker, J. G. (1983). Spatial and Temporal Trends in Heavy Metal Concentrations in Mussels from Northern Ireland Coastal Waters. Marine Biology, 77, 307316.Google Scholar
Geens, A., Dauwe, T., Bervoets, L., Blust, R. and Evans, M. (2010). Haematological Status of Wintering Great Tits (Parus major) along a Metal Pollution Gradient. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 11741179.Google Scholar
Geffard, A., Amiard, J.-C. and Amiard-Triquet, C. (2002). Use of Metallothionein in Gills from Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) as a Biomarker: Seasonal and Intersite Variations. Biomarkers, 7, 123137.Google Scholar
Geffard, A., Amiard-Triquet, C., Amiard, J.-C. and Mouneyrac, C. (2001). Temporal Variations of Metallothionein and Metal Concentrations in the Digestive Gland of Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from a Clean and a Metal-Rich Site. Biomarkers, 6, 91107.Google Scholar
Geffard, A., Smith, B. D., Amiard-Triquet, C., Jeantet, A. Y. and Rainbow, P. S. (2005). Kinetics of Trace Metal Accumulation and Excretion in the Polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Marine Biology, 147, 12911304.Google Scholar
Geiszinger, A. E., Goessler, W. and Francesconi, K. (2002). Biotransformation of Arsenate to the Tetramethylarsonium Ion in the Marine Polychaetes Nereis diversicolor and Nereis virens. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 29052910.Google Scholar
Gensemer, R. W. and Playle, R. C. (1999). The Bioavailability and Toxicity of Aluminum in Aquatic Environments. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 29, 315450.Google Scholar
George, S. G. (1983). Heavy Metal Detoxication in the Mussel Mytilus edulis – Composition of Cd-Containing Kidney Granules (Tertiary Lysosomes). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 76C, 5357.Google Scholar
George, S. G. and Pirie, B. J. S. (1980). Metabolism of Zinc in the Mussel Mytilus edulis (L.): A Combined Ultrastructural and Biochemical Study. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 60, 575590.Google Scholar
George, S. G., Carpene, E., Coombs, T. L., Overnell, J. and Youngson, A. (1979). Characterisation of Cadmium-Binding Proteins from Mussels, Mytilus edulis (L.) Exposed to Cadmium. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 580, 225233.Google Scholar
George, S. G., Pirie, B. J. S., Cheyne, A. R., Coombs, T. L. and Grant, P. T. (1978). Detoxication of Metals by Marine Bivalves: An Ultrastructural Study of the Compartmentation of Copper and Zinc in the Oyster Ostrea edulis. Marine Biology, 45, 147156.Google Scholar
George, S. G., Pirie, B. J. S. and Coombs, T. L. (1980). Isolation and Elemental Analysis of Metal-Rich Granules from the Kidney of the Scallop, Pecten maximus (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 42, 143156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giangrande, A., Licciano, M., Schirosi, R., Musco, L. and Stabili, L. (2013). Chemical and Structural Defensive External Strategies in Six Sabellid Worms (Annelida). Marine Ecology, 35, 3645.Google Scholar
Gibb, J. O. T., Svendsen, C., Weeks, J. M. and Nicholson, J. K. (1997). 1H NMR Spectroscopic Investigations of Tissue Metabolite Biomarker Response to Cu(II) Exposure in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Identification of Free Histidine as a Novel Biomarker of Exposure to Copper in Earthworms. Biomarkers, 2, 295302.Google Scholar
Gibbs, P. E. and Bryan, G. W. (1980). Copper: The Major Component of Glycerid Polychaete Jaws. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 60, 205214.Google Scholar
Gibbs, P. E. and Bryan, G. W. (1984). Calcium Phosphate Granules in Muscle Cells of Nephtys (Annelida, Polychaeta): A Novel Skeleton? Nature, 310, 494495.Google Scholar
Gibbs, P. E. and Bryan, G. W. (1986). Reproductive Failure in Populations of the Dog-Whelk, Nucella lapillus, Caused by Imposex Induced by Tributyltin from Antifouling Paints. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 66, 767777.Google Scholar
Gibbs, P. E., Bryan, G. W., Pascoe, P. L. and Burt, G. R. (1987). The Use of the Dog-Whelk, Nucella lapillus, as an Indicator of Tributyltin (TBT) Contamination. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67, 507523.Google Scholar
Gibbs, P. E., Bryan, G. W. and Ryan, K. P. (1981). Copper Accumulation by the Polychaete Melinna palmata: An Antipredation Mechanism? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 61, 707722.Google Scholar
Gibbs, P. E., Langston, W. J., Burt, G. R. and Pascoe, P. L. (1983). Tharyx marioni (Polychaeta): A Remarkable Accumulator of Arsenic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 63, 313325.Google Scholar
Gibbs, P. E., Pascoe, P. L. and Burt, G. R. (1988). Sex Change in the Female Dog-Whelk, Nucella lapillus, Induced by Tributyltin from Antifouling Paints. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 68, 715731.Google Scholar
Giesy, J. P., Verbrugge, D. A., Othout, R. A., et al. (1994). Contaminants in Fishes from Great Lakes–influenced Sections and above Dams of Three Michigan Rivers. II. Implications for Health of Mink. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 27, 213223.Google Scholar
Gilbert, O. (2000). Lichens. London: New Naturalist, Collins.Google Scholar
Giller, K. E., Witter, E. and McGrath, S. P. (1998). Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Microorganisms and Microbial Processes in Agricultural Soils: A Review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30, 13891414.Google Scholar
Gillet, P., Mouloud, M., Durou, C. and Deutsch, B. (2008). Response of Nereis diversicolor Population (Polychaeta, Nereididae) to the Pollution Impact. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 76, 201210.Google Scholar
Gimbert, F., Vijver, M. G., Coeurdassier, M., et al. (2008). How Subcellular Partitioning Can Help to Understand Heavy Metal Accumulation and Elimination Kinetics in Snails. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 27, 12841292.Google Scholar
Giska, I., van Gestel, C. A. M., Skip, B. and Laskowski, R. (2014). Toxicokinetics of Metals in the Earthworm Lumbricus rubellus Exposed to Natural Polluted Soils: Relevance of Laboratory Tests to the Field Situation. Environmental Pollution, 190, 123132.Google Scholar
Goede, A. A. (1985). Mercury, Selenium, Arsenic and Zinc in Waders from the Dutch Wadden Sea. Environmental Pollution A, 37, 287309.Google Scholar
Gonçalves, M. T., Gonçalves, S. C., Portugal, A., Silva, S., Sousa, J. P. and Freitas, H. (2007). Effects of Nickel Hyperaccumulation in Alyssum pintodasilvae on Model Arthropods Representatives of Two Trophic Levels. Plant and Soil, 293, 177188.Google Scholar
Goodman, G. T. and Roberts, T. M. (1971). Plants and Soils as Indicators of Metals in the Air. Nature, 231, 287292.Google Scholar
Gore, F., Fawell, J. and Bartram, J. (2010). Too Much or Too Little? A Review of the Conundrum of Selenium. Journal of Water and Health, 8, 405416.Google Scholar
Gower, A. M. and Darlington, S. T. (1990). Relationships between Copper Concentrations in Larvae of Plectrocnemia conspersa (Curtis) (Trichoptera) and in Mine Drainage Streams. Environmental Pollution, 65, 155168.Google Scholar
Gower, A. M., Myers, G., Kent, M. and Foulkes, M. E. (1994). Relationships between Macroinvertebrate Communities and Environmental Variables in Metal-Contaminated Streams in South-West England. Freshwater Biology, 32, 199221.Google Scholar
Grant, A. and Middleton, R. (1990). An Assessment of Metal Contamination of Sediments in the Humber Estuary, U.K. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 31, 7185.Google Scholar
Grant, A. and Millward, R. N. (1997). Detecting Community Responses to Pollution. In Responses of Marine Organisms to Their Environment. Proceedings of the 30th European Marine Biology Symposium, ed. Hawkins, L. E., Hutchinson, S., Jensen, A. C., Sheader, M. and Williams, J. A.. Southampton: Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, pp. 201209.Google Scholar
Grant, A., Hateley, J. G. and Jones, N. V. (1989). Mapping the Ecological Impact of Heavy Metals in the Estuarine Polychaete Nereis diversicolor Using Inherited Metal Tolerance. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 20, 235238.Google Scholar
Gray, N. F. (1996). The Use of an Objective Index for the Assessment of the Contamination of Surface Water and Groundwater by Acid Mine Drainage. Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 10, 332340.Google Scholar
Gray, N. F. (1997). Environmental Impact and Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage: A Management Problem. Environmental Geology, 30, 6271.Google Scholar
Gray, N. F. and Delaney, E. (2008). Comparison of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Indices for the Assessment of the Impact of Acid Mine Drainage on an Irish River below an Abandoned Cu-S Mine. Environmental Pollution, 155, 3140.Google Scholar
Green, J. (1968). The Biology of Estuarine Animals. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.Google Scholar
Gregory, R. P. G. and Bradshaw, A. D. (1965). Heavy Metal Tolerance in Populations of Agrostis tenuis Sibth. and Other Grasses. New Phytologist, 64, 131135.Google Scholar
Griffith, J. J. (1919). Influence of Mines upon Land and Livestock in Cardiganshire. Journal of Agricultural Science, 9, 366395.Google Scholar
Grosell, M. and Brix, K. V. (2009). High Net Calcium Uptake Explains the Hypersensitivity of the Freshwater Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, to Chronic Lead Exposure. Aquatic Toxicology, 91, 302311.Google Scholar
Halcrow, W., Mackay, D. W. and Thornton, I. (1973). The Distribution of Trace Metals and Fauna in the Firth of Clyde in Relation to the Disposal of Sewage Sludge. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 53, 721739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, J. P. C. and Whitton, B. A. (1976). Resistance to Zinc of Stigeoclonium tenue in the Field and in the Laboratory. British Phycological Journal, 11, 417426.Google Scholar
Hardisty, M. W., Kartar, S. and Sainsbury, M. (1974). Dietary Habits and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Fish from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 5, 6163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargreaves, J. W., Lloyd, E. J. H. and Whitton, B. A. (1975). Chemistry and Vegetation of Highly Acidic Streams. Freshwater Biology, 5, 563576.Google Scholar
Harley, M. B. (1950). Occurrence of a Filter Feeding Mechanism in the Polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Nature, 165, 734735.Google Scholar
Harmens, H., Ilyin, I., Mills, G., et al. (2012). Country-Specific Correlations across Europe between Modelled Atmospheric Cadmium and Lead Deposition and Concentrations in Mosses. Environmental Pollution, 166, 19.Google Scholar
Harms, U., Drescher, H. E. and Huschenbeth, E. (1978). Further Data on Heavy Metals and Organochlorines in Marine Mammals from German Coastal Waters. Meeresforsch, 26, 153161.Google Scholar
Harper, D. J. (1988). Dissolved Cadmium and Lead in the Thames Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 19, 535538.Google Scholar
Harris, J. R. (1952). An Angler’s Entomology. London: New Naturalist, Collins.Google Scholar
Harrison Matthews, L. (1960). British Mammals. London: New Naturalist, Collins.Google Scholar
Harrison, P. M. and Hoare, R. J. (1980). Metals in Biochemistry. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Hartley, W., Dickinson, N. M., Clemente, R., et al. (2009). Arsenic Stability and Mobilization in Soil at an Amenity Grassland Overlying Chemical Waste (St. Helens, UK). Environmental Pollution, 157, 847856.Google Scholar
Hateley, J. G., Grant, A. and Jones, N. V. (1989). Heavy Metal Tolerance in Estuarine Populations of Nereis diversicolor. In Reproduction, Genetics and Distribution of Marine Organisms, Proceedings 23rd European Marine Biological Symposium, ed. Ryland, J. S. and Tyler, P. A.. Fredensborg: Olsen and Olsen, pp. 379385.Google Scholar
Hawkins, S. J., Gibbs, P. E., Pope, N. D., et al. (2002). Recovery of Polluted Ecosystems: The Case for Long-Term Studies. Marine Environmental Research, 54, 215222.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J. (1995). Introduction. In Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe, ed. Hayward, P. J. and Ryland, J. S.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 118.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J. (2004). A Natural History of the Seashore. London: New Naturalist, Collins.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J. (2016). Shallow Seas of Northwest Europe. London: New Naturalist, Collins.Google Scholar
Heinz, G. H. (1976). Methylmercury: 2nd-Year Feeding Effects on Mallard Reproduction and Duckling Behaviour. Journal of Wildlife Management, 40, 8290.Google Scholar
Henderson, P. A. (2014). Identification Guide to the Inshore Fish of the British Isles. Pennington, Hampshire: Pisces Conservation Ltd.Google Scholar
Hendrickx, F., Maelfait, J.-P. and Langenbick, F. (2003). Absence of Cadmium Excretion and High Assimilation Result in Cadmium Biomagnification in a Wolf Spider. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 55, 287292.Google Scholar
Henze, M. (1911). Untersuchungen über das Blut der Ascidien. I. Mitteilung Die Vanadiumverbindung der Blutkörperchen. Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift fur physiologische Chemie, 72, 215228.Google Scholar
Herring, P. (2002). The Biology of the Deep Ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Herrington, R., Stanley, C. and Symes, R. (1999). Gold. London: Natural History Museum.Google Scholar
Hildrew, A. G. (2009). Sustained Research on Stream Communities: A Model System and the Comparative Approach. Advances in Ecological Research, 41, 176312.Google Scholar
Hill, I. G., Worden, R. H. and Meighan, I. G. (2000). Geochemical Evolution of a Palaeolaterite: The Interbasaltic Formation, Northern Ireland. Chemical Geology, 166, 6584.Google Scholar
Hillerton, J. E. and Vincent, J. F. V. (1982). The Specific Location of Zinc in Insect Mandibles. Journal of Experimental Biology, 101, 333336.Google Scholar
Hinzmann, M. F., Lopes-Lima, M., Bobos, I., Ferreira, J., Domingua, B. and Machado, J. (2014). Morphological and Chemical Characterization of Mineral Concretions in the Freshwater Bivalve Anodonta cygnaea (Unionidae). Journal of Morphology, 276, 6576.Google Scholar
Hirst, H., Jüttner, I. and Ormerod, S. J. (2002). Comparing the Responses of Diatoms and Macroinvertebrates to Metals in Upland Streams of Wales and Cornwall. Freshwater Biology, 47, 17521765.Google Scholar
Hobbelen, P. H. F., Koolhaas, J. E. and van Gestel, C. A. M. (2006). Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in the Earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea calaginosa in Relation to Total and Available Metal Concentrations in Field Soils. Environmental Pollution, 144, 639646.Google Scholar
Hödl, E., Felder, E., Chabicovsky, M. and Dallinger, R. (2010). Cadmium Stress Stimulates Tissue Turnover in Helix pomatia: Increasing Cell Proliferation from Metal Tolerance to Exhaustion in Molluscan Midgut Gland. Cell and Tissue Research, 341, 159171.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, C., Schubert, G. and Calvignac-Spencer, S. (2016). Aquatic Biodiversity Assessment for the Lazy. Molecular Ecology, 25, 846848.Google Scholar
Hogstrand, C. and Wood, C. M. (1996). The Physiology and Toxicology of Zinc in Fish. In Toxicology of Aquatic Pollution. Physiological, Cellular and Molecular Approaches, ed. Taylor, E. W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6184.Google Scholar
Hollamby, S., Afema-Azikuru, J., Waigo, S., Cameron, K., Gandolf, A. R., Norris, A. and Sikarskie, J. G. (2006). Suggested Guidelines for Use of Avian Species as Biomonitors. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 118, 1320.Google Scholar
Holliday, L. M. and Liss, P. S. (1976). The Behaviour of Dissolved Iron, Manganese and Zinc in the Beaulieu Estuary, S. England. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 4, 349353.Google Scholar
Holsbeek, L., Joiris, C. R., Debacker, V., Ali, I. B., Roose, P., Nellissen, J.-P., Gobert, S., Bouquegneau, J.-M. and Bossicart, M. (1999). Heavy Metals, Organochlorines and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sperm Whales Stranded in the Southern North Sea during the 1994/1995 Winter. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38, 304313.Google Scholar
Hopkin, S. P. (1989). Ecophysiology of Metals in Terrestrial Invertebrates. Barking: Elsevier Applied Science.Google Scholar
Hopkin, S. P. (1990a). Species-Specific Differences in the Net Assimilation of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Iron by the Terrestrial Isopods Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber. Journal of Applied Ecology, 27, 460474.Google Scholar
Hopkin, S. P. (1990b). Critical Concentrations, Pathways of Detoxification and Cellular Ecotoxicology of Metals in Terrestrial Arthropods. Functional Ecology, 4, 321327.Google Scholar
Hopkin, S. P. (1991). A Key to the Woodlice of Britain and Ireland. Field Studies, 7, 599650.Google Scholar
Hopkin, S. P. (1993). Ecological Implications of 95% Protection Levels for Metals in Soil. Oikos, 66, 137141.Google Scholar
Hopkin, S. P. and Hames, C. A. C. (1994). Zinc, among a ‘Cocktail’ of Metal Pollutants, Is Responsible for the Absence of the Terrestrial Isopod Porcellio scaber from the Vicinity of a Primary Smelting Works. Ecotoxicology, 2, 6878.Google Scholar
Hopkin, S. P. and Martin, M. H. (1983). Heavy Metals in the Centipede Lithobius variegatus (Chilopoda). Environmental Pollution B, 6, 309318.Google Scholar
Hopkin, S. P. and Martin, M. H. (1985). Assimilation of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Iron by the Spider Dysdera crocata, a Predator of Woodlice. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 34, 183187.Google Scholar
Hopkin, S. P. and Nott, J. A. (1979). Some Observations on Concentrically Structured Intracellular Granules in the Hepatopancreas of the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 59, 867877.Google Scholar
Hopkin, S. P., Hames, C. A. C. and Bragg, S. (1989a). Terrestrial Isopods as Biological Indicators of Zinc Pollution in the Reading Area, South East England. Monitore Zoologico Italiano (NS), 4, 477488.Google Scholar
Hopkin, S. P., Hardisty, G. N. and Martin, M. H. (1986). The Woodlouse Porcellio scaber as a ‘Biological Indicator’ of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper Pollution. Environmental Pollution, 11B, 271290.Google Scholar
Howard, A. G. and Nickless, G. (1977). Heavy Metal Complexation in Polluted Molluscs. 1. Limpets (Patella vulgata and Patella intermedia). Chemico-Biological Interactions, 16, 107114.Google Scholar
Howard, A. G., Arbab-Zavar, M. H. and Apte, S. (1984). The Behaviour of Dissolved Arsenic in the Estuary of the River Beaulieu. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 19, 493504.Google Scholar
Hudson-Edwards, K. A., Macklin, M. G., Curtis, C. D. and Vaughan, D. J. (1996). Processes of Formation and Distribution of Pb-, Zn-, Cd-, and Cu-Bearing Minerals in the Tyne Basin, Northeast England: Implications for Metal-Contaminated River Systems. Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 7280.Google Scholar
Hummel, H., Modderman, R., Amiard-Triquet, C. et al. (1997). A Comparative Study on the Relation between Copper and Condition Index in Marine Bivalves and the Relation with Copper in the Sediment. Aquatic Toxicology, 38, 165181.Google Scholar
Humphreys, J., Caldow, R. W. G., McGrorty, S., West, A. D. and Jensen, A. C. (2007). Population Dynamics of Naturalised Manila Clams Ruditapes philippinarum in British Coastal Waters. Marine Biology, 151, 22552270.Google Scholar
Hunt, L. E. and Howard, A. G. (1994). Arsenic Speciation and Distribution in the Carnon Estuary Following the Acute Discharge of Contaminated Water from a Disused Mine. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28, 3338.Google Scholar
Hunt, R. F. R. S. (2011). British Mining: A Treatise on the History and Future Prospect of Metalliferous Mines in the United Kingdom. With Illustrations. Book III. London: British Library, Historical Print Editions.Google Scholar
Hunter, B. A., Johnson, M. S. and Thompson, D. J. (1987a). Ecotoxicology of Copper and Cadmium in a Contaminated Grassland Ecosystem. I. Soil and Vegetation Contamination. Journal of Applied Ecology, 24, 573586.Google Scholar
Hunter, B. A., Johnson, M. S. and Thompson, D. J. (1987b). Ecotoxicology of Copper and Cadmium in a Contaminated Grassland Ecosystem. II. Invertebrates. Journal of Applied Ecology, 24, 587599.Google Scholar
Hunter, B. A., Johnson, M. S. and Thompson, D. J. (1987c). Ecotoxicology of Copper and Cadmium in a Contaminated Grassland Ecosystem. III. Small Mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology, 24, 601614.Google Scholar
Hunter, B. A., Johnson, M. S. and Thompson, D. J. (1989). Ecotoxicology of Copper and Cadmium in a Contaminated Grassland Ecosystem. IV. Tissue Distribution and Age Accumulation in Small Mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 8999.Google Scholar
Hutchins, D. A. and Bruland, K. W. (1994). Grazer-Mediated Regeneration and Assimilation of Fe, Zn and Mn from Planktonic Prey. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 110, 259269.Google Scholar
Hutchins, D. A., Wang, W.-X. and Fisher, N. S. (1995). Copepod Grazing and the Biogeochemical Fate of Diatom Iron. Limnology and Oceanography, 40, 989994.Google Scholar
Hutton, M. (1980). Metal Contamination of Feral Pigeons Columba livia from the London area. Part 2. Biological Effects of Lead Exposure. Environmental Pollution, 22A, 281293.Google Scholar
Hutton, M. (1981). Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Selenium in Three Seabird Species from the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution, 26A, 129145.Google Scholar
Hutton, M. (1984). Impact of Airborne Metal Contamination on a Deciduous Woodland System. In Effects of Pollution at the Ecosystem Level, ed. Sheehan, P. J., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. C. and Bourdeau, P.. Chichester: SCOPE, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., pp. 365375.Google Scholar
Hutton, M. and Goodman, G. T. (1980). Metal Contamination of Feral Pigeons Columba livia from the London Area: Part 1. Tissue Accumulation of Lead, Cadmium and Zinc. Environmental Pollution, 22A, 207217.Google Scholar
Hutton, M. and Symon, C. (1986). The Quantities of Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Arsenic Entering the U.K. Environment from Human Activities. Science of the Total Environment, 57, 129150.Google Scholar
Icely, J. D. and Nott, J. A. (1980). Accumulation of Copper within the ‘Hepatopancreatic’ Caeca of Corophium volutator (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Marine Biology, 57, 193199.Google Scholar
Ireland, M. P. (1973). Result of Fluvial Zinc Pollution on the Zinc Content of Littoral and Sub-Littoral Organisms in Cardigan Bay, Wales. Environmental Pollution, 4, 2735.Google Scholar
Ireland, M. P. (1974). Variations in the Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Lead Content of Balanus balanoides in Cardigan Bay, Wales. Environmental Pollution, 7, 6575.Google Scholar
Ireland, M. P. (1979a). Distribution of Metals in the Digestive Gland-Gonad Complex of the Marine Gastropod Nucella lapillus. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 45, 322327.Google Scholar
Ireland, M. P. (1979b). Distribution of Essential and Toxic Metals in the Terrestrial Gastropod Arion ater. Environmental Pollution, 20, 271278.Google Scholar
Ireland, M. P. and Richards, K. S. (1977). The Occurrence and Localisation of Heavy Metals and Glycogen in the Earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrobaena rubidus from a Heavy Metal Site. Histochemistry, 51, 153166.Google Scholar
Ireland, M. P. and Wootton, R. J. (1977). Distribution of Lead, Zinc, Copper and Manganese in the Marine Gastropods, Thais lapillus and Littorina littorea, around the Coast of Wales. Environmental Pollution, 12, 2741.Google Scholar
Ishii, T., Otake, T., Okoshi, K., Nakahara, M. and Nakamura, R. (1994). Intracellular Localization of Vanadium in the Fan Worm Pseudopotamilla occelata. Marine Biology, 121, 143151.Google Scholar
Izagirre, U. and Marigómez, I. (2009). Lysosomal Enlargement and Lysosomal Membrane Destabilisation in Mussel Digestive Cells Measured by an Integrative Index. Environmental Pollution, 157, 15441553.Google Scholar
Jackson, A. P. and Alloway, B. J. (1992). The Transfer of Cadmium from Agricultural Soils to the Human Food Chain. In Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals, ed. Adriano, D. C.. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 109158.Google Scholar
Jain, S. K. and Bradshaw, A. D. (1966). Evolutionary Divergence among Adjacent Plant Populations. I. The Evidence and Its Theoretical Analysis. Heredity, 21, 407441.Google Scholar
Janssen, M. P. M., Bruins, A., De Vries, T. H. and van Straalen, N. M. (1991). Comparison of Cadmium Kinetics in Four Soil Arthropod Species. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 20, 305312.Google Scholar
Janssens, E., Dauwe, T., Bervoets, L. and Eens, M. (2001). Heavy Metals and Selenium in Feathers of Great Tits (Parus major) along a Metal Pollution Gradient. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20, 28152820.Google Scholar
Janssens, E., Dauwe, T., Pinxten, R. and Eens, M. (2003). Breeding Performance of Great Tits (Parus major) along a Gradient of Heavy Metal Pollution. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22, 11401145.Google Scholar
Janssens de Bisthoven, I. G., Timmermans, K. R. and Ollevier, F. (1992). The Concentration of Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Zinc in Chironomus gr. thummi Larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) with Deformed versus Normal Menta. Hydrobiologia, 239, 141149.Google Scholar
Janz, D. M., DeForest, D. K., Brooks, M. L., et al. (2010). Selenium Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms. In Ecological Assessment of Selenium in the Aquatic Environment, ed. Chapman, P. M., Adams, W. J., Brooks, M. L., et al. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 141231.Google Scholar
Järup, L. and Ǻkesson, A. (2009). Current Status of Cadmium as an Environmental Health Problem. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 238, 201208.Google Scholar
Jarvis, A. P. and Younger, P. L. (1997). Dominating Chemical Factors in Mine Water Induced Impoverishment of the Invertebrate Fauna of Two Streams in the Durham Coalfield, UK. Chemistry and Ecology, 13, 249270.Google Scholar
Jarvis, A. P. and Younger, P. L. (2000). Broadening the Scope of Mine Water Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 20, 8596.Google Scholar
Jeffries, M. and Mills, D. (1990). Freshwater Ecology: Principles and Applications. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Jennings, J. B. (1968). Nutrition and Digestion. In Chemical Zoology, vol. 2, ed. Florkin, M. and Scheer, B. T.. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 303326.Google Scholar
Jensen, A., Carrier, I. and Richardson, N. (2005b). Marine Fisheries of Poole Harbour. In The Ecology of Poole Harbour, ed. Humphreys, J. and May, V.. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 195203.Google Scholar
Jensen, A., Humphreys, J., Caldow, R. and Cesar, C. (2005a). The Manila Clam in Poole Harbour. In The Ecology of Poole Harbour, ed. Humphreys, J. and May, V.. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 163173.Google Scholar
Jensen, J. K., Holm, P. E., Nejrup, J., Larsen, M. B. and Borggaard, O. K. (2009). The Potential of Willow for Remediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Calcareous Urban Soils. Environmental Pollution, 157, 931937.Google Scholar
Jepson, P. D., Bennett, P. M., Allchin, C. R., et al. (1999). Investigating Potential Associations between Chronic Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Infectious Disease Mortality in Harbour Porpoises from England and Wales. Science of the Total Environment, 243–244, 339348.Google Scholar
Jepson, P. D., Bennett, P. M., Deaville, R., Allchin, C. R., Baker, J. R. and Law, R. J. (2005). Relationships between PCBs and Health Status in Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Stranded in the United Kingdom. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24, 238248.Google Scholar
Jepson, P. D., Deaville, R., Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., et al. (2013). What Caused the UK’s Largest Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) Mass Stranding Event? PLoS ONE, 8, e60953.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. S. and Eaton, J. W. (1980). Environmental Contamination through Residual Trace Metal Dispersal from a Derelict Lead–Zinc Mine. Journal of Environmental Quality, 9, 175179.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. S., Roberts, R. D., Hutton, M. and Inskip, M. J. (1978). Distribution of Lead, Zinc and Cadmium in Small Mammals from Polluted Environments. Oikos, 30, 153159.Google Scholar
Johnston, E. L. and Keough, M. J. (2002). Direct and Indirect Effects of Repeated Pollution Events on Marine Hard-Substrate Assemblages. Ecological Applications, 12, 12121228.Google Scholar
Johnston, E. L. and Keough, M. J. (2003). Competition Modifies the Response of Organisms to Toxic Disturbance. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 251, 1526.Google Scholar
Johnston, E. L., Marzinelli, E. M., Wood, C. A., Speranza, D. and Bishop, J. D. D. (2011). Bearing the Burden of Boat Harbours: Heavy Contaminant and Fouling Loads in a Native Habitat-Forming Alga. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 21372144.Google Scholar
Johnstone, K. M., Rainbow, P. S., Clark, P. F., Smith, B. D. and Morritt, D. (2016). Trace Metal Bioavailabilities in the Thames Estuary: Continuing Decline in the 21st Century. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 96, 205216.Google Scholar
Jonas, P. J. C. and Millward, G. E. (2010). Metals and Nutrients in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel: Contemporary Inputs and Distribution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 61, 5267.Google Scholar
Jones, D. T. and Hopkin, S. P. (1998). Reduced Survival and Body Size in the Terrestrial Isopod Porcellio scaber from a Metal-Polluted Environment. Environmental Pollution, 99, 215223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, J. I., Davy-Bowker, J., Murphy, J. F. and Pretty, J. L. (2010). Ecological Monitoring and Assessment of Pollution in Rivers. In Ecology of Industrial Pollution, ed. Batty, L. C. and Hallberg, K. B.. Cambridge: British Ecological Society, Cambridge University Press, pp. 126146.Google Scholar
Jones, J. I., Spencer, K., Rainbow, P. S., et al. (2016). The Ecological Impacts of Contaminated Sediment from Abandoned. Metal Mines. Final Report, WT0970 Characterisation and Targeting of Measures for (Non-Coal) Polluted Mine Waters: Impacts of Contaminated Sediment on Ecological Recovery. London: DEFRA, pp. 1352.Google Scholar
Jones, J. R. E. (1940). A Study of the Zinc-Polluted River Ystwyth in North Cardiganshire, Wales. Annals of Applied Biology, 27, 368378.Google Scholar
Jones, J. R. E. (1949). An Ecological Study of the River Rheidol, North Cardiganshire, Wales. Journal of Animal Ecology, 18, 6788.Google Scholar
Jones, J. R. E. (1958). A Further Study of the Zinc-Polluted River Ystwyth. Journal of Animal Ecology, 27, 114.Google Scholar
Jones, K. C., Peterson, P. J. and Davies, B. E. (1985). Silver and Other Metals in Some Aquatic Bryophytes from Streams in the Lead Mining District of Mid-Wales, Great Britain. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 24, 329338.Google Scholar
Julshamn, K., Duinker, A., Nilsen, B. M., Ndreaas, K. and Maage, A. (2013). A Baseline of Metals in Cod (Gadus morhua) from the North Sea and Coastal Norwegian Waters, with Focus on Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 72, 264273.Google Scholar
Jürgens, M. D., Johnson, A. C., Jones, K. C., Hughes, D. and Lawlor, A. J. (2013). The Presence of EU Priority Substances Mercury, Hexachlorobenzene, Hexachlorobutadiene and PBDEs in Wild Fish from Four English Rivers. Science of the Total Environment, 461–462, 441452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalman, J., Bonnail-Miguel, E., Smith, B. D., Bury, N. R. and Rainbow, P. S. (2015). Toxicity and the Fractional Distribution of Trace Metals Accumulated from Contaminated Sediments by the Clam Scrobicularia plana Exposed in the Laboratory and the Field. Science of the Total Environment, 506–507, 109117.Google Scholar
Kalman, J., Smith, B. D., Bury, N. R. and Rainbow, P. S. (2014). Biodynamic Modelling of the Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals by an Infaunal Estuarine Invertebrate, the Clam Scrobicularia plana. Aquatic Toxicology, 154, 121130.Google Scholar
Kammenga, J. E., Dallinger, R., Donker, M. H., Köhler, H.-R., Simonsen, V., Triebskorn, R. and Weeks, J. M. (2000). Biomarkers in Terrestrial Invertebrates for Ecotoxicological Soil Risk Assessment. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 164, 93147.Google Scholar
Kannan, K. and Tanabe, S. (1997). Response to Comment on ‘Elevated Accumulation of Tributyltin and Its Breakdown Products in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Found Stranded along the US Atlantic and Gulf Coasts’. Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 30353036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kannan, K., Blakenship, A. L., Jones, P. D. and Giesy, J. P. (2000). Toxicity Reference Values for the Toxic Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to Aquatic Mammals. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 6, 181201.Google Scholar
Kelly, M. (1988). Mining and the Freshwater Environment. London and New York, NY: Elsevier Applied Science.Google Scholar
Kelly, M. G., Girton, C. and Whitton, B. A. (1987). Use of Moss-Bags for Monitoring Heavy Metals in Rivers. Water Research, 21, 14291435.Google Scholar
Kelly, M. G., Juggins, S., Guthrie, R., et al. (2008). Assessment of Ecological Status in UK Rivers Using Diatoms. Freshwater Biology, 53, 403422.Google Scholar
Khan, F. R., Irving, J. R., Bury, N. R. and Hogstrand, C. (2011). Differential Tolerance of Two Gammarus pulex Populations Transplanted from Different Metallogenic Regions to a Polymetal Gradient. Aquatic Toxicology, 102, 95103.Google Scholar
Kicklighter, C. E. and Hay, M. E. (2007). To Avoid or Deter: Interactions among Defensive and Escape Strategies in Sabellid Worms. Oecologia, 151, 161173.Google Scholar
Kilkenny, B. and Good, J. A. (1998). Rehabilitation of Abandoned Metalliferous Mine Spoil Using Composted Sewage Sludge at Avoca Mines, County Wicklow, (Ireland). In GREEN 2. Contaminated and Derelict Land, ed. Sarsby, R. W.. London: Thomas Telford, pp. 476482.Google Scholar
Kirby, J., Delany, S. and Quinn, J. (1994). Mute swans in Great Britain: A Review, Current Status and Long-Term Trends. Hydrobiologia, 280, 467482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klages, N. T. W. (1996). Cephalopods as Prey. II. Seals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B, 351, 10451052.Google Scholar
Klumpp, D. W. and Peterson, P. J. (1979). Arsenic and Other Trace Elements in the Waters and Organisms of an Estuary in SW England. Environmental Pollution, 19, 1120.Google Scholar
Knight, B., Zhao, F. J., McGrath, S. P. and Shen, Z. G. (1997). Zinc and Cadmium Uptake by the Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens in Contaminated Soils and Its Effects on the Concentration and Speciation of Metals in Soil Solution. Plant and Soil, 197, 7178.Google Scholar
Knight, M. and Parke, M. (1950). A Biological Study of Fucus vesiculosus L. and F. serratus L. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 29, 439514.Google Scholar
Kochian, L. V. (1995). Cellular Mechanisms of Aluminium Toxicity and Resistance in Plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 46, 237260.Google Scholar
Koeman, J. H., Peeters, W. H. M., Koudstaal-Hol, C. H. M, Tjioe, P. S. and de Goeij, J. J. M. (1973). Mercury-Selenium Correlations in Marine Mammals. Nature, 245, 385386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Köhler, H.-R. (2002). Localization of Metals in Cells of Saprophagous Soil Arthropods (Isopoda, Diplopoda, Collembola). Microscopy Research and Technique, 56, 393401.Google Scholar
Köhler, H.-R., Körtje, K.-H. and Albert, G. (1995). Content, Absorption Quantities and Intracellular Storage Site of Heavy Metals in Diplopoda. BioMetals, 8, 3746.Google Scholar
Kraak, M. H. S., Scholten, M. C. T., Peeters, W. H. M. and de Kock, W. C. (1991). Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in the Western European Rivers Rhine and Meuse Using the Freshwater Mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Environmental Pollution, 74, 101114.Google Scholar
Kramarz, P. (1999). Dynamics of Accumulation and Decontamination of Cadmium and Zinc in Carnivorous Invertebrates. 1. The Ground Beetle, Poecilus cupreus L. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63, 531537.Google Scholar
Krämer, U., Cotter-Howells, J. D., Charnock, J. M., Baker, A. J. M. and Smith, J. A. (1996). Free Histidine as A Metal Chelator in Plants that Accumulate Nickel. Nature, 379, 635638.Google Scholar
Krång, A.-S. and Rosenqvist, G. (2006). Effects of Manganese on Chemically Induced Food Search Behaviour of the Norway Lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.). Aquatic Toxicology, 78, 284291.Google Scholar
Lancaster, J. and Downes, B. J. (2013). Aquatic Entomology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lane, T. W., Saito, M. A., George, G. N., Pickering, I. J., Prince, R. C. and Morel, F. M. M. (2005). A Cadmium Enzyme from a Marine Diatom. Nature, 435, 42.Google Scholar
Langdon, C. J., Piearce, T. G., Black, S. and Semple, K. T. (1999). Resistance to Arsenic-Toxicity in a Population of the Earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31, 19631967.Google Scholar
Langdon, C. J., Piearce, T. G., Meharg, A. A. and Semple, K. T. (2001). Resistance to Copper Toxicity in Populations of the Earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrodrilus rubidus from Contaminated Mine Wastes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20, 23362341.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J. (1980). Arsenic in U.K. Estuarine Sediments and Its Availability to Benthic Organisms. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 60, 869881.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J. (1982). The Distribution of Mercury in British Estuarine Sediments and Its Availability to Deposit-Feeding Bivalves. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 62, 667684.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J. (1983). The Behaviour of Arsenic in Selected United Kingdom Estuaries. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40 (Suppl. 2), 143150.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J. (1984). Availability of Arsenic to Estuarine and Marine Organisms: A Field and Laboratory Evaluation. Marine Biology, 80, 143154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langston, W. J. (1986). Metals in Sediments and Benthic Organisms in the Mersey Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 23, 239261.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J. (1995). Tributyl Tin in the Marine Environment: A Review of Past and Present Risks. Pesticide Outlook, Dec, 18–24.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J. and Zhou, M. (1987). Cadmium Accumulation, Distribution and Metabolism in the Gastropod Littorina littorea: The Role of Metal-Binding Proteins. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67, 585601.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J., Bebianno, M. J. and Burt, G. R. (1998). Metal Handling Strategies in Molluscs. In Metal Metabolism in Aquatic Environments, ed. Langston, W. J. and Bebianno, M.. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 219283.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J., Chesman, B. S. and Burt, G. R. (2006). Characterisation of European Marine Sites. Mersey Estuary SPA. Occasional Publications of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 18, 1185.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J., Chesman, B. S., Burt, G. R., Pope, N. D. and McEvoy, J. (2002). Metallothionein in Liver of Eels Anguilla anguilla from the Thames Estuary: An Indicator of Environmental Quality? Marine Environmental Research, 53, 263293.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J., Pope, N. D., Chesman, B. S. and Burt, G. R. (2004). Bioaccumulation of Metals in the Thames Estuary: 2001.Thames Estuary Environmental Quality Series, 10, 1139.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J., Pope, N. D., Davey, M., et al. (2015). Recovery from TBT Pollution in English Channel Environments: A Problem Solved? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 95, 551564.Google Scholar
Langston, W. J., Pope, N. D., Jonas, P. J. C., et al. (2010). Contaminants in Fine Sediments and Their Consequences for Biota of the Severn Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 61, 6882.Google Scholar
Laslett, R. E. (1995). Concentrations of Dissolved and Suspended Particulate Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in Surface Waters around the Coasts of England and Wales and in Adjacent Seas. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 40, 6785.Google Scholar
Law, R. J. (1996). Metals in Marine Mammals. In Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, ed. Beyer, W. N., Heinz, G. H. and Redmon-Norwood, A. W.. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 357376.Google Scholar
Law, R. J., Barry, J., Barber, J. L., et al. (2012). Contaminants in Cetaceans from UK Waters: Status as Assessed within the Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme from 1990 to 2008. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 14851494.Google Scholar
Law, R. J., Bennett, M. E., Blake, S. J., Allchin, C. R., Jones, B. R. and Spurrier, C. J. H. (2001). Metals and Organochlorines in Pelagic Cetaceans Stranded on the Coasts of England and Wales. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 522526.Google Scholar
Law, R. J., Blake, S. J., Jones, B. R. and Rogan, E. (1998). Organotin Compounds in Liver Tissue of Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and Grey Seals (Halichoerus grypus) from the Coastal Waters of England and Wales. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36, 241247.Google Scholar
Law, R. J., Blake, S. J. and Spurrier, C. J. H. (1999). Butyltin Compounds in Liver Tissues of Pelagic Cetaceans Stranded on the Coasts of England and Wales. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38, 12581261.Google Scholar
Law, R. J., Jones, B. R., Baker, J. R., Kennedy, S., Milne, R. and Morris, R. J. (1992). Trace Metals in Livers of Marine Mammals from the Welsh Coast and the Irish Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 24, 296304.Google Scholar
Law, R. J., Stringer, R. L., Allchin, C. R. and Jones, B. R. (1996). Metals and Organochlorines in Sperm Whales (Physeter macrocephalus) Stranded around the North Sea during the 1994/1995 Winter. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 32, 7277.Google Scholar
Law, R. J., Waldock, M. J., Allchin, C. R., Laslett, R. E. and Bailey, K. J. (1994). Contaminants in Seawater around England and Wales: Results from Monitoring Surveys, 1990–1992. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28, 668675.Google Scholar
Lee, B.-G. and Fisher, N.S. (1992). Decomposition and Release of Elements from Zooplankton Debris. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 88, 117128.Google Scholar
Lee, S. V. and Cundy, A. B. (2001). Heavy Metal Contamination and Mixing Processes in Sediments from the Humber Estuary, Eastern England. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 53, 619636.Google Scholar
Lee, T. W and Morel, F. M. M. (1995). Replacement of Zinc by Cadmium in Marine Phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 127, 305309.Google Scholar
Leffler, P. E. and Nyholm, N. E. (1996). Nephrotoxic Effects in Free-Living Bank Voles in a Heavy Metal Polluted Environment. Ambio, 25, 417420.Google Scholar
Lemly, A. D. (2004). Aquatic Selenium Pollution Is a Global Environmental Safety Issue. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 59, 4456.Google Scholar
Lenz, M. and Lens, P. N. L. (2009). The Essential Toxin: The Changing Perception of Selenium in Environmental Sciences. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 36203633.Google Scholar
Lepp, N. W. (1992). Uptake and Accumulation of Metals in Bacteria and Fungi. In Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals, ed. Adriano, D. C.. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 277298.Google Scholar
Lewis, S. A., Becker, P. H. and Furness, R. W. (1993). Mercury Levels in Eggs, Tissues, and Feathers of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus from the German Wadden Sea Coast. Environmental Pollution, 80, 293299.Google Scholar
Li, X. and Thornton, I. (1993a). Multi-Element Contamination of Soils and Plants in Old Mining Areas, U.K. Applied Geochemistry, Suppl. Issue 2, 51–56.Google Scholar
Li, X. and Thornton, I. (1993b). Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth in Soil and Pasture Herbage in Some Old Metalliferous Mining Areas in England. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 15, 135144.Google Scholar
Lichtenegger, H. C., Schöberl, T., Bartl, M. H., Waite, J. H. and Stucky, G. D. (2002). High Abrasion Resistance with Sparse Mineralization: Copper Biomineral in Worm Jaws. Science, 298, 389392.Google Scholar
Lichtenegger, H. C., Schöberl, T., Ruokolainen, J. T., et al. (2003). Zinc and Mechanical Prowess in the Jaws of Nereis, a Marine Worm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 91449149.Google Scholar
Lincoln, R. J. (1979). British Marine Amphipoda: Gammaridea. London: British Museum (Natural History).Google Scholar
Lindberg, P. and Odsjö, T. (1983). Mercury Levels in Feathers of Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Compared with Total Mercury Content in Some of Its Prey Species in Sweden. Environmental Pollution B, 5, 297318.Google Scholar
Lisk, D. J. (1988). Environmental Implications of Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste and Ash Disposal. Science of the Total Environment, 74, 3966.Google Scholar
Little, D. I. and Smith, J. (1994). Appraisal of Contaminants in Sediments of the Inner Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 51, 5569.Google Scholar
Little, P. and Martin, M. H. (1972). A Survey of Zinc, Lead and Cadmium in Soil and Natural Vegetation around a Smelting Complex. Environmental Pollution, 3, 241254.Google Scholar
Liu, F. and Wang, W.-W. (2011). Metallothionein-Like Proteins Turnover, Cd and Zn Biokinetics in the Dietary Cd-Exposed Scallop Chlamys nobilis. Aquatic Toxicology, 105, 361368.Google Scholar
Liu, F. and Wang, W.-W. (2012). Proteome Pattern in Oysters as a Diagnostic Tool for Metal Pollution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 239–240, 241248.Google Scholar
Ljung, K., Selinus, O., Ottabbong, E. and Berglund, M. (2006). Metal and Arsenic Distribution in Soil Particle Size Relevant to Soil Ingestion by Children. Applied Geochemistry, 21, 16131624.Google Scholar
Lobel, P. B. (1987a). Short-Term and Long-Term Uptake of Zinc by the Mussel, Mytilus edulis: A Study in Individual Variability. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 16, 723732.Google Scholar
Lobel, P. B. (1987b). Intersite, Intrasite and Inherent Variability of the Whole Soft Tissue Zinc Concentrations of Individual Mussels Mytilus edulis: The Importance of the Kidney. Marine Environmental Research, 21, 5971.Google Scholar
Lobel, P. B. and Wright, D. A. (1983). Frequency Distribution of Zinc Concentrations in the Common Mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.). Estuaries, 6, 154159.Google Scholar
Lobel, P. B., Mogie, P., Wright, D. A. and Wu, B. L. (1982). Metal Accumulation in Four Molluscs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 13, 170174.Google Scholar
Lodenius, M. and Solonen, T. (2013). The Use of Feathers of Birds of Prey as Indicators of Metal Pollution. Ecotoxicology, 22, 13191334.Google Scholar
Lofts, S., Spurgeon, D. J., Svendsen, C. and Tipping, E. (2004). Deriving Soil Critical Limits for Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb: A Method Based on Free Ion Concentrations. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 36233631.Google Scholar
Long, E. R. and Chapman, P. M. (1985). A Sediment Quality Triad: Measures of Sediment Contamination, Toxicity and Infaunal Community Composition in Puget Sound. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 16, 405415.Google Scholar
Lottermoser, B. G. (2011). Recycling, Reuse and Rehabilitation of Mine Wastes. Elements, 7, 405410.Google Scholar
Lousley, J. E. (1950). Wild Flowers of Chalk and Limestone. London: New Naturalist, Collins.Google Scholar
Lunn, A. (2004). Northumberland. London: New Naturalist, Collins.Google Scholar
Luoma, S. N. (1977). Detection of Trace Contaminant Effects in Aquatic Ecosystems. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 34, 436439.Google Scholar
Luoma, S. N. (1989). Can We Determine the Biological Availability of Sediment-Bound Trace Elements? Hydrobiologia, 176/177, 379396.Google Scholar
Luoma, S. N. and Bryan, G. W. (1978). Factors Controlling the Availability of Sediment-Bound Lead to the Estuarine Bivalve Scrobicularia plana. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 793802.Google Scholar
Luoma, S. N. and Bryan, G. W. (1982). A Statistical Study of Environmental Factors Controlling Concentrations of Heavy Metals in the Burrowing Bivalve Scrobicularia plana and the Polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 15, 95108.Google Scholar
Luoma, S. N. and Rainbow, P. S. (2005). Why Is Metal Bioaccumulation So Variable? Biodynamics as a Unifying Concept. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 19211931.Google Scholar
Luoma, S. N. and Rainbow, P. S. (2008). Metal Contamination in Aquatic Environments: Science and Lateral Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Luoma, S. N., Cain, D. J. and Rainbow, P. S. (2010). Calibrating Biomonitors to Ecological Disturbance: A New Technique for Deciphering Metal Effects in Natural Waters. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 6, 199209.Google Scholar
Ma, W. C. (1987). Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Mole, Talpa europea, and Earthworms as an Indicator of Metal Bioavailability in Terrestrial Environments. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 39, 933938.Google Scholar
Ma, W. C. (1989). Effect of Soil Pollution with Metallic Lead Pellets on Lead Bioaccumulation and Organ/Body Weight Alterations in Small Mammals. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 18, 617622.Google Scholar
Ma, W. C. (2011). Lead in Mammals. In Environmental Contaminants in Biota: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, 2nd edn., ed. Beador, W. N. and Meador, J. P.. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Books, pp. 595607.Google Scholar
MacGregor, N. (2010). A History of the World in 100 Objects. 19 Mold Gold Cape. London: Allen Lane, Penguin Group.Google Scholar
Mackay, D. W., Halcrow, W. and Thornton, I. (1972). Sludge Dumping in the Firth of Clyde. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 3, 711.Google Scholar
Macnair, M. R. (2003). The Hyperaccumulation of Metals by Plants. Advances in Botanical Research, 40, 63105.Google Scholar
Mahfouz, C., Henry, F., Courcot, L., et al. (2014). Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Stranded along the Southern North Sea: An Assessment through Metallic Contamination. Environmental Research, 133, 266273.Google Scholar
Maitland, P. S. and Campbell, R. N. (1992). Freshwater Fishes. London: New Naturalist, Collins.Google Scholar
Maltby, L. and Naylor, C. (1990). Preliminary Observations on the Ecological Relevance of the Gammarus ‘Scope for Growth’ Assay: Effect of Zinc on Reproduction. Functional Ecology, 4, 393397.Google Scholar
Maltby, L., Clayton, S. A, Wood, R. M. and McLoughlin, N. (2002). Evaluation of the Gammarus pulex in situ Feeding Assay as a Biomonitor of Water Quality: Robustness, Responsiveness, and Relevance. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 21, 361368.Google Scholar
Maltby, L., Naylor, C. and Calow, P. (1990a). Field Deployment of a Scope for Growth Assay Involving Gammarus pulex, a Freshwater Benthic Detritivore. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 19, 292300.Google Scholar
Maltby, L., Naylor, C. and Calow, P. (1990b). Effect of Stress on a Freshwater Benthic Detritivore: Scope for Growth in Gammarus pulex. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 19, 285291.Google Scholar
Manly, R. and George, W. O. (1977). The Occurrence of Some Heavy Metals in Populations of the Freshwater Mussel Anodonta anatina (L.) from the River Thames. Environmental Pollution, 14, 139154.Google Scholar
Mantel, L. H. and Farmer, L. L. (1983). Osmotic and Ionic Regulation. In The Biology of Crustacea, Vol. 5: Internal Anatomy and Physiological Regulation, ed. Mantel, L. H.. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 54161.Google Scholar
Mantoura, R. F. C., Dickson, A. and Riley, J. P. (1978). The Complexation of Metals with Humic Materials in Natural Waters. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 6, 387408.Google Scholar
Marchant, B. P., Tye, A. M. and Rawlins, B. G. (2011). The Assessment of Point-Source and Diffuse Soil Metal Pollution Using Robust Geostatistical Methods: A Case Study in Swansea (Wales, UK). European Journal of Soil Science, 62, 346358.Google Scholar
Marigómez, I., Soto, M., Carajaville, M. P., Angulo, E. and Giamberini, L. ( 2002). Cellular and Subcellular Distribution of Metals in Molluscs. Microscopy Research and Technique, 56, 358392.Google Scholar
Martin, D. J. and Rainbow, P. S. (1998). The Kinetics of Zinc and Cadmium in the Haemolymph of the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas. Aquatic Toxicology, 40, 203231.Google Scholar
Martin, M. H., Coughtrey, P. J. and Young, E. W. (1976). Observations on the Availability of Lead, Zinc, Cadmium and Copper in Woodland Litter and the Uptake of Lead, Zinc and Cadmium by the Woodlouse, Oniscus asellus. Chemosphere, 5, 313318.Google Scholar
Martin, M. H., Duncan, E. M. and Coughtrey, P. J. (1982). The Distribution of Heavy Metals in a Contaminated Woodland Ecosystem. Environmental Pollution, 3, 147157.Google Scholar
Martín-Díaz, M. L., Blasco, J., Sales, D. and DelValls, T. A. (2009). The Use of a Kinetic Biomarker Approach for in Situ Monitoring of Littoral Sediments Using the Crab Carcinus maenas. Marine Environmental Research, 68, 8288.Google Scholar
Martinez, E. A., Moore, B. C., Schaumloffel, J. and Dasgupta, N. (2003). Morphological Abnormalities in Chironomus tentans Exposed to Cadmium- and Copper-Spiked Sediments. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 55, 204212.Google Scholar
Martoja, R. and Berry, J.-P. (1980). Identification of Tiemannite as a Probable Product of Demethylation of Mercury by Selenium in Cetaceans: A Complement to the Scheme of the Biological Cycle of Mercury. Vie et Milieu, 30, 710.Google Scholar
Martoja, R. and Viale, D. (1977). Accumulation de granules de sélèniure mercurique dans le foie d’Odontocètes (Mammifères, Cétacés): un mécanisme possible de détoxication du mêthyl-mercure par le sélénium. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences D, 285, 109112.Google Scholar
Martoja, M., Tue, V. T. and Elkaïm, B. (1980). Bioaccumulation du cuivre chez Littorina littorea (L.) (Gastéropode Prosobranche): signification physiologique et écologique. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 43, 251270.Google Scholar
Mason, A. Z. and Jenkins, K. D. (1995). Metal Detoxification in Aquatic Organisms. In Metal Speciation and Aquatic Systems, ed. Tessier, A. and Turner, D. R.. New York, NY:.Wiley, pp. 479608.Google Scholar
Mason, A.Z. and Nott, J. A. (1981). The Role of Intracellular Biomineralized Granules in the Regulation and Detoxification of Metals in Gastropods with Special Reference to the Marine Prosobranch Littorina littorea. Aquatic Toxicology, 1, 239256.Google Scholar
Mason, A. Z. and Simkiss, K. (1983). Interactions between Metals and Their Distribution in Tissues of Littorina littorea (L.) Collected from Clean and Polluted Sites. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 63, 661672.Google Scholar
Mason, A. Z., Simkiss, K. and Ryan, K. P. (1984). The Ultrastructural Localization of Metals in Specimens of Littorina littorea Collected from Clean and Polluted Sites. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 64, 699720.Google Scholar
Mason, C. F. (1987). A Survey of Mercury, Lead and Cadmium in Muscle of British Freshwater Fish. Chemosphere, 16, 901906.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, H. (2000). Cell Biology of Aluminium Toxicity and Tolerance in Higher Plants. International Review of Cytology, 200, 146.Google Scholar
Matthews, H. and Thornton, I. (1982). Seasonal and Species Variation in the Content of Cadmium and Associated Metals in Pasture Plants at Shipham. Plant and Soil, 66, 181193.Google Scholar
Matthiessen, P., Bifield, S., Jarrett, F., et al. (1998). An Assessment of Sediment Toxicity in the River Tyne Estuary, UK by Means of Bioassays. Marine Environmental Research, 45, 115.Google Scholar
Mauchline, J. (1984). Euphausiid, Stomatopod and Leptostracan Crustaceans. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 30. Leiden: Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association, E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys.Google Scholar
Maund, S. J., Taylor, E. J. and Pascoe, D. (1992). Population Responses of the Freshwater Amphipod Crustacean Gammarus pulex (L.) to Copper. Freshwater Biology, 28, 2936.Google Scholar
McEvoy, J., Langston, W. J., Burt, G. R. and Pope, N. D. (2000). Bioaccumulation of Metals in the Thames Estuary: 1997. Thames Estuary Environmental Quality Series, 2, 1116.Google Scholar
McGeer, J. C., Brix, K. V., Skeaff, J. M., et al. (2003). Inverse Relationship between Bioconcentration Factor and Exposure Concentration for Metals: Implications for Hazard Assessment of Metals in the Aquatic Environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22, 10171037.Google Scholar
McKenzie, L. A., Brooks, R. and Johnston, E. L. (2011). Heritable Pollution Tolerance in a Marine Invader. Environmental Research, 111, 926932.Google Scholar
McKenzie, L. A., Brooks, R. and Johnston, E. L. (2012a). A Widespread Contaminant Enhances Invasion Success of a Marine Invader. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 767773.Google Scholar
McKenzie, L. A., Brooks, R. and Johnston, E. L. (2012b). Using Clones and Copper to Resolve the Genetic Architecture of Metal Tolerance in a Marine Invader. Ecology and Evolution, 2, 13191329.Google Scholar
McKie, J. C., Davies, I. M. and Topping, G. (1980). Heavy Metals in Grey Seals (Halichoerus grypus) from the East Coast of Scotland. International Council for the Exploration of the Seas ICES, 1980/E, 41, 113.Google Scholar
McLean, R. O. and Jones, A. K. (1975). Studies of Tolerance to Heavy Metals in the Flora of the Rivers Ystwyth and Clarach, Wales. Freshwater Biology, 5, 431444.Google Scholar
Meador, J. P. (2000). Predicting the Fate and Effects of Tributyltin in Marine Systems. Reviews in Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 166, 148.Google Scholar
Meharg, A. A. and Macnair, M. R. (1991). Uptake, Accumulation and Translocation of Arsenate in Arsenate-Tolerant and Non-Tolerant Holcus lanatus L. New Phytologist, 117, 225231.Google Scholar
Meier, S., Azćon, R., Cartes, P., Borie, F. and Cornejo, P. (2011). Alleviation of Cu Toxicity in Oenothera picensis by Copper-Adapted Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Treated Agrowaste Residue. Applied Soil Ecology, 48, 117124.Google Scholar
Meier, S., Borie, F., Bolan, N. and Cornejo, P. (2012). Phytoremediation of Metal-Polluted Soils by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 741775.Google Scholar
Mendez, M. O. and Maier, R. M. (2008). Phytoremediation of Mine Tailings in Temperate and Arid Environments. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 7, 4759.Google Scholar
Mersch, J., Jeanjean, A., Spor, H. and Pihan, J.-C. (1992). The Freshwater Mussel Dreissena polymorpha as a Bioindicator for Trace Metals, Organochlorines and Radionuclides. In The Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha: Ecology, Biological Monitoring and First Applications in Water Quality Management, ed. Neumann, D. and Jenner, H. A.. Stuttgart, Jena and New York, NY: Gustav Fischer Verlag, pp. 227244.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J. L. (1989). Biological Water Quality Assessment of Running Waters Based on Macroinvertebrate Communities: History and Present Status in Europe. Environmental Pollution, 60, 101139.Google Scholar
Michailova, P., Ilkova, J., Kerr, R. and White, K. (2009). Chromosome Variability in Chironomus acidophilus Keyl, 1960 from the Afon Goch, UK: A River Subject to Long-Term Trace Metal Pollution. Aquatic Insects, 31, 213225.Google Scholar
Michibata, H., Terada, T., Anada, N., Yamakawa, K. and Numakunai, T. (1986). The Accumulation and Distribution of Vanadium, Iron, and Manganese in Some Solitary Ascidians. Biological Bulletin, 171, 672681.Google Scholar
Michibata, H., Uyama, T., Ueki, T. and Kanamori, K. (2002). Vanadocytes, Cells Hold the Key to Resolving the Highly Selective Accumulation and Reduction of Vanadium in Ascidians. Microscopy Research and Technique, 56, 421434.Google Scholar
Migeon, A., Richaud, P., Guinet, F., Chalot, M. and Blaudez, D. (2009). Metal Accumulation by Woody Species on Contaminated Sites in the North of France. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 204, 89101.Google Scholar
Miller, B. S. (1986). Trace Metals in the Common Mussel Mytilus edulis (L.) in the Clyde Estuary. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 90B, 377391.Google Scholar
Millero, F. J., Woosley, R., Ditrolio, B. and Waters, J. (2009). Effect of Ocean Acidification on the Speciation of Metals in Seawater. Oceanography, 22, 7285.Google Scholar
Millward, R. N. (1996). Intracellular Inclusions in the Nematode Tripyloides marinus from Metal-Enriched and Cleaner Estuaries in Cornwall, South-West England. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 76, 885895.Google Scholar
Millward, R. N. and Grant, A. (1995). Assessing the Impact of Copper on Nematode Communities from a Chronically Metal-Enriched Estuary Using Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 30, 701706.Google Scholar
Millward, R. N. and Grant, A. (2000). Pollution-Induced Tolerance to Copper of Nematode Communities in the Severely Contaminated Restronguet Creek and Adjacent Estuaries, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19, 454461.Google Scholar
Milton, A., Cooke, J. A. and Johnston, M. S. (2003). Accumulation of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in a Wild Population of Clethrionomys glareolus from an Abandoned Lead Mine. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 44, 405411.Google Scholar
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), Food Standards Committee (1956). Report on Copper: Revised Recommendations for Limits for Copper Content of Foods. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Ministry of Food, Food Standards Committee (1953). Report on Zinc. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Miramand, P. and Bentley, D. (1992). Concentration and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Tissues of Two Cephalopods, Eledone cirrhosa and Sepia officinalis, from the French Coast of the English Channel. Marine Biology, 114, 407414.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P. and Barr, D. (1995). The Nature and Significance of Public Exposure to Arsenic: A Review of Its Relevance to South West England. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 17, 5782.Google Scholar
Moffat, W. E. (1989). Blood Lead Determinants of a Population Living in a Former Lead Mining Area in Southern Scotland. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 11, 39.Google Scholar
Moore, M. N., Allen, J. I. and McVeigh, A. (2006). Environmental Prognostics: An Integrated Model Supporting Lysosomal Stress Responses as Predictive Biomarkers of Animal Health Status. Marine Environmental Research, 61, 278304.Google Scholar
Moore, M. N., Viarengo, A. G., Somerfield, P. J. and Sforzini, S. (2013). Linking Lysosomal Biomarkers and Ecotoxicological Effects at Higher Biological Levels. In Ecological Biomarkers: Indicators of Ecotoxicological Effects, ed. Amiard-Triquet, C., Amiard, J. C. and Rainbow, P. S.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 107130.Google Scholar
Moore, P. G. (1979). Crystalline Structures in the Gut Caeca of the Amphipod Stegocephaloides christianiensis Boeck. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 39, 223229.Google Scholar
Moore, P. G. and Rainbow, P. S. (1984). Ferritin Crystals in the Gut Caeca of Stegocephaloides christianiensis Boeck and Other Stegocephalidae (Amphipoda : Gammaridea): A Functional Interpretation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B, 306, 219245.Google Scholar
Moore, P. G. and Rainbow, P. S. (1987). Copper and Zinc in an Ecological Series of Talitroidean Amphipoda (Crustacea). Oecologia, 73, 120126.Google Scholar
Moore, P. G. and Rainbow, P. S. (1989). Feeding of the Mesopelagic Gammaridean Amphipod Parandania boecki (Stebbing, 1888) (Crustacea : Amphipoda: Stegocephalidae) from the Atlantic Ocean. Ophelia, 30, 119.Google Scholar
Moore, P. G., Rainbow, P. S. and Hayes, E. (1991). The Beach-Hopper Orchestia gammarellus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) as a Biomonitor for Copper and Zinc: North Sea Trials. Science of the Total Environment, 106, 221–23Google Scholar
Morais, S., Garcia e Costa, F. and de Lourdes Pereira, M. (2012). Heavy Metals and Human Health. In Environmental Health: Emerging Issues and Practice, ed. Oosthuizen, J.. Den Haag: InTech. DOI:10.5772/1519.Google Scholar
Morgan, A. J. and Morris, B. (1982). The Accumulation and Intracellular Compartmentation of Cadmium, Lead, Zinc and Calcium in Two Earthworm Species (Dendrobaena rubida and Lumbricus rubellus) Living in Highly Contaminated Soils. Histochemistry, 75, 269287.Google Scholar
Morgan, J. E. and Morgan, A. J. (1988). Earthworms as Biological Monitors of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc in Metalliferous Soils. Environmental Pollution, 54, 123138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, J. E. and Morgan, A. J. (1989a). Zinc Sequestration by Earthworm (Annelida: Oligochaeta) Chloragocytes. Histochemistry, 90, 405411.Google Scholar
Morgan, J. E. and Morgan, A. J. (1989b). The Effect of Lead Incorporation on the Elemental Composition of Earthworm (Annelida, Oligochaeta) Chloragosome Granules. Histochemistry, 92, 237241.Google Scholar
Moriarty, F., Bull, K. R., Hanson, H. M. and Freestone, P. (1982). The Distribution of Lead, Zinc and Cadmium in Sediments of an Ore-Enriched Lotic Ecosystem, the River Ecclesbourne, Derbyshire. Environmental Pollution B, 4, 4568.Google Scholar
Moriarty, F., Hanson, H. M. and Freestone, P. (1984). Limitations of Body Burden as an Index of Environmental Contamination: Heavy Metals in Fish Cottus gobio L. from the River Ecclesbourne, Derbyshire. Environmental Pollution A, 34, 297320.Google Scholar
Morillo, J. and Usero, J. (2008). Trace Metal Bioavailability in the Waters of Two Different Habitats in Spain: Huelva Estuary and Algeciras Bay. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 71, 851859.Google Scholar
Morris, A. W. (1984). The Chemistry of the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 15, 5761.Google Scholar
Morris, A. W. (1986). Removal of Trace Metals in the Very Low Salinity Region of the Tamar Estuary, England. Science of the Total Environment, 49, 297304.Google Scholar
Morrison, L., Bennion, M., McGrory, E., Hurley, W. and Johnson, M. P. (2017). Talitrus saltator as a Biomonitor: An Assessment of Trace Element Contamination on an Urban Coastline Gradient. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 120, 232238.Google Scholar
Morrissey, C. A., Bendell-Young, L. I. and Elliott, J. E. (2005). Assessing Trace-Metal Exposure to American Dippers in Mountain Streams of Southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24, 836845.Google Scholar
Mouneyrac, C., Amiard, J.-C. and Amiard-Triquet, C. (1998). Effects of Natural Factors (Salinity and Body Weight) on Cadmium, Copper, Zinc and Metallothionein-Like Protein Levels in Resident Populations of Oysters Crassostrea gigas from a Polluted Estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 162, 125135.Google Scholar
Mouneyrac, C., Mastain, O., Amiard, J.-C., et al. (2003). Trace-Metal Detoxification and Tolerance of the Estuarine Worm Hediste diversicolor Chronically Exposed in Their Environment. Marine Biology, 143, 731744.Google Scholar
Mouneyrac, C., Perrein-Ettajani, H. and Amiard-Triquet, C. (2010). Influence on Anthropogenic Stress on Fitness and Behaviour of a Key-Species of Estuarine Ecosystems, the Ragworm Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Pollution, 158, 121128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mudge, G. P. (1983). The Incidence and Significance of Ingested Lead Pellet Poisoning in British Wildfowl. Biological Conservation, 27, 333372.Google Scholar
Murphy, B. L., Toole, A. P. and Bergstrom, P. D. (1989). Health Risk Assessment for Arsenic Contaminated Soil. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 11, 163170.Google Scholar
Murray, A. J. (1979). Metals, Organochlorine Pesticides and PCB Residue Levels in Fish and Shellfish Landed in England and Wales during 1974. MAFF Directorate of Fisheries Research. Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, 2, 152.Google Scholar
Murray, L. A., Norton, M. G., Nunny, R. S. and Rolfe, M. S. (1980). The Field Assessment of Effects of Dumping Wastes at Sea: 7. Sewage Sludge and Industrial Waste Disposal in the Bristol Channel. MAFF Directorate of Fisheries Research. Fisheries Research Technical Report, 59, 140.Google Scholar
Muskett, C. J., Roberts, L. H. and Page, B. J. (1979). Cadmium and Lead Pollution from Secondary Metal Refinery Operations. Science of the Total Environment, 11, 7387.Google Scholar
Muus, B. J. and Dahlstrøm, P. (1964). Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of Britain and North-Western Europe. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Nahmani, J., Hodson, M. E. and Black, S. (2007). A Review of Studies Performed to Assess Metal Uptake by Earthworms. Environmental Pollution, 145, 402424.Google Scholar
Nakatsu, C. and Hutchinson, T. C. (1988). Extreme Metal and Acid Tolerance of Euglena mutabilis and an Associated Yeast from Smoking Hills, Northwest Territories, and Their Apparent Mutualism. Microbial Ecology, 16, 213231.Google Scholar
NAMHO (National Association of Mining History Organisations) (2013). Mining and Quarrying Assessments 5: Iron and Ironstone. Advanced draft. 16/06/2014. www.namho.org/research/SECTION_5_Iron_20131209.pdfGoogle Scholar
Nasrolahi, A., Smith, B. D., Ehsanpour, M., Afkhami, M. and Rainbow, P. S. (2014). Biomonitoring of Trace Metal Bioavailabilities to the Barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite along the Iranian Coast of the Persian Gulf. Marine Environmental Research, 101, 215224.Google Scholar
Nassiri, Y., Ginsburger-Vogel, T., Mansot, J. L. and Wéry, J. (1996). Effects of Heavy Metals on Tetraselmis suecica: Ultrastructural and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopic Studies. Biology of the Cell, 86, 151160.Google Scholar
Nassiri, Y., Rainbow, P. S., Amiard-Triquet, C., Rainglet, F. and Smith, B. D. (2000). Trace Metal Detoxification in the Ventral Caeca of Orchestia gammarellus (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Marine Biology, 136, 477484.Google Scholar
Neal, C., Whitehead, P. G., Jeffery, H. and Neal, M. (2005). The Water Quality of the River Carnon, West Cornwall, November 1992 to March 1994: The Impacts of Wheal Jane Discharges. Science of the Total Environment, 338, 2339.Google Scholar
Neff, J. M. (1997). Ecotoxicology of Arsenic in the Marine Environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16, 917927.Google Scholar
Neira, C., Levin, L. A., Mendoza, G. and Zirino, A. (2013). Alteration of Benthic Communities Associated with Copper Contamination Linked to Boat Moorings. Marine Ecology, 35, 4666.Google Scholar
Newton, I., Bogan, J. A. and Haas, M. B. (1989). Organochlorines and Mercury in the Eggs of British Peregrines Falco peregrinus. Ibis, 131, 355376.Google Scholar
Newton, I., Wyllie, I. and Asher, A. (1993). Long-Term Trends in Organochlorine and Mercury Residues in Some Predatory Birds in Britain. Environmental Pollution, 79, 143151.Google Scholar
Newton, L. (1944). Pollution of the Rivers of West Wales by Lead and Zinc Mine Effluent. Annals of Applied Biology, 31, 111.Google Scholar
Ng, T. Y.-T., Pais, N. M. and Wood, C. M. (2011). Mechanisms of Waterborne Cu Toxicity to the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis: Physiology and Cu Bioavailability. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74, 14711479.Google Scholar
Nicholson, J. K. and Osborn, D. (1983). Kidney Lesions in Pelagic Seabirds with High Tissue Levels of Cadmium and Mercury. Journal of Zoology, 200, 99118.Google Scholar
Nicholson, J. K., Kendall, M. D. and Osborn, D. (1983). Cadmium and Mercury Nephrotoxicity. Nature, 304, 633635.Google Scholar
Nickless, G., Stenner, R. and Terrille, N. (1972). Distribution of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc in the Bristol Channel. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 3, 188190.Google Scholar
Noël-Lambot, F., Bouquegneau, J. M., Frankenne, F. and Disteche, A. (1980). Cadmium, Zinc and Copper Accumulation in Limpets (Patella vulgata) from the Bristol Channel with Special Reference to Metallothioneins. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2, 8189.Google Scholar
North Sea Task Force (1993). North Sea Quality Status Report 1993. Oslo and Paris Commissions, London. Fredensborg: Olsen & Olsen.Google Scholar
Norton, M. G. and Murray, A. J. (1983). The Metal Content of Fish and Shellfish in Liverpool Bay. Chemistry in Ecology, 1, 159171.Google Scholar
Norton, M. G., Eagle, R. A., Nunny, R. S., Rolfe, M. S., Hardiman, P A. and Hampson, B. L. (1981). The Field Assessment of Effects of Dumping Wastes at Sea: 8. Sewage Sludge Dumping in the Outer Thames Estuary. MAFF Directorate of Fisheries Research. Fisheries Research Technical Report, 62, 162.Google Scholar
Norton, M. G., Franklin, A., Rowlatt, S. M., Nunny, R. S. and Rolfe, M. S. (1984a). The Field Assessment of Effects of Dumping Wastes at Sea: 12. The Disposal of Sewage Sludge, Industrial Wastes and Dredged Spoils in Liverpool Bay. MAFF Directorate of Fisheries Research. Fisheries Research Technical Report, 76, 150.Google Scholar
Norton, M. G., Rowlatt, S. M. and Nunny, R. S. (1984b). Sewage Sludge Dumping and Contamination of Liverpool Bay Sediments. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 19, 6987.Google Scholar
Nørum, U., Bondgaard, M., Pedersen, T. V. and Bjerregaard, P. (2005). In Vivo and in Vitro Cadmium Accumulation during the Moult Cycle of the Male Shore Crab Carcinus maenas: Interaction with Calcium Metabolism. Aquatic Toxicology, 72, 2944.Google Scholar
Nott, J. A. and Nicolaidou, A. (1989). The Cytology of Heavy Metal Accumulations in the Digestive Glands of Three Marine Gastropods. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B, 237, 347362.Google Scholar
Nott, J. A. and Nicolaidou, A. (1990). Transfer of Metal Detoxification along Marine Food Chains. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 70, 905912.Google Scholar
Nott, J. A. and Nicolaidou, A. (1994). Variable Transfer of Detoxified Metals from Snails to Hermit Crabs in Marine Food Chains. Marine Biology, 120, 369377.Google Scholar
Nriagu, J. O. (1989). A Global Assessment of Natural Sources of Atmospheric Trace Metals. Nature, 338, 4749.Google Scholar
Nriagu, J. O. and Pacyna, J. M. (1988). Quantitative Assessment of Worldwide Contamination of Air, Water and Soils by Trace Metals. Nature, 333, 134139.Google Scholar
Nugegoda, D. and Rainbow, P. S. (1988). Zinc Uptake and Regulation by the Sublittoral Prawn Pandalus montagui (Crustacea: Decapoda). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 26, 619632.Google Scholar
Nugegoda, D. and Rainbow, P. S. (1989a). Effects of Salinity Changes on Zinc Uptake and Regulation by the Decapod Crustaceans Palaemon elegans and Palaemonetes varians. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 51, 5775.Google Scholar
Nugegoda, D. and Rainbow, P. S. (1989b). Salinity, Osmolality and Zinc Uptake in Palaemon elegans (Crustacea: Decapoda). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 55, 149157.Google Scholar
Nuttall, C. A. and Younger, P. L. (1999). Reconnaissance Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of an Abandoned Pb–Zn Orefield, Nent Valley, Cumbria, UK. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 52, 395405.Google Scholar
O’Brien, A. L. and Keough, M. J. (2013). Detecting Benthic Community Responses to Pollution in Estuaries: A Field Mesocosm Approach. Environmental Pollution, 175, 4555.Google Scholar
O’Connor, D.J. and Nielsen, S.W. (1981). Environmental Survey of Methylmercury Levels in Wild Mink (Mustela vison) and Otter (Lutra canadensis) from the Northeastern United States and Experimental Pathology of Methylmercurialism in the Otter. In Proceedings Worldwide Furbearer Conference Frostburg, MD, USA, August 1980, ed. Chapman, J. A. and Pursley, D.. Vancouver: R. R. Donnelly, pp. 17281745.Google Scholar
O’Donohoe, J., Chalkley, S., Richmond, J. and Barltrop, D. (1998). Blood Lead in U.K. Children: Time for a Lower Action Level? Clinical Science, 95, 219223.Google Scholar
Ogilvie, L. and Grant, A. (2008). Linking Pollution Induced Community Tolerance (PICT) and Microbial Community Structure in Chronically Metal Polluted Estuarine Sediments. Marine Environmental Research, 65, 187198.Google Scholar
O’Halloran, J., Myers, A. A. and Duggan, P. F. (1988). Lead Poisoning in Swans and Sources of Contamination in Ireland. Journal of Zoology, 216, 211223.Google Scholar
O’Halloran, J., Myers, A. A. and Duggan, P. F. (1991). Lead Poisoning in Mute Swans Cygnus olor in Ireland: A Review. Wildfowl, Suppl. 1, 389–395.Google Scholar
Olson, B. H. and Thornton, I. (1982). The Resistance Patterns to Metals of Bacterial Populations in Contaminated Land. Journal of Soil Science, 33, 271277.Google Scholar
Oomen, A. G., Hack, A., Minekus, M., et al. (2002). Comparison of Five in Vitro Digestion Models to Study the Bioaccessibility of Soil Contaminants. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 33263334.Google Scholar
Orton, J. H. (1923). An Account of Investigations into the Cause or Causes of the Unusual Mortality among Oysters in English Oyster Beds during 1920 and 1921. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Fishery Investigations Series II, 7, 1199.Google Scholar
Osborn, D. (1978). A Naturally Occurring Cadmium and Zinc Binding Protein from the Liver and Kidney of Fulmarus glacialis, a Pelagic North Atlantic Seabird. Biochemical Pharmacology, 27, 822824.Google Scholar
Osborn, D., Harris, M. P. and Nicholson, J. K. (1979). Comparative Tissue Distribution of mercury, Cadmium and Zinc in Three Species of Pelagic Seabirds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 64C, 6167.Google Scholar
O’Shaughnessy, A. W. E. (1866). On Green Oysters. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 221228.Google Scholar
OSPAR Commission (2007). Background Document on Biological Effects Monitoring Techniques. OSPAR Publication 333/2007 Assessment and Monitoring Series. London: OSPAR.Google Scholar
Owens, M. (1984). Severn Estuary: An Appraisal of Water Quality. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 15, 4147.Google Scholar
Oweson, C. A. M., Baden, S. P. and Hernroth, B. E. (2006). Manganese Induced Apoptosis in Haematopoietic Cells of Nephrops norvegicus (L.). Aquatic Toxicology, 77, 322328.Google Scholar
Packer, D. M., Ireland, M. P. and Wootton, R. J. (1980). Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Zinc and Manganese in the Polychaete Arenicola marina from Sediments around the Coast of Wales. Environmental Pollution A, 22, 309321.Google Scholar
Pain, D. J., Cromie, R. and Green, R. E. (2015). Poisoning of Birds and Other Wildlife from Ammunition-Derived Lead in the UK. In Lead Ammunition: Understanding and Minimising the Risks to Human and Environmental Health. Proceedings of the Oxford Lead Symposium, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, December 2014, ed. Delahey, R. J. and Spray, C. J.. Oxford: Edward Grey Institute, pp. 5884.Google Scholar
Pain, D. J., Sears, J. and Newton, I. (1995). Lead Concentrations in Birds of Prey in Britain. Environmental Pollution, 87, 173180.Google Scholar
Palacios, O., Pagani, A., Pérez-Rafael, S., et al. (2011). Shaping Mechanisms of Metal Specificity in a Family of Metazoan Metallothioneins: Evolutionary Differentiation of Mollusc Metallothioneins. BMC Biology, 9, 4. http://biomedcentral.com/1741–7007/9/4.Google Scholar
Parkman, R. H., Curtis, C. D. and Vaughan, D. J. (1996). Metal Fixation and Mobilisation in the Sediments of the Afon Goch Estuary: Dulas Bay, Anglesey. Applied Geochemistry, 11, 203210.Google Scholar
Paris, J. R., King, R. A. and Stevens, J. R. (2015). Human Mining Activity across the Ages Determines the Genetic Structure of Modern Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.) Populations. Evolutionary Applications, 8, 573585.Google Scholar
Parslow, J. L. F. (1973). Mercury in Waders from the Wash. Environmental Pollution, 5, 295304.Google Scholar
Parslow, J. L. F. and Jefferies, D. J. (1977). Gannets and Toxic Chemicals. British Birds, 70, 366372.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. and Whitton, B. A. (1981). Chemistry of Water, Sediments and Algal Filaments in Groundwater Draining an Old Lead–Zinc Mine. In Heavy Metals in Northern England: Environmental and Biological Aspects, ed. Say, P. J. and Whitton, B. A.. Durham: Department of Botany, University of Durham, pp. 6572.Google Scholar
Pearson, T. H. (1987). Benthic Ecology in an Accumulating Sludge-Disposal Site. In Oceanic Processes in Marine Pollution, Vol. 1: Biological Processes and Wastes in the Ocean, ed. Capuzzo, J. M. and Kester, D. R.. Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, pp. 195200.Google Scholar
Pearson, T. H. and Rosenberg, R. (1978). Macrobenthic Succession in Relation to Organic Enrichment and Pollution of the Marine Environment. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 16, 229311.Google Scholar
Peden, J. D., Crothers, J. H., Waterfall, C. E. and Beasley, J. (1973). Heavy Metals in Somerset Marine Organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 4, 79.Google Scholar
Pedersen, K. L., Bach, L. T. and Bjerregaard, P. (2014). Amount and Metal Composition of Midgut Gland Metallothionein in Shore Crabs (Carcinus maenas) after Exposure to Cadmium in Food. Aquatic Toxicology, 150, 182188.Google Scholar
Pedersen, K. L., Pedersen, S. N., Højrup, P., et al. (1994). Purification and Characterization of a Cadmium-Induced Metallothionein from the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Biochemical Journal, 297, 609614.Google Scholar
Peltier, G. L., Meyer, J. L., Jagoe, C. H and Hopkins, W. A. (2008). Using Trace Element Concentrations in Corbicula fluminea to Identify Potential Sources of Contamination in an Urban River. Environmental Pollution, 154, 283290.Google Scholar
Perales-Vela, H. V., Peňa-Castro, J. M. and Caňizares-Villaneuva, R. O. (2006). Heavy Metal Detoxification in Eukaryotic Microalgae. Chemosphere, 64, 110.Google Scholar
Peralta-Videa, J. R., Lopez, M. L., Narayan, M., Saupe, G. and Gardea-Torresdey, J. (2009). The Biochemistry of Environmental Heavy Metal Uptake by Plants: Implications for the Food Chain. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 41, 16651677.Google Scholar
Perkins, J. W. (1972). Geology Explained: Dartmoor and the Tamar Valley. Newton Abbot: David and Charles.Google Scholar
Peterson, C. L., Klawe, W. L. and Sharp, G. D. (1973). Mercury in Tunas: A Review. Fishery Bulletin, 71, 603613.Google Scholar
Peterson, L. R., Trivett, V., Baker, A. J. M., Aguiar, C. and Pollard, A. J. (2003). Spread of Metals through an Invertebrate Food Chain as Influenced by a Plant that Hyperaccumulates Nickel. Chemoecology, 13, 103108.Google Scholar
Phillips, D. J. H. (1994). Macrophytes as Biomonitors of Trace Metals. In Biomonitoring of Coastal Waters and Estuaries, ed. Kramer, K. J. M.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 85106.Google Scholar
Phillips, D. J. H. and Rainbow, P. S. (1988). Barnacles and Mussels as Biomonitors of Trace Elements: A Comparative Study. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 49, 8393.Google Scholar
Phillips, D. J. H. and Rainbow, P. S. (1994). Biomonitoring of Trace Aquatic Contaminants, 2nd edn. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. and Freeman, J. L. (2006). Environmental Cleanup Using Plants: Biotechnological Advances and Ecological Considerations. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4, 203210.Google Scholar
Piola, R. F. and Johnston, E. L. (2008). Pollution Reduces Native Diversity and Increases Invader Dominance in Marine Hard-Substrate Communities. Diversity and Distributions, 14, 329342.Google Scholar
Pirie, B. J. S. and Bell, M. V. (1984). The Localization of Inorganic Elements, Particularly Vanadium and Sulphur, in Haemolymph from the Ascidians Ascidia mentula (Müller) and Ascidiella aspersa (Müller). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 74, 187194.Google Scholar
Pirie, B. J. S., George, S. G., Lytton, D. G. and Thomson, J. D. (1984). Metal-Containing Blood Cells of Oysters: Ultrastructure, Histochemistry and X-ray Microanalysis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 64, 115123.Google Scholar
Pirrie, D., Beer, A. J. and Camm, G. S. (1999). Early Diagenetic Sulphide Minerals in the Hayle Estuary, Cornwall. Geoscience in South-West England, 9, 325332.Google Scholar
Poirier, L. and Cossa, D. (1981). Distribution tissulaire du cadmium chez Meganyctiphanes norvegica (Euphausiacée): état naturel et accumulation expérimentale de formes solubles. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 38, 14491453.Google Scholar
Pollard, A. J. and Baker, A. J. M. (1997). Deterrence of Herbivory by Zinc Hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens. New Phytologist, 135, 655658.Google Scholar
Pook, C., Lewis, C. and Galloway, T. (2009). The Metabolic and Fitness Costs Associated with Metal Resistance in Nereis diversicolor. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 10631071.Google Scholar
Pope, N. D. and Langston, W. J. (2011). Sources, Distribution and Temporal Variability of Trace Metals in the Thames Estuary. Hydrobiologia, 672, 4968.Google Scholar
Porter, E. K. and Peterson, P. J. (1977). Arsenic Tolerance in Grasses Growing on Mine Waste. Environmental Pollution, 14, 255265.Google Scholar
Portmann, J. E. (1979). Chemical Monitoring of Residue Levels in Fish and Shellfish Landed in England and Wales during 1970–73. Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report. MAFF Directorate of Fisheries Research, 1, 170.Google Scholar
Posthuma, L. (1990). Genetic Differentiation between Populations of Orchesella cincta (Collembola) from Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites. Journal of Applied Ecology, 27, 609622.Google Scholar
Posthuma, L., Hogervorst, R. F., Joosse, E. N. G. and van Straalen, N. M. (1993). Genetic Variation and Covariation for Characteristics Associated with Cadmium Tolerance in Natural Populations of the Springtail Orchesella cincta (L.). Evolution, 47, 619631.Google Scholar
Posthuma, L., Hogervorst, R. F. and van Straalen, N. M. (1992). Adaptation to Soil Pollution by Cadmium Excretion in Natural Populations of Orchesella cincta (L.) (Collembola). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 22, 145156.Google Scholar
Power, M., Attrill, M. J. and Thomas, R. M. (1999). Heavy Metal Concentration Trends in the Thames Estuary. Water Research, 33, 16721680.Google Scholar
Proctor, J. (1971a). The Plant Ecology of Serpentine. II. Plant Response to Serpentine Soils. Journal of Ecology, 59, 397410.Google Scholar
Proctor, J. (1971b). The Plant Ecology of Serpentine. III. The Influence of a High Magnesium/Calcium Ratio and High Nickel and Chromium Levels in some British and Swedish Serpentine Soils. Journal of Ecology, 59, 827842.Google Scholar
Proctor, J. and Woodell, S. R. J. (1971). The Plant Ecology of Serpentine. I. Serpentine Vegetation of England and Scotland. Journal of Ecology, 59, 375395.Google Scholar
Pulford, I. D., MacKenzie, A. B., Donatello, S. and Hastings, L. (2009). Source Term Characterisation Using Concentration Trends and Geochemical Associations of Pb and Zn in River Sediments in the Vicinity of a Disused Mine Site: Implications for Contaminant Metal Dispersion Processes. Environmental Pollution, 157, 16491656.Google Scholar
Pullen, J. S. H. and Rainbow, P. S. (1991). The Composition of Pyrophosphate Heavy Metal Detoxification Granules in Barnacles. Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology, 150, 249266.Google Scholar
Purvis, O. W. (1966). Interactions of Lichens with Metals. Science Progress, 79, 283309.Google Scholar
Purvis, O. W. (2010a). Lichens and Industrial Pollution. In Ecology of Industrial Pollution, ed. Batty, L. C. and Hallberg, K. B.. Cambridge: British Ecological Society, Cambridge University Press, pp. 4169.Google Scholar
Purvis, O. W. (2010b). Lichens. London: Natural History Museum.Google Scholar
Purvis, O. W. and Halls, C. (1996). A Review of Lichens in Metal-Enriched Environments. Lichenologist, 28, 571601.Google Scholar
Purvis, O. W. and James, P. W. (1985). Lichens of the Coniston Copper Mines. Lichenologist, 17, 221237.Google Scholar
Purvis, O. W., Elix, J. A., Broomhead, J. A. and Jones, G. C. (1987). The Occurrence of Copper-Norstictic Acid in Lichens from Cupriferous Substrata. Lichenologist, 19, 193203.Google Scholar
Pynnönen, K., Holwerda, D. A. and Zandee, D. I. (1987) Occurrence of Calcium Concretions in Various Tissues of Freshwater Mussels, and Their Capacity for Cadmium Sequestration. Aquatic Toxicology, 10, 101114.Google Scholar
Qiu, J. (2013). Tough Talk over Mercury Treaty. Nature, 493, 144145.Google Scholar
Quicke, D. L. J., Wyeth, P., Fawke, J. D., Basibuyuk, H. H. and Vincent, J. F. V. (1998). Manganese and Zinc in the Ovipositors and Mandibles of Hymenopterous Insects. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 124, 387396.Google Scholar
Radford, P. J., Uncles, R. J. and Morris, A. W. (1981). Simulating the Impact of Technological Change on Dissolved Cadmium Distribution in the Severn Estuary. Water Research, 15, 10451052.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. (1985). Accumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd by Crabs and Barnacles. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 21, 669686.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. (1987). Heavy Metals in Barnacles. In Barnacle Biology: Crustacean Issues 5, ed. Southward, A. J.. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, pp. 405417.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. (1989). Copper, Cadmium and Zinc Concentrations in Oceanic Amphipod and Euphausiid Crustaceans, as a Source of Heavy Metals to Pelagic Seabirds. Marine Biology, 103, 513518.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. (1997). Trace Metal Accumulation in Marine Invertebrates: Marine Biology or Marine Chemistry? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 77, 195210.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. (1998). Phylogeny of Trace Metal Accumulation in Crustaceans. In Metal Metabolism in Aquatic Environments, ed. Langston, W. J. and Bebianno, M.. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 285319.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. (2002). Trace Metal Concentrations in Aquatic Invertebrates: Why and So What? Environmental Pollution, 120, 497507.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. (2007). Trace Metal Bioaccumulation: Models, Metabolic Availability and Toxicity. Environment International, 33, 576582.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. (2011). Charles Darwin and Marine Biology. Marine Ecology, 32 (Suppl. 1), 130134.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Abdennour, C. (1989). Copper and Haemocyanin in the Mesopelagic Decapod Crustacean Systellaspis debilis. Oceanologica Acta, 12, 9194.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Kwan, M. K. H. (1995). Physiological Responses and the Uptake of Cadmium and Zinc by the Amphipod Crustacean Orchestia gammarellus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 127, 87102.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Luoma, S. N. (2005). Lessons from History: A Cornish Tale. Learned Discourse. SETAC Globe, 6, 2526.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Luoma, S. N. (2011a). Biodynamic Parameters of the Accumulation of Toxic Metals, Detoxification, and the Acquisition of Metal Tolerance. In Tolerance to Environmental Contaminants, ed. Amiard-Triquet, C., Rainbow, P. S. and Roméo, M.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 127151.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Luoma, S. N. (2011b). Trace Metals in Aquatic Invertebrates. In Environmental Contaminants in Biota: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, 2nd edn., ed. Beyer, W. N. and Meador, J. P.. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Books, pp. 231252.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Luoma, S. N. (2011c). Metal Toxicity, Uptake and Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Invertebrates: Modelling Zinc in Crustaceans. Aquatic Toxicology, 105, 455465.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Luoma, S. N. (2015). Bioavailability of Metals to Aquatic Biota. In Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology, 4th edn., ed. Newman, M. C.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 140143.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Moore, P. G. (1986). Comparative Metal Analyses in Amphipod Crustaceans. Hydrobiologia, 14, 273289.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Moore, P. G. (1990). Seasonal Variation in Copper and Zinc Concentrations in Three Talitrid Amphipods (Crustacea). Hydrobiologia, 196, 6572.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Phillips, D. J. H. (1993). Cosmopolitan Biomonitors of Trace Metals. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26, 593601.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Smith, B. D. (2010). Trophic Transfer of Trace Metals: Subcellular Compartmentalisation in Bivalve Prey and Comparative Assimilation Efficiencies of Two Invertebrate Predators. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 390, 143148.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Smith, B. D. (2013). Accumulation and Detoxification of Copper and Zinc by the Decapod Crustacean Palaemonetes varians from Diets of Field-Contaminated Polychaetes Nereis diversicolor. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 449, 312320.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and Wang, W.-X. (2001). Comparative Assimilation of Cr, Cr, Se, and Zn by the Barnacle Elminius modestus from Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Diets. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 218, 239248.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S. and White, S. L. (1989). Comparative Strategies of Heavy Metal Accumulation by Crustaceans: Zinc, Copper and Cadmium in a Decapod, an Amphipod and a Barnacle. Hydrobiologia, 174, 245262.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Amiard, J. C., Amiard-Triquet, C., et al. (2007). Trophic Transfer of Trace Metals: Subcellular Compartmentalization in Bivalve Prey, Assimilation by a Gastropod Predator and in Vitro Digestion Simulations. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 348, 125138.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Amiard-Triquet, C., Amiard, J. C., et al. (1999). Trace Metal Uptake Rates in Crustaceans (Amphipods and Crabs) from Coastal Sites in NW Europe Differentially Enriched with Trace Metals. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 183, 189203.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Geffard, A., Jeantet, A.-Y., Smith, B. D., Amiard, J. C. and Amiard-Triquet, C. (2004). Enhanced Food Chain Transfer of Copper from a Diet of Copper-Tolerant Estuarine Worms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 271, 183191.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Hildrew, A. G., Smith, B. D., Geatches, T. and Luoma, S. N. (2012). Caddisflies as Biomonitors Identifying Thresholds of Toxic Metal Bioavailability that Affect the Stream Benthos. Environmental Pollution, 166, 196207.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Kriefman, S., Smith, B. D. and Luoma, S. N. (2011c). Have the Bioavailabilities of Trace Metals to a Suite of Biomonitors Changed over Three Decades in SW England Estuaries Historically Affected by Mining? Science of the Total Environment, 409, 15891602.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Liu, F. and Wang, W.-X. (2015). Metal Accumulation and Toxicity: The Critical Accumulated Concentration of Metabolically Available Zinc in an Oyster Model. Aquatic Toxicology, 162, 102108.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Luoma, S. N. and Wang, W.-X. (2011a). Trophically Available Metal: A Variable Feast. Environmental Pollution, 159, 23472349.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Malik, I. and O’Brien, P. (1993). Physico-Chemical and Physiological Effects on the Uptake of Dissolved Zinc and Cadmium by the Amphipod Crustacean Orchestia gammarellus. Aquatic Toxicology, 25, 1530.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Moore, P. G. and Watson, D. (1989). Talitrid Amphipods as Biomonitors for Copper and Zinc. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 28, 567582.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S, Poirier, L., Smith, B. D., Brix, K. V. and Luoma, S. N. (2006a). Trophic Transfer of Trace Metals: Subcellular Compartmentalization in a Polychaete and Assimilation by a Decapod Crustacean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 308, 91100.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Poirier, L., Smith, B. D., Brix, K. V. and Luoma, S. N. (2006b). Trophic Transfer of Trace Metals from the Polychaete Worm Nereis diversicolor to the Polychaete Nereis virens and the Decapod Crustacean Palaemonetes varians. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 321, 167181.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Scott, A. G., Wiggins, E. A. and Jackson, R. W. (1980). Effect of Chelating Agents on the Accumulation of Cadmium by the Barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, and Complexation of Soluble Cd, Zn and Cu. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2, 143152.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Smith, B. D. and Casado-Martinez, M. C. (2011b). Biodynamic Modelling of the Bioaccumulation of Arsenic by the Polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Chemistry, 8, 18.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Smith, B. D. and Lau, S. S. S. (2002). Biomonitoring of Trace Metal Availabilities in the Thames Estuary Using a Suite of Littoral Biomonitors. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 82, 793799.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Smith, B. D. and Luoma, S. N. (2009a). Differences in Trace Metal Bioaccumulation Kinetics among Populations of the Polychaete Nereis diversicolor from Metal-Contaminated Estuaries. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 376, 173184.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P. S., Smith, B. D. and Luoma, S. N. (2009b). Biodynamic Modelling and the Prediction of Ag, Cd and Zn Accumulation from Solution and Sediment by the Polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 390, 145155.Google Scholar
Raistrick, A. (1973). Lead Mining in the Mid-Pennines. Truro: D. Bradford Barton Ltd.Google Scholar
Raistrick, A. (1989). Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn. York: William Sessions Limited, Ebor Press.Google Scholar
Raistrick, A. and Jennings, B. (1989). A History of Lead Mining in the Pennines. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Davis Books Ltd and Littleborough, Lancashire: George Kelsall Publishing.Google Scholar
Raymont, J. E. G. (1972). Some Aspects of Pollution in Southampton Water. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 180, 451468.Google Scholar
Raymont, J. E. G. (1983). Plankton and Productivity in the Oceans, Volume 2: Zooplankton, 2nd edn. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Read, H. J., Martin, M. H. and Rayner, J. M. V. (1998). Invertebrates in Woodland Polluted by Heavy Metals: An Evaluation Using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 106, 1742.Google Scholar
Reed, R. H. and Moffat, L. (1983). Copper Toxicity and Copper Tolerance in Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Grev. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 69, 85103.Google Scholar
Reese, M. J. (1937). The Microflora of the Non-Calcareous Streams Rheidol and Melindwr with Special Reference to Water Pollution from Lead Mines in Cardiganshire. Journal of Ecology, 25, 385407.Google Scholar
Reeves, P. D. (2006). Hyperaccumulation of Trace Elements by Plants. In Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 68, Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils. NATO Science Series IV, ed. Morel, J.-L., Echevarria, G. and Goncharova, N., Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 2552.Google Scholar
Regoli, F. (2000). Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity (TOSC) in Polluted and Translocated Mussels: A Predictive Biomarker of Oxidative Stress. Aquatic Toxicology, 50, 351361.Google Scholar
Reijnders, P. J. H. (1980). Organochlorine and Heavy Metal Residues in Harbour Seals from the Wadden Sea and Their Possible Effects on Reproduction. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 14, 3065.Google Scholar
Reinfelder, J. R. and Fisher, N. S. (1991). The Assimilation of Elements Ingested by Marine Copepods. Science, 251, 794796.Google Scholar
Remon, E., Bouchardon, J.-L., Le Guédard, M., Bessoule, J.-J., Conord, C. and Faure, O. (2013). Are Plants Useful as Accumulation Indicators of Metal Bioavailability? Environmental Pollution, 175, 17.Google Scholar
Ridout, P. S., Rainbow, P. S., Roe, H. S. J. and Jones, H. R. (1989). Concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd in Mesopelagic Crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biology, 100, 465471.Google Scholar
Rieuwerts, J. S., Mighanetara, K., Braungardt, C. B., Rollinson, G. K., Pirie, D. and Azizi, F. (2014). Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Arsenic in Mine Wastes and Stream Sediments in a Historic Metal Mining Area in the UK. Science of the Total Environment, 472, 226234.Google Scholar
Rieuwerts, J. S., Searle, P. and Buck, R. (2006). Bioaccessible Arsenic in the Home Environment in Southwest England. Science of the Total Environment, 371, 8998.Google Scholar
RNO (2006). Surveillance du Milieu Marin. Travaux du RNO. Edition 2006. Paris: Ifremer et Ministère de l’Ecologie et du Dévelopement Durable.Google Scholar
Roberts, D. F., Elliott, M. and Read, P. A. (1986). Cadmium Contamination, Accumulation and Some Effects in Mussels from a Polluted Marine Environment. Marine Environmental Research, 18, 165183.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. D., Johnson, M. S. and Hutton, M. (1978). Lead Contamination of Small Mammals from Abandoned Metalliferous Mines. Environmental Pollution, 15, 6169.Google Scholar
Rodger, G. K. and Davies, I. M. (1992). The Recovery of a Sewage Sludge Dumping Ground: Trace Metal Geochemistry in the Sediment. Science of the Total Environment, 119, 5775.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, E. T. and Pardal, M. A. (2014). The Crab Carcinus maenas as a Suitable Experimental Model in Ecotoxicology. Environment International, 70, 158182.Google Scholar
Roe, H. S. J. (1984). The Diel Migration and Distribution within a Mesopelagic Community in the North-East Atlantic: 2 – Vertical Migrations and Feeding of Mysids and Decapod Crustacea. Progress in Oceanography, 13, 269318.Google Scholar
Rollinson, G. K., Pirrie, D., Power, M. R., Cundy, A. and Camm, G. S. (2007). Geochemical and Mineralogical Record of Historical Mining, Hayle Estuary, Cornwall, UK. Geoscience in South-West England, 11, 326337.Google Scholar
Roméo, M., Poirier, L. and Berthet, B. (2009). Biomarkers Based upon Biochemical Responses. In Environmental Assessment of Estuarine Ecosystems, ed. Amiard-Triquet, C. and Rainbow, P. S.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 5981.Google Scholar
Romeril, M. G. (1974). Trace Metals in Sediments and Bivalve Mollusca in Southampton Water and the Solent. Revue Internationale d’Océanographie Medicale, 23, 3147.Google Scholar
Romero-Ruiz, A., Alhama, J., Blasco, J., Gómez-Ariza, J. L. and López-Barea, J. (2008). New Metallothionein Assay in Scrobicularia plana: Heating Effect and Correlation with Other Biomarkers. Environmental Pollution, 156, 13401347.Google Scholar
Ronald, K., Tessaro, S. V., Uthe, J. F., Freeman, H. C. and Frank, R. (1977). Methylmercury Poisoning in the Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus). Science of the Total Environment, 38, 153166.Google Scholar
Rout, G. R., Samantaray, S. and Das, P. (2001). Aluminium Toxicity in Plants: A Review. Agronomie, 21, 321.Google Scholar
Rowan, J. S., Barnes, S. J. A., Hetherington, S. L., Lambers, B. and Parsons, F. (1995). Geomorphology and Pollution: The Environmental Impacts of Lead Mining, Leadhills, Scotland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 52, 5765.Google Scholar
Rowlands, J. (1966). Copper Mountain. Denbigh: Anglesey Antiquarian Society, Gee and Son.Google Scholar
Ruiz, J. M. (2004). Oil Spills versus Shifting Baselines. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 282, 307309.Google Scholar
Runham, N. W. (1961). The Histochemistry of the Radula of Patella vulgata. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 102, 371380.Google Scholar
Runham, N. W., Thornton, P. R., Shaw, D. A. and Wayte, R. C. (1969). The Mineralization and Hardness of the Radular Teeth of the Limpet Patella vulgata L. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 99, 608626.Google Scholar
Russell, G. and Morris, O. P. (1970). Copper Tolerance in the Marine Fouling Alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. Nature, 228, 288289.Google Scholar
Rygg, B. (1985), Effect of Sediment Copper on Benthic Fauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 25, 8389.Google Scholar
Salice, C. J. and Miler, T. J. (2003). Population-Level Responses to Long-Term Cadmium Exposure in Two Strains of the Freshwater Gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata: Results from a Life-Table Experiment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22, 678688.Google Scholar
Sauvé, S., Dumestre, A., McBride, M. and Hendershot, W. (1998). Derivation of Soil Quality Criteria Using Predicted Chemical Speciation of Pb2+ and Cu2+. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 14811489.Google Scholar
Savari, A., Lockwood, A. P. M. and Sheader, M. (1991). Effects of Season and Size (Age) on Heavy Metal Concentrations of the Common Cockle (Cerastoderma edule (L.)) from Southampton Water. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 57, 4557.Google Scholar
Say, P. J. and Giani, N. (1981). The Riou Mort, a Tributary to the River Lot Polluted by Heavy Metals. II. Accumulation of Zinc by Oligochaetes and Chironomids. Acta Oecologica, 2, 339355.Google Scholar
Say, P. J. and Whitton, B. A. (1980). Changes in Flora down a Stream Showing a Zinc Gradient. Hydrobiologia, 76, 255262.Google Scholar
Say, P. J. and Whitton, B. A. (1981). Chemistry and Ecology of Zinc-Rich Streams in the Northern Pennines. In Heavy Metals in Northern England: Environmental and Biological Aspects, ed. Say, P. J. and Whitton, B. A.. Durham: Department of Botany, University of Durham, pp. 5563.Google Scholar
Say, P. J., Burrows, I. G. and Whitton, B. A. (1990). Enteromorpha as a Monitor of Heavy Metals in Estuaries. Hydrobiologia, 195, 119126.Google Scholar
Say, P. J., Diaz, B. M. and Whitton, B. A. (1977). Influence of Zinc on Lotic Plants. I. Tolerance of Hormidium Species to Zinc. Freshwater Biology, 7, 357376.Google Scholar
Say, P. J., Harding, P. C. and Whitton, B. A. (1981). Aquatic Mosses as Monitors of Heavy Metal Contamination in the River Etherow, Great Britain. Environmental Pollution B, 2, 295307.Google Scholar
Scaps, P. (2002). A Review of the Biology, Ecology and Potential Use of the Common Ragworm Hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller) (Annelida: Polychaeta). Hydrobiologia, 470, 203218.Google Scholar
Scheifler, R., Coeurdassier, M., Morilhat, C., et al. (2006). Lead Concentrations in Feathers and Blood of Common Blackbirds (Turdus merula) and in Earthworms Inhabiting Unpolluted and Moderately Polluted Urban Areas. Science of the Total Environment, 371, 197205.Google Scholar
Scheinberg, H. (1991). Copper. In Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment, ed. Merian, E.. Weinheim: VCH, pp. 893908.Google Scholar
Scheuhammer, A. M. (1987). The Chronic Toxicity of Aluminium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Birds: A Review. Environmental Pollution, 46, 263295.Google Scholar
Scheuhammer, A. M. (1989). Monitoring Wild Bird Populations for Lead Exposure. Journal of Wildlife Management, 53, 759764.Google Scholar
Scheuhammer, A. M. (1991). Effects of Acidification on the Availability of Toxic Metals and Calcium to Wild Birds and Mammals. Environmental Pollution, 71, 329375.Google Scholar
Scheuhammer, A. M. and Norris, S. L. (1996). The Ecotoxicology of Lead Shot and Lead Fishing Weights. Ecotoxicology, 5, 279295.Google Scholar
Schill, R. O. and Köhler, H.-R. (2004). Energy Reserves and Metal-Storage Granules in the Hepatopancreas of Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber (Isopoda) from a Metal Gradient at Avonmouth, UK. Ecotoxicology, 13, 787796.Google Scholar
Schmidt, T. S., Kraus, J. M., Walters, D. M. and Wanty, R. B. (2013). Emergence Flux Declines Disproportionately to Larval Density along a Stream Metals Gradient. Environmental Science & Technology, 47, 87848792.Google Scholar
Schofield, R. and Lefevre, H. (1989). High Concentrations of Zinc in the Fangs and Manganese in the Teeth of Spiders. Journal of Experimental Biology, 144, 577581.Google Scholar
Schofield, R., Lefevre, H. and Shaffer, M. (1989). Complementary Microanalysis of Zn, Mn and Fe in the Chelicera of Spiders and Scorpions Using Scanning MeV-ion and Electron Microprobes. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B40 /41, 698701.Google Scholar
Schulz-Baldes, M. (1978). Lead Transport in the Common Mussel Mytilus edulis. In Physiology and Behaviour of Marine Organisms, ed. McLusky, D. S. and Berry, A. J.. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 211218.Google Scholar
Schulz-Baldes, M. (1989). The Sea-Skater Halobates micans: An Open Ocean Bioindicator for Cadmium Distribution in Atlantic Surface Waters. Marine Biology, 102, 211215.Google Scholar
Scott-Fordsmand, J. J. and Depledge, M. H. (1997). Changes in Tissue Concentrations and Contents of Calcium, Copper and Zinc in the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas (L.) (Crustacea: Decapoda) during the Moult Cycle and Following Copper Exposure during Ecdysis. Marine Environmental Research, 44, 397414.Google Scholar
Scottish Environment Protection Agency (2011). Review of Metal Concentrations Data Held for Glengonnar Water and Wanlock Water, South Central Scotland. Stirling: Scottish Environment Protection Agency.Google Scholar
Scullion, J. and Edwards, R. W. (1980a). The Effect of Coal Industry Pollutants on the Macro-Invertebrate Fauna of a Small River in the South Wales Coalfield. Freshwater Biology, 10, 141162.Google Scholar
Scullion, J. and Edwards, R. W. (1980b). The Effect of Pollutants from the Coal Industry on the Fish Fauna of a Small River in the South Wales Coalfield. Environmental Pollution A, 21, 141153.Google Scholar
Segar, D. A., Collins, J. D. and Riley, J. P. (1971). The Distribution of the Major and Some Minor Elements in Marine Animals. Part II. Molluscs. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 51, 131136.Google Scholar
Shacklette, H. T. and Boerngen, J. G. (1984). Element Concentrations in Soils and Other Surficial Materials of the Conterminous United States. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1270. Alexandria, VA: US Geological Survey.Google Scholar
Shaw, W. T. (1975). Mining in the Lake Counties. Clapham, Lancaster: Dalesman Publishing Company Ltd.Google Scholar
Shelton, R. G. J. (1971). Sludge Dumping in the Thames Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2, 2427.Google Scholar
Sherlock, E. (2012). Key to the Earthworms of the UK and Ireland. London: Field Studies Council and Natural History Museum.Google Scholar
Shi, D., Xu, Y., Hopkinson, M. and Morel, F. M. M. (2010). Effect of Ocean Acidification on Iron Availability to Marine Phytoplankton. Science, 327, 676679.Google Scholar
Shore, R., Carney, G. and Stygall, T. (1975). Cadmium Levels and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Limpets. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 6, 187189.Google Scholar
Shore, R. F. and Douben, P. E. T. (1994a). The Ecotoxicological Significance of Cadmium Intake and Residues in Terrestrial Small Mammals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 29, 101112.Google Scholar
Shore, R. F. and Douben, P. E. T. (1994b). Predicting Ecotoxicological Impacts of Environmental Contaminants on Terrestrial Small Mammals. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 134, 4889.Google Scholar
Shore, R. F., Pereira, M. G., Walker, L. A. and Thompson, D. R. (2011). Mercury in Nonmarine Birds and Mammals. In Environmental Contaminants in Biota: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, 2nd edn., ed. Beyer, W. N. and Meador, J. P.. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Books, pp. 609624.Google Scholar
Sick, L. V. and Baptist, G. J. (1979). Cadmium Incorporation by the Marine Copepod Pseudodiaptomus coronatus. Limnology and Oceanography, 24, 453462.Google Scholar
Simkiss, K. and Mason, A. Z. (1984). Cellular Responses of Molluscan Tissues to Environmental Metals. Marine Environmental Research, 14, 103118.Google Scholar
Simkiss, K., Taylor, M. G. and Greaves, G. N. (1990). Form of the Anion in the Intracellular Granules of the Crab. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 39, 1723.Google Scholar
Simmonds, M. P., Johnston, P. A. and French, M. C. (1993). Organochlorine and Mercury Contamination in United Kingdom Seals. Veterinary Record, 132, 291295.Google Scholar
Simon, E. (1977). Cadmium Tolerance in Populations of Agrostis tenuis and Festuca ovina. Nature, 265, 328330.Google Scholar
Skorupa, J. P. (1998). Selenium Poisoning of Fish and Wildlife in Nature: Lessons from Twelve Real-World Examples. In Environmental Chemistry of Selenium, ed. Frankenberger, W. T. Jr. and Engberg, R. A.. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc., pp. 315354.Google Scholar
Slingsby, D. R. and Brown, D. H. (1977). Nickel in British Serpentine Soils. Journal of Ecology, 65, 597618.Google Scholar
Slingsby, D. R., Hopkins, J., Carter, S., Dalrymple, S. and Slingsby, A. (2010). Change and Stability: Monitoring the Keen of Hamar 1978–2006. Scottish Natural Heritage Report. www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/nnr/Keen_of_Hamar_NNR_Change_and_Stability.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sloane, P. I. W. and Norris, R. H. (2003). Relationships of AUSRIVAS-Based Macroinvertebrate Predictive Model Outputs to a Metal Pollution Gradient. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 22, 457471.Google Scholar
Smaldon, G., Holthuis, L. B. and Fransen, C. H. J. M. (1993). Coastal Shrimps and Prawns. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 15, 2nd edn. Dorchester: Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, Henry Ling Ltd, Dorset Press.Google Scholar
Smith, B. S. (1980). The Estuarine Mud Snail, Nassarius obsoletus: Abnormalities in the Reproductive System. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 46, 247256.Google Scholar
Smith, B. S. (1981). Male Characteristics on Female Mud Snails Caused by Antifouling Bottom Paints. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 1, 2225.Google Scholar
Smith, C. W., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. J., et al. (Eds) (2009). The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. Bodmin and King’s Lynn: British Lichen Society, MPG Books Group.Google Scholar
Smith, R. A. H. and Bradshaw, A. D. (1972). Stabilisation of Toxic Mine Wastes by the Use of Tolerant Plant Populations. Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Section A: Mining Technology, 81, A230A237.Google Scholar
Smith, R. A. H. and Bradshaw, A. D. (1979). The Use of Metal Tolerant Plant Populations for the Reclamation of Metalliferous Wastes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 16, 595612.Google Scholar
SNIFFER (2011) River Fish Classification Tool: Science Work. Phase 3 Report FINAL. Project WFD68c. Edinburgh: Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research (SNIFFER).Google Scholar
Sohal, R. S., Peters, P. D. and Hall, T. A. (1977). Origin, Structure, Composition and Age-Dependence of Mineralized Dense Bodies (Concretions) in the Midgut Epithelium of the Adult Housefly, Musca domestica. Tissue and Cell, 9, 87102.Google Scholar
Somerfield, P. J., Atkins, M., Bolam, S. G., et al. (2006). Relative Impacts at Sites of Dredged-Material Relocation in the Coastal Environment: A Phylum-Level Meta-Analysis Approach. Marine Biology, 148, 12311240.Google Scholar
Somerfield, P. J., Gee, J. M. and Warwick, R. M. (1994). Soft Sediment Meiofaunal Community Structure in Relation to a Long-Term Heavy Metal Gradient in the Fal Estuary System. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 105, 7988.Google Scholar
Southgate, T., Slinn, D. J. and Eastham, J. F. (1983). Mine-Derived Metal Pollution in the Isle of Man. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 14, 137140.Google Scholar
Southward, A. J. (2008). Barnacles: Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 57. Dorchester: Linnean Society of London and Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, Henry Ling, Ltd, Dorset Press.Google Scholar
Sparks, T. (Ed) (2000). Statistics in Ecotoxicology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Spence, D. H. N. (1970). Scottish Serpentine Vegetation. Oikos, 21, 2231.Google Scholar
Spence, S. K., Bryan, G. W., Gibbs, P. E., Masters, D., Morris, L. and Hawkins, S. J. (1990). Effect of TBT Contamination on Nucella Populations. Functional Ecology, 4, 425432.Google Scholar
Spurgeon, D. J. and Hopkin, S. P. (1995). Extrapolation of the Laboratory Based OECD Earthworm Toxicity Test to Metal Contaminated Field Sites. Ecotoxicology, 4, 190205.Google Scholar
Spurgeon, D. J. and Hopkin, S. P. (1996a). The Effects of Metal Contamination on Earthworm Populations around a Smelting Works: Quantifying Species Effects. Applied Soil Ecology, 4, 147160.Google Scholar
Spurgeon, D. J. and Hopkin, S. P. (1996b). Risk Assessment of the Threat of Secondary Poisoning by Metals to Predators of Earthworms in the Vicinity of a Primary Smelting Works. Science of the Total Environment, 187, 167183.Google Scholar
Spurgeon, D. J. and Hopkin, S. P. (1999a). Tolerance to Zinc in Populations of the Earthworm Lumbricus rubellus from Uncontaminated and Metal-Contaminated Ecosystems. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 37, 332337.Google Scholar
Spurgeon, D. J. and Hopkin, S. P. (1999b). Comparisons of Metal Accumulation and Excretion Kinetics in Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) Exposed to Contaminated Field and Laboratory Soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 11, 227243.Google Scholar
Spurgeon, D. J., Hopkin, S. P. and Jones, D. T. (1994). Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc on Growth, Reproduction and Survival of the Earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny): Assessing the Environmental Impact of Point-Source Metal Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Environmental Pollution, 84, 123130.Google Scholar
Spurgeon, D. J., Rowland, P., Ainsworth, G., Rothery, P., Long, S. and Black, H. I. J. (2008). Geographical and Pedological Drivers of Distribution and Risks to Soil Fauna of Seven Metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in British Soils. Environmental Pollution, 153, 273283.Google Scholar
Spurgeon, D. J., Weeks, J. M. and van Gestel, C. A. M. (2003). A Summary of Eleven Years Progress in Earthworm Ecotoxicology. Pedobiologia, 47, 588606.Google Scholar
Statham, P. J., Auger, Y., Burton, J. D., et al. (1993). Fluxes of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn through the Strait of Dover into the Southern North Sea. Oceanologica Acta, 16, 541552.Google Scholar
Steele, J. H., McIntyre, A. D., Johnston, R., Baxter, I. G., Topping, G. and Dooley, H. D. (1973). Pollution in the Clyde Sea Area. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 4, 153157.Google Scholar
Sterenborg, I. and Roelofs, D. (2003). Field-Selected Cadmium Tolerance in the Springtail Orchesella cincta Is Correlated with Increased Metallothionein mRNA Expression. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 33, 741747.Google Scholar
Stewart, F. M. and Furness, R. W. (1998). The Influence of Age on Cadmium Concentrations in Seabirds. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 50, 159171.Google Scholar
Stewart, F. M., Thompson, D. R., Furness, R. W. and Harrison, N. (1994). Seasonal Variation in Heavy Metal Levels in Tissues of Common Guillemots, Uria aalge from Northwest Scotland. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 27, 168175.Google Scholar
Stoecker, D. (1980a). Relationships between Chemical Defense and Ecology in Benthic Ascidians. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 3, 257265.Google Scholar
Stoecker, D. (1980b). Chemical Defenses of Ascidians against Predators. Ecology, 61, 13271334.Google Scholar
Stürzenbaum, S. R., Kille, P. and Morgan, A. J. (1998). The Identification, Cloning and Characterization of Earthworm Metallothionein. FEBS Letters, 431, 437442.Google Scholar
Sunda, W. G. (1989). Trace Metal Interactions with Phytoplankton. Biological Oceanography, 6, 41442.Google Scholar
Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A. (1992). Feedback Interactions between Zinc and Phytoplankton in Seawater. Limnology and Oceanography, 37, 2540.Google Scholar
Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A. (1998). Processes Regulating Cellular Metal Accumulation and Physiological Effects: Phytoplankton as Model Systems. Science of the Total Environment, 219, 165181.Google Scholar
Sunda, W. G., Swift, D. G. and Huntsman, S. A. (1991). Low Iron Requirement for Growth in Oceanic Phytoplankton. Nature, 351, 5557.Google Scholar
Taberlet, P., Coissac, E., Hajibabaei, M. and Rieseberg, L. H. (2012). Environmental DNA. Molecular Ecology, 21, 17891793.Google Scholar
Tappin, A. D., Barriada, J. L., Braungardt, C. B., Evans, E. H., Patey, M. D. and Achterberg, E. P. (2010). Dissolved Silver in European Estuarine and Coastal Waters. Water Research, 44, 42044216.Google Scholar
Tappin, A. D., Millward, G. E., Statham, P. J., Burton, J. D. and Morris, A. W. (1995). Trace Metals in the Central and Southern North Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 41, 275323.Google Scholar
Taylor, A. C. and Spicer, J. I. (1986). Oxygen-Transporting Properties of the Blood of Two Semi-Terrestrial Amphipods, Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas) and O. mediterranea (Costa). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 97, 135150.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. (1982). Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Water of a Major Industrialised Estuary. Environmental Technology Letters, 3, 137144.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. D. (1997). Accumulation of Cadmium Derived from Fertilisers in New Zealand Soils. Science of the Total Environment, 208, 123126.Google Scholar
Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C. and Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844854.Google Scholar
Tête, N., Afonso, E., Crini, N., Drouhot, S., Prudent, A.-S. and Scheifler, R. (2014a). Hair as a Noninvasive Tool for Risk Assessment: Do the Concentrations of Cadmium and Lead in the Hair of Woodmice (Apodemus sylvaticus) Reflect Internal Concentrations? Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 108, 233241.Google Scholar
Tête, N., Durfort, M., Rieffel, D., Scheifler, R. and Sánchez-Chardi, A. (2014b). Histopathology Related to Cadmium and Lead Bioaccumulation in Chronically Exposed Wood Mice, Apodemus sylvaticus, around a Former Smelter. Science of the Total Environment, 481, 167177.Google Scholar
Thain, J. E. and Waldock, M. J. (1986). The Impact of Tributyl Tin (TBT) Antifouling Paints on Molluscan Fisheries. Water Science and Technology, 18, 193202.Google Scholar
Thompson, D. R. (1996). Mercury in Birds and Terrestrial Mammals. In Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, ed. Beyer, W. N., Heinz, G. H. and Redmon-Norwood, A. W.. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 341356.Google Scholar
Thompson, D. R., Becker, P. H. and Furness, R. W. (1993). Long-Term Changes in Mercury Concentrations in Herring Gulls Larus argentatus and Common Terns Sterna hirundo from the German North Sea Coast. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30, 316320.Google Scholar
Thompson, D. R., Furness, R. W. and Barrett, R. T. (1992a). Mercury Concentrations in Seabirds from Colonies in the Northeast Atlantic. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 23, 383389.Google Scholar
Thompson, D. R., Furness, R. W. and Walsh, P. M. (1992b). Historical Changes in the Marine Ecosystem of the North and North-East Atlantic Ocean as Indicated by Seabird Feathers. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, 7984.Google Scholar
Thompson, D. R., Hamer, K. C. and Furness, R. W. (1991). Mercury Accumulation in Great Skuas Catharacta skua of Known Age and Sex, and Its Effects upon Breeding and Survival. Journal of Applied Ecology, 28, 672684.Google Scholar
Thornton, I. (1975a). Some Aspects of Environmental Geochemistry in Britain. In Symposium Proceedings of International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 27–31, 1975, vol. 2. Toronto: Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, pp. 1738.Google Scholar
Thornton, I. (1975b). Geochemical Parameters in the Assessment of Estuarine Pollution. In The Ecology of Resource Degradation and Renewal. The 15th Symposium of the British Ecological Society, July 1973, ed. Chadwick, M. J. and Goodman, G. T.. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 157169.Google Scholar
Thornton, I. (1993). Environmental Geochemistry and Health in the 1990s: A Global Perspective. Applied Geochemistry, Suppl. Issue 2, 203210.Google Scholar
Thornton, I., Watling, H. and Darracott, A. (1975). Geochemical Studies in Several Rivers and Estuaries Used for Oyster Rearing. Science of the Total Environment, 4, 325345.Google Scholar
Thornton, I. and Webb, J. S. (1979). Geochemistry and Health in the United Kingdom. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B, 288, 151168.Google Scholar
Thornton, I., Culbard, E., Moorcroft, S., Watt, J., Wheatley, M. and Thompson, M. (1985). Metals in Urban Dusts and Soils. Environmental Technology Letters, 6, 137144.Google Scholar
Tipping, E. (1994). WHAM: A Chemical Equilibrium Model and Computer Code for Waters, Sediments, and Soils Incorporating a Discrete Site/Electrostatic Model of Ion-Binding by Humic Substances. Computers and Geoscience, 20, 9731023.Google Scholar
Tipping, E., Lofts, S. and Lawlor, A. J. (1998). Modelling the Chemical Speciation of Trace Metals in the Surface Waters of the Humber System. Science of the Total Environment, 210, 6377.Google Scholar
Tipping, E., Lofts, S. and Sonke, J. E. (2011a). Humic Ion-Binding Model VII: A Revised Parameterisation of Cation-Binding by Humic Substances. Environmental Chemistry, 8, 225235.Google Scholar
Tipping, E., Poskitt, J. M., Lawlor, A. J., Wadsworth, R. A., Norris, D. A. and Hall, J. R. (2011b). Mercury in United Kingdom Topsoils: Concentrations, Pools, and Critical Limit Exceedances. Environmental Pollution, 159, 37213729.Google Scholar
Tlili, A. and Montuelle, B. (2011). Microbial Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance. In Tolerance to Environmental Contaminants, ed. Amiard-Triquet, C., Rainbow, P. S. and Roméo, M.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 85108.Google Scholar
Topping, G. (1973). Heavy Metals in Shellfish from Scottish Waters. Aquaculture, 1, 379384.Google Scholar
Towe, K. M. and Lowenstam, H. A. (1967). Ultrastructure and Development of Iron Mineralization in the Radular Teeth of Cryptochiton stelleri (Mollusca). Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 17, 113.Google Scholar
Towe, K. M., Lowenstam, H. A. and Nesson, M. H. (1963). Invertebrate Ferritin: Occurrence in Mollusca. Science, 142, 6364.Google Scholar
Townsend, C. R., Hildrew, A. G. and Francis, J. (1983). Community Structure in Some Southern English Streams: The Influence of Physicochemical Factors. Freshwater Biology, 13, 521544.Google Scholar
Truchet, M., Martoja, R. and Berthet, B. (1990). Conséquences histologiques de la pollution métalliques d’un estuaire sur deux mollusques, Littorina littorea L. et Scrobicularia plana da Costa. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Série III, 311, 261268.Google Scholar
Tschan, M., Robinson, B. H. and Schulin, R. (2009). Antimony in the Soil-Plant System: A Review. Environmental Chemistry, 6, 106115.Google Scholar
Turnbull, L. (2006). The History of Lead Mining in the North East of England. Hexham: Ergo Press.Google Scholar
Turner, A. (2010). Marine Pollution from Antifouling Paint Particles. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 159171.Google Scholar
Turner, A. (2011). Oral Bioaccessibility of Trace Metals in Household Dust: A Review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 33, 331341.Google Scholar
Turner, D. R., Whitfield, M. and Dickson, A. G. (1981). The Equilibrium Speciation of Dissolved Components in Freshwater and Seawater at 25ºC and 1 atm Pressure. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 855881.Google Scholar
Tyler, G. (1990). Bryophytes and Heavy Metals: A Literature Review. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 104, 231253.Google Scholar
Ueki, T., Adachi, T., Kawano, S., Aoshima, M., Yamaguchi, N., Kanamori, K. and Michibata, H. (2003). Vanadium-Binding Proteins (Vanabins) from a Vanadium-Rich Ascidian Ascidia sydneiensis samea. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1626, 4350.Google Scholar
Underhill-Day, J. and Dyrynda, P. (2005). Non-Native Species in and around Poole Harbour. In The Ecology of Poole Harbour, ed. Humphreys, J. and May, V.. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 159162.Google Scholar
Underwood, E. J. (1962). Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 2nd edn. New York, NY, and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Valentini, A., Taberlet, P., Miaud, C., et al. (2016). Next-Generation Monitoring of Aquatic Biodiversity Using Environmental DNA Metabarcoding. Molecular Ecology, 24, 929942.Google Scholar
Van de Ven, W. S. M., Koeman, J. H. and Svenson, A. (1979). Mercury and Selenium in Wild and Experimental Seals. Chemosphere, 8, 539555.Google Scholar
Van der Wal, P. (1989). Structural and Material Design of Mature Mineralized Radula Teeth of Patella vulgata (Gastropoda). Journal of Ultrastructural and Molecular Structure Research, 102, 147161.Google Scholar
van Gestel, C. A. M. (2008). Physico-Chemical and Biological Parameters Determine Metal Bioavailability in Soils. Science of the Total Environment, 406, 385395.Google Scholar
van Straalen, N. M. (1993). Soil and Sediment Quality Criteria Derived from Invertebrate Toxicity Data. In Ecotoxicology of Metals in Invertebrates, ed. Dallinger, R. and Rainbow, P. S.. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 427441.Google Scholar
van Straalen, N. M. (1998). Evaluation of Bioindicator Systems Derived from Soil Arthropod Communities. Applied Soil Ecology, 9, 429437.Google Scholar
van Straalen, N. M. and Denneman, C. A. J. (1989). Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Soil Quality Criteria. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 18, 241251.Google Scholar
van Straalen, N. M. and Roelofs, D. (2005). Cadmium Tolerance in a Soil Arthropod: A Model of Real-Time Microevolution. Entomologische Berichten, 65, 105110.Google Scholar
van Straalen, N. M., Burghouts, T. B. A., Doornhof, M. J., et al. (1987). Efficiency of Lead and Cadmium Excretion in Populations of Orchesella cincta (Collembola) from Various Contaminated Forest Soils. Journal of Applied Ecology, 24, 953968.Google Scholar
van Straalen, N. M., Donker, M. H., Vijver, M. G. and van Gestel, C. A. M. (2005). Bioavailability of Contaminants Estimated from Uptake Rates into Soil Invertebrates. Environmental Pollution, 136, 409417.Google Scholar
Viarengo, A., Pertica, M., Mancinelli, G., et al. (1984). Possible Role of Lysosomes in the Detoxication of Copper in the Digestive Gland Cells of Metal-Exposed Mussels. Marine Environmental Research, 14, 469470.Google Scholar
Viarengo, A., Zanicchi, G., Moore, M. N. and Orunesu, M. (1981). Accumulation and Detoxication of Copper by the Mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.: A Study of the Subcellular Distribution in the Digestive Gland Cells. Aquatic Toxicology, 1, 147157.Google Scholar
Vijver, M. G., Vink, J. P. M., Miermans, C. J. H. and van Gestel, C. A. M. (2003). Oral Sealing Using Glue: A New Method to Distinguish between Intestinal and Dermal Uptake of Metals in Earthworms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, 125132.Google Scholar
Vilas Boas, L., Gonҫalves, S. C., Portugal, A., Freitas, H. and Gonҫalves, M. T. (2014). A Ni Hyperaccumulator and a Congeneric Non-Accumulator Reveal Equally Effective Defences against Herbivory. Science of the Total Environment, 466–467, 1115.Google Scholar
Vinceti, M., Crespi, C. M., Bonvicini, F., et al. (2013). The Need for Reassessment of the Safe Upper Limit of Selenium in Drinking Water. Science of the Total Environment, 443, 633642.Google Scholar
Virsek, M. K., Hubad, B. and Lapanje, A. (2013). Mercury Induced Community Tolerance in Microbial Films Is Related to Pollution Gradients in a Long-Term Polluted River. Aquatic Toxicology, 144–145, 208217.Google Scholar
Vivian, C. M. G. (1980). Trace Metal Studies in the River Tawe and Swansea Bay. In Industrialised Embayments and Their Environmental Problems, ed. Collins, M. B., Banner, F. T., Tyler, P. A., Wakefield, S. J. and James, A. E.. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 329341.Google Scholar
Vivian, C. M. G. and Massie, K. S. (1977). Trace Metals in Waters and Sediments of the River Tawe, South Wales, in Relation to Local Sources. Environmental Pollution, 14, 4761.Google Scholar
Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshaw, M. D. and Lester, J. N. (2000). Occurrence of Four Biocides Utilized in Antifouling Paints, as Alternatives to Organotin Compounds, in Waters and Sediments of a Commercial Estuary in the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 938946.Google Scholar
Wadge, A., Hutton, M. and Peterson, P. J. (1986). The Concentrations and Particle Size Relationships of Selected Trace Elements in Fly Ashes from U.K. Coal-Fired Power Plants and a Refuse Incinerator. Science of the Total Environment, 54, 1327.Google Scholar
Walker, G. (1977). `Copper’ Granules in the Barnacle Balanus balanoides. Marine Biology, 39, 343349.Google Scholar
Walker, G. (1977b). Personal communications.Google Scholar
Walker, G., Rainbow, P. S., Foster, P. and Holland, D. L. (1975). Zinc Phosphate Granules in Tissue Surrounding the Midgut of the Barnacle Balanus balanoides. Marine Biology, 33, 161166.Google Scholar
Walker, L. A., Simpson, V. R., Rockett, L., Wienburg, C. L. and Shore, R. F. (2007). Heavy Metal Contamination in Bats in Britain. Environmental Pollution, 148, 483490.Google Scholar
Wallace, W. G. and Lopez, G. R. (1996). Relationship between the Subcellular Cadmium Distribution in Prey and Cadmium Transfer to a Predator. Estuaries, 19, 923930.Google Scholar
Wallace, W. G. and Lopez, G. R. (1997). Bioavailability of Biologically Sequestered Cadmium and the Implications of Metal Detoxification. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 147, 149157.Google Scholar
Wallace, W. G. and Luoma, S. N. (2003). Subcellular Compartmentalization of Cd and Zn in Two Bivalves. II. The Significance of Trophically Available Metal (TAM). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 257, 125137.Google Scholar
Wallace, W. G., Lee, B. G. and Luoma, S. N. (2003). Subcellular Compartmentalization of Cd and Zn in Two Bivalves. I. Significance of Metal-Sensitive Fractions (MSF) and Biologically Detoxified Metal (BDM). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 249, 183197.Google Scholar
Wallace, W. G., Lopez, G. R. and Levinton, J. S. (1998). Cadmium Resistance in an Oligochaete and Its Effect on Cadmium Trophic Transfer to an Omnivorous Shrimp. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 172, 225237.Google Scholar
Walley, K. A., Khan, M. S. I. and Bradshaw, A. D. (1974). The Potential for Evolution of Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants. I. Copper and Zinc Tolerance in Agrostis tenuis. Heredity, 32, 309319.Google Scholar
Walsh, A. R. and O’Halloran, J. (1998). Accumulation of Chromium by a Population of Mussels (Mytilus edulis (L.)) Exposed to Leather Tannery Effluent. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 14291438.Google Scholar
Wang, M.-J. and Wang, W.-X. (2009). Cadmium in Three Marine Phytoplankton: Accumulation, Subcellular Fate and Thiol Induction. Aquatic Toxicology, 95, 99107.Google Scholar
Wang, W.-X. (2002). Interactions of Trace Metals and Different Marine Food Chains. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 243, 295309.Google Scholar
Wang, W.-X. (2012). Biodynamic Understanding of Mercury Accumulation in Marine and Freshwater Fish. Advances in Environmental Research, 1, 1535.Google Scholar
Wang, W.-X. and Fisher, N. S. (1998). Accumulation of Trace Elements in a Marine Copepod. Limnology and Oceanography, 43, 273283.Google Scholar
Wang, W.-X. and Rainbow, P. S. (2006). Subcellular Partitioning and the Prediction of Cadmium Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms. Environmental Chemistry, 3, 395399.Google Scholar
Wang, W.-X., Fisher, N. S. and Luoma, S. N. (1995). Assimilation of Trace Elements Ingested by the Mussel Mytilus edulis: Effects of Algal Food Abundance. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 129, 165176.Google Scholar
Wang, W.-X., Fisher, N. S. and Luoma, S. N. (1996). Kinetic Determinations of Trace Element Bioaccumulation in the Mussel Mytilus edulis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 140, 91113.Google Scholar
Wang, W.-X., Qiu, J.-W. and Qian, P. Y. (1999). Significance of High Trophic Transfer in Predicting the High Concentration of Zinc in Barnacles. Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 29052909.Google Scholar
Wang, X. and Wang, W.-X. (2015). Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Inorganic and Methylmercury in a Marine Fish. Environmental Science and Technology, 49, 1017310181.Google Scholar
Wardlaw, J. (2005). Water Quality and Pollution Monitoring in Poole Harbour. In The Ecology of Poole Harbour, ed. Humphreys, J. and May, V.. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 219222.Google Scholar
Waring, J. and Maher, W. (2005). Arsenic Bioaccumulation and Species in Marine Polychaeta. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 19, 917929.Google Scholar
Warwick, R. M. (2001). Evidence for the Effects of Metal Contamination on the Intertidal Macrobenthic Assemblages of the Fal Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 145148.Google Scholar
Warwick, W. F. (1988). Morphological Deformities in Chironomidae (Diptera) Larvae as Biological Indicators of Toxic Stress. In Toxic Contaminants and Ecosystem Health: A Great Lakes Focus, ed. Evans, M. S.. New York, NY: J Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 281320.Google Scholar
Wayland, M. and Scheuhammer, A. M. (2011). Cadmium in Birds. In Environmental Contaminants in Biota: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, 2nd edn., ed. Beyer, W. N. and Meador, J. P.. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Books, pp. 645666.Google Scholar
Webb, D. A. (1939). Observations on the Blood of Certain Ascidians, with Special Reference to the Biochemistry of Vanadium. Journal of Experimental Biology, 16, 499523.Google Scholar
Webb, J. S., Thornton, I., Thompson, M., Howarth, R. J. and Lowenstein, P. L. (1978). The Wolfson Geochemical Atlas of England and Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weeks, J. M. (1992a). The Use of the Terrestrial Amphipod Arcitalitrus dorrieni (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) as a Potential Biomonitor of Ambient Zinc and Copper Availabilities in Leaf-Litter. Chemosphere, 24, 15051522.Google Scholar
Weeks, J. M. (1992b). The Talitrid Amphipod (Crustacea) Platorchestia platensis as a Biomonitor of Trace Metals (Cu and Zn) in Danish Waters. In Physiological and Biochemical Strategies in Baltic Organisms: New Approaches in Ecotoxicological Research. Proceedings of the 12th Baltic Marine Biologists Symposium, Helsingør, Denmark, 25–30 August 1991, ed. Bjørnestad, E., Hagerman, L. and Jensen, K.. Fredensborg: Olsen & Olsen, pp. 173178.Google Scholar
Weeks, J. M and Rainbow, P. S. (1993). The Relative Importance of Food and Seawater as Sources of Copper and zinc to Talitrid Amphipods (Crustacea; Amphipoda; Talitridae). Journal of Applied Ecology, 30, 722735.Google Scholar
Weeks, J. M., Rainbow, P. S. and Moore, P. G. (1992). The Loss, Uptake and Tissue Distribution of Copper and Zinc during the Moult Cycle in an Ecological Series of Talitrid Amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Hydrobiologia, 245, 1525.Google Scholar
WFD-UKTAG (2008a). UKTAG River Assessment Methods. Benthic Invertebrate Fauna. River Invertebrate Classification Tool (RICT). Edinburgh: Water Framework Directive–United Kingdom Advisory Group, SNIFFER.Google Scholar
WFD-UKTAG (2008b). Proposals for Environment Quality Standards for Annex VIII Substances. Final Report SR1–2007. Edinburgh: Water Framework Directive–United Kingdom Advisory Group.Google Scholar
WFD-UKTAG (2009). UKTAG River Assessment Methods. Macrophytes and Phytobenthos. Macrophytes (River LEAFPACS). Edinburgh: Water Framework Directive-United Kingdom Advisory Group, SNIFFER.Google Scholar
WFD-UKTAG (2013). Updated Recommendations on Environmental Standards. River Basin Management (2015–21). Final Report November 2013 (Minor amendments January 2014). Report 2004112013. Edinburgh: Water Framework Directive–United Kingdom Advisory Group.Google Scholar
Wheeler, A. C. (1979). The Tidal Thames. The History of a River and Its Fishes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
White, D. H., Finley, M. T. and Ferrell, J. F. (1978). Histopathological Effects of Dietary Cadmium on Kidneys and Testes of Mallard Ducks. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 4, 551558.Google Scholar
White, S. L. and Rainbow, P. S. (1982). Regulation and Accumulation of Copper, Zinc and Cadmium by the Shrimp Palaemon elegans. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 8, 95101.Google Scholar
White, S. L. and Rainbow, P. S. (1984). Regulation of Zinc Concentration by Palaemon elegans (Crustacea: Decapoda): Zinc Flux and Effects of Temperature, Zinc Concentration and Moulting. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 16, 135147.Google Scholar
White, S. L. and Rainbow, P. S. (1987). Heavy Metal Concentrations and Size Effects in the Mesopelagic Decapod Crustacean Systellaspis debilis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 37, 147151.Google Scholar
Whitehead, P. G. and Neal, C. (2005). The Wheal Jane Remediation Study: Some General Conclusions. Science of the Total Environment, 338, 155157.Google Scholar
Whitehead, P. G. and Prior, H. (2005). Bioremediation of Acid Mine Drainage: An Introduction to the Wheal Jane Wetlands Project. Science of the Total Environment, 338, 1521.Google Scholar
Whiteley, J. D. and Pearce, N. J. G. (2003). Metal Distribution during Diagenesis in the Contaminated Sediments of Dulas Bay, Anglesey, N. Wales, UK. Applied Geochemistry, 18, 901913.Google Scholar
Whitfield, M. (2001). Interactions between Phytoplankton and Trace Metals in the Ocean. Advances in Marine Biology, 41, 1128.Google Scholar
Whiting, S. N., Neumann, P. M. and Baker, A. J. M. (2003). Nickel and Zinc Hyperaccumulation by Alyssum murale and Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) Do Not Enhance Survival and Whole-Plant Growth under Drought Stress. Plant, Cell and Environment, 26, 351360.Google Scholar
Whitton, B. A. (1970). Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Freshwater Algae: A Review. Phykos, 9, 116125.Google Scholar
Whitton, B. A., Say, P. J. and Wehr, J. D. (1981). Use of Plants to Monitor Heavy Metals in Rivers. In Heavy Metals in Northern England: Environmental and Biological Aspects, ed. Say, P. J. and Whitton, B. A.. Durham: Department of Botany, University of Durham, pp. 135145.Google Scholar
Widdows, J., Donkin, P., Brinsley, M. D., Evans, S. V., Salkeld, P. N., Franklin, A., Law, R. J. and Waldock, M. J. (1995). Scope for Growth and Contaminant Levels in North Sea Mussels. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 127, 131148.Google Scholar
Widdows, J., Donkin, P., Staff, F. J., et al. (2002). Measurement of Stress Effects (Scope for Growth) and Contaminant Levels in Mussels (Mytilus edulis) Collected from the Irish Sea. Marine Environmental Research, 53, 327356.Google Scholar
Wildish, D. J. (1987). Estuarine Species of Orchestia (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitroidea) from Britain. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67, 571583.Google Scholar
Wilkes, R., Bennion, M., McQuaid, N., et al. (2017). Intertidal seagrass in Ireland: Pressures, WFD Status and an Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination in Intertidal Habitats Using Zostera noltei. Ecological Indicators, 82, 117130.Google Scholar
Wilkins, P. (1977). Observations on Ecology of Mielichhoferia elongata and Other ‘Copper Mosses’ in the British Isles. Bryologist, 80, 175181.Google Scholar
Williams, P. R., Attrill, M. J. and Nimmo, M. (1998). Heavy Metal Concentrations and Bioaccumulation within the Fal Estuary, UK: A Reappraisal. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36, 643645.Google Scholar
Williams, R. J. P. and Fraústo da Silva, J. J. R. (1996). The Natural Selection of the Elements. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Williams, R. J. P. and Fraústo da Silva, J. J. R. (2003). Evolution Was Chemically Constrained. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 220, 323343.Google Scholar
Williamson, P. and Evans, P. R. (1973). A Preliminary Study of the Effects of High Levels of Inorganic Lead on Soil Fauna. Pedobiologia, 13, 1621.Google Scholar
Willies, L. (1982). Lead and Leadmining. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications Ltd.Google Scholar
Wilson, G. V. (1921). The Lead, Zinc, Copper and Nickel Ores of Scotland. Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, XVII, 1159.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. G. (1982). Heavy Metals in Littorina rudis along a Copper Contamination Gradient. Journal of Life Sciences Royal Dublin Society, 4, 2735.Google Scholar
Wilson, K. W., Head, P. C. and Jones, P. D. (1986). Mersey Estuary (U.K.) Bird Mortalities: Causes, Consequences and Correctives. Water Science and Technology, 18, 171180.Google Scholar
Wolfe, M. F., Schwarzbach, S. and Sulaiman, R. A. (1998). Effects of Mercury on Wildlife: A Comprehensive Review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 146160.Google Scholar
Wong, M. H. (1982). Metal Cotolerance to Copper, Lead and Zinc in Festuca rubra. Environmental Research, 29, 4247.Google Scholar
Woods, R. (1988). Further Neglected Habitats. British Lichen Society Bulletin, 65, 1516.Google Scholar
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1952). Marine Fouling and Its Prevention. United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland. Menasha, WI: George Banta Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Wragg, J., Cave, M. R., Basta, N., et al. (2011). An Inter-Laboratory Trial of the Unified BARGE Bioaccessibility Method for Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead in the Soil. Science of the Total Environment, 409, 40164030.Google Scholar
Wright, D. A. (1976). Heavy Metals in Animals from the North East Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 7, 3638.Google Scholar
Wright, G., Misstear, B., Gallagher, V., Suilleabhain, D. O. and O’Connor, P. (1999). Avoca Mines: Uncontrolled Acid Mine Drainage in Ireland. In Mine, Water and Environment for the 21st Century, Vol. II: Proceedings of the 1999 International Mine Water Association IMWA International Congress, Seville, Spain: Mine/Quarry Waste Disposal and Closure, ed. Fernández Rubio, R. F.. Wendelstein: IMWA, pp. 551556.Google Scholar
Wright, J. F., Moss, D., Armitage, P. D. and Furse, M. T. (1984). A Preliminary Classification of Running Water Sites in Great Britain Based on Macroinvertebrate Species and the Prediction of Community Type Using Environmental Data. Freshwater Biology, 14, 221256.Google Scholar
Wu, L. and Bradshaw, A. D. (1972). Aerial Pollution and the Rapid Evolution of Copper Tolerance. Nature, 238, 167169.Google Scholar
Wu, Y. and Wang, W.-X. (2014). Intracellular Speciation and Transformation of Inorganic Mercury in Marine Phytoplankton. Aquatic Toxicology, 148, 122129.Google Scholar
Xu, J. and Thornton, I. (1985). Arsenic in Garden Soils and Vegetable Crops in Cornwall, England: Implications for Human Health. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 7, 131133.Google Scholar
Xu, Y. and Wang, W.-X. (2001). Individual Responses of Trace-Element Assimilation and Physiological Turnover by the Marine Copepod Calanus sinicus to Changes in Food Quantity. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 218, 227238.Google Scholar
Xu, Y. and Wang, W.-X. (2002). The Assimilation of Detritus-Bound Metals by the Marine Copepod Acartia spinicauda. Limnology and Oceanography, 47, 604610.Google Scholar
Yamaguchi, N., Gazzard, D., Scholey, G. and Macdonald, D. W. (2003). Concentrations and Hazard Assessment of PCBs, Organochlorine Pesticides and Mercury in Fish Species from the Upper Thames: River Pollution and Its Potential Effects on Top Predators. Chemosphere, 50, 265273.Google Scholar
Yon, J.-N. and Lead, J. R. (2008). Manufactured Nanoparticles: An Overview of Their Chemistry, Interactions and Potential Environmental Implications. Science of the Total Environment, 400, 396414.Google Scholar
Yonge, C. M. (1960). Oysters. London: New Naturalist, Collins.Google Scholar
Yonge, C. M. and Thompson, T. E. (1976). Living Marine Molluscs. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Young, M. L. (1977). The Roles of Food and Direct Uptake from Water in the Accumulation of Zinc and Iron in the Tissues of the Dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 30, 315325.Google Scholar
Younger, P. L. (1998). Adit Hydrology in the Long-Term: Observations from the Pb-Zn Mines of Northern England. In Mine Water and Environmental Impacts 2. Proceedings of the International Mine Water Association Symposium, Johannesburg, South Africa, ed. Nel, P. J. L.. Sydney: IMWA, Cape Breton University, pp. 321330.Google Scholar
Zauke, G.-P., Krause, M. and Weber, A. (1996). Trace Metals in Mesoplankton of the North Sea: Concentrations in Different Taxa and Preliminary Results on Bioaccumulation in Copepod Collectives. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 81, 141160.Google Scholar
Zhang, G., Fang, X. Guo, X., et al. (2012). The Oyster Genome Reveals Stress Adaptation and Complexity of Shell Formation. Nature, 490, 4954.Google Scholar
Zhou, J. L., Liu, Y. P. and Abrahams, P. W. (2003). Trace Metal Behaviour in the Conwy Estuary, North Wales. Chemosphere, 51, 429440.Google Scholar
Zonfrillo, B., Sutcliffe, R., Furness, R. W. and Thompson, D. R. (1988). Notes on a Risso’s Dolphin from Argyll with Analyses of Its Stomach Contents and Mercury Levels. Glasgow Naturalist, 21, 297303.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Philip S. Rainbow, Natural History Museum, London
  • Book: Trace Metals in the Environment and Living Organisms
  • Online publication: 23 August 2018
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Philip S. Rainbow, Natural History Museum, London
  • Book: Trace Metals in the Environment and Living Organisms
  • Online publication: 23 August 2018
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Philip S. Rainbow, Natural History Museum, London
  • Book: Trace Metals in the Environment and Living Organisms
  • Online publication: 23 August 2018
Available formats
×