Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-21T10:45:42.714Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2021

Jocelyne Cesari
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
We God's People
Christianity, Islam and Hinduism in the World of Nations
, pp. 372 - 421
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abd-Allah, U. F., The Islamic Struggle in Syria (Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1983).Google Scholar
Al-Abdullah, A., “سلفيو سوريا والثورة” [The Salafists of Syria and the revolution], al-Jumhuriya, December 12, 2013, www.aljumhuriya.net/ar/22395.Google Scholar
Abeysekara, A., The Politics of Postsecular Religion: Mourning Secular Futures (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
“Acts of the Second All-Diaspora Council of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia with the participation of representatives of the clergy and laity, held on August 1/14 to 11/24, 1938 in Sremsky Karlovtsy in Yugoslavia” [Деяния второго Всезарубежного Собора Русской Православной Церкви Заграницей с участием представителей клира и мирян, состоявшегося 1/14 – 11/24 августа 1938 года в Сремских Карловцах в Югославии], accessed September 1, 2020, https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Istorija_Tserkvi/dejanija-vtorogo-vsezarubezhnogo-sobora-russkoj-pravoslavnoj-tserkvi-zagranitsej-s-uchastiem-predstavitelej-klira-i-mirjan-sostojavshegosja-1-14-11-24-avgusta-1938-goda-v-sremskih-karlovtsah-v-yugoslavii/.Google Scholar
Adams, A. E., “Pobedonostsev’s religious politics,” Church History, 22 (1953), 314326.Google Scholar
AFP, “Nusra chief in Syria’s Idlib ‘killed in attack,’” August 2, 2014, https://news.yahoo.com/nusra-chief-syrias-idlib-killed-attack-111025716.html.Google Scholar
Ahamed, S. V. (trans.), English Translation of the Message of the Quran (Lombard, IL: Book of Signs Foundation, 2007).Google Scholar
Ahmad, F., The Young Turks and the Ottoman Nationalities: Armenians, Greeks, Albanians, Jews, and Arabs, 1908-1918 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Ahmed, I., “The Indian Supreme Court’s verdict on the Ayodhya dispute,” Fair Observer, November 12, 2019, www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/indian-supreme-court-babri-mosque-masjid-ayodhya-india-79479/.Google Scholar
Akbaba, Y. and Fox, J., “Religious discrimination against Muslim minorities in Christian majority countries: a unique case?,” Politics, Religion & Ideology, 12 (2011), 449470.Google Scholar
Akbaba, Y. and Fox, J., “Securitization of Islam and religious discrimination: religious minorities in Western democracies, 1990 to 2008,” Comparative European Politics, 13 (2015), 175197.Google Scholar
Akdoğan, Y., Ak Parti ve Muhafazakâr Demokrasi [The AKP and Conservative Democracy] (Istanbul: Alfa Yayinlari, 2004).Google Scholar
Akhmedov, V., “The role of Sufis in the Syrian uprising,” Yallasouriya, October 12 2016, https://yallasouriya.wordpress.com/2016/10/12/the-role-of-sufis-in-the-syrian-uprising/.Google Scholar
Akyol, M., “Why is Turkey reviving an Ottoman sultan?,” al-Monitor, September 29, 2016, www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/09/turkey-reviving-sultan-abdulhamid-ii.html.Google Scholar
Alaridi, A. (@yahya_alaridi), “صحيح ان للرموز معانٍ كبيرة، الا انه بالنسبة للقضية السورية لم تعد هكذا قضايا ذات تأثير كبير .هؤلاء الذين خرجوا بهذه البدعة لعلم الثورة، قاموا بما يؤذي قضية السوريين أكثر؛ هم باستمرار وفروا الذريعة كي تُتَهم ثورة سوريا الشريفة بما يشتهيه نظام الاستبداد. انهم صنعة النظام وخدمه,” Twitter, November 12, 2018, https://twitter.com/yahya_alaridi/status/1062004528961204226.Google Scholar
Aleinkov, S. M., Русская православная церковь и русская идеология: поиски “врага,” строительство “друга” (Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian ideology: the search for the “enemy”, the construction of a “friend”) (Moscow: Ippokren, 2014).Google Scholar
Aleksandrovich, I., Kazin, A., Svetlov, A. L., Viktorovich, R., “Русский национализм: основные вехи исторического осмысления” [Russian nationalism: main milestones of historical thinking], Bulletin of the Russian Christian Academy of Humanities, 16 (2015), 43156.Google Scholar
Ali, A. and Wasti, S. R., Memoirs and Other Writings of Syed Ameer Ali (Delhi: Renaissance, 1985).Google Scholar
Al Jazeera, “Bahjat Bitar, the rebellious Sheikh against Sufism” [بهجة البيطار. الشيخ المتمرد على إرث الصوفية], August 1, 2016, http://bit.ly/bahjatbitar.Google Scholar
Al Jazeera, “China Uighurs: ban on long beards, veils in Xinjiang,” April 1, 2017, www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/china-uighurs-ban-long-beards-veils-xinjiang-170401050336713.html.Google Scholar
Al Jazeera, “Nusra leader: no end to conflict with ISIL in Syria,” June 4, 2015, www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/nusra-leader-conflict-isil-syria-150604021024858.html.Google Scholar
Al Jazeera, “Repression stalks China’s Uighurs, 10 years after Urumqi riots,” July 5, 2019, www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/repression-stalks-china-uighurs-10-years-urumqi-riots-190705045804805.html.Google Scholar
Al Jazeera, “Turkey’s Erdogan says solution possible for China’s Muslims,” July 4, 2019, www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/turkey-erdogan-solution-china-muslims-190704163630632.html.Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. and Postman, L., The Psychology of Rumor (New York: Henry Holt, 1947).Google Scholar
Analytical Media “Eurasian Studies,” “Russian Eurasianism. A review of Marlene Laruelle’s approach – Eurasian Studies,” 2016, http://greater-europe.org/archives/1329.Google Scholar
Anderson, B., Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 2006).Google Scholar
Anderson, J., “Putin and the Russian Orthodox Church: asymmetric symphonia?,” Journal of International Affairs, 61 (2007), 185201.Google Scholar
Anisimov, E., The Reforms of Peter the Great (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993).Google Scholar
Anwar, A., “Locating the rise of Islamism in Turkey,” Journal of Islamic Studies, 20 (2009), 352375.Google Scholar
Anzalone, C., “The multiple faces of Jabhat al-Nusra/Jabhat Fath al-Sham in Syria's civil war,” Insight Turkey, 18 (2016), 4150.Google Scholar
al-Araby, “داعشيّة” على خطى بن لادن” [Iman al-Bugha: “ISIS” in the footsteps of bin Laden], October 24, 2014, http://bit.ly/imanalbugha.Google Scholar
Arai, M., Jön Türk Dönemi Türk Milliyetçiliği [Turkish Nationalism in the Young Turkic Period] (Istanbul: Tansel Demirel, İletişim Yayınlan, 1994).Google Scholar
Arapov, D., Ислам в Российской империи. Законодательные акты, описания, статистика [Islam in the Russian Empire. Legislative Acts, Descriptions, Statistics] (Moscow: ICC Academkniga, 2001), http://verigi.ru/?book=68#.XLOgDy-ZNQI.Google Scholar
The ARDA, “Index of faith-based social capital, 2000,” accessed August 29, 2020, www.thearda.com/MAWizard/scales/sc_82.asp.Google Scholar
Aristotle, , The Politics, trans. Lord, C. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984).Google Scholar
Arnold, V., “RUSSIA: ‘Extremism’ religious freedom survey, September 2016,” Forum18, September 13, 2016, www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2215.Google Scholar
Asad, T., Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Asad, T., Genealogies of Religion (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Asad, T., The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam (Washington, DC: Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University, 1986).Google Scholar
Ashok, S., “EC cracks whip as Delhi goes to polls,” The Hindu, last modified April 9, 2016, www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-elections-on-february-7/article6781169.ece.Google Scholar
Aviv, E., Millet System in the Ottoman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Aydın, S., Modemleşnıe ve Milliyetçilik [Modernization and Nationalism] (Ankara: Gündoğan Yayınlan, 1993).Google Scholar
Ayoub, S., “The Mecelle, shari’a, and the Ottoman state: fashioning and refashioning of Islamic law in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 2 (2015), 121146.Google Scholar
Azbyka vernosti, “О встрече Святейшего Патриарха и Папы Римского” [On the meeting of His Holiness the Patriarch and the Pope], April 15, 2016, https://azbyka.ru/znakomstva/blogs/61120/149181/o-vstrjechje-svjatjejshjego-patriarkha-i.Google Scholar
Bai Shouyi, D. D., Huihui minzu de xinsheng [The Rejuvenation of the Huihui Nationality] (1951), in Minzu zongjiao lunji [Collected Essays on Ethnicity and Religion] (Shijiazhuang: Hebei jiaoyu chubanshe, 2001), pp. 97167.Google Scholar
Bai Shouyi, D. D., “Zhongguo Musilin de lisi chuantong” [The historical tradition of China’s Muslims], 历史 研究 [Historical Research] (1962), 6–11, repr. in D. D. Bai Shouyi (ed.), 中国伊斯兰史参考资料选集 [Selected Resources of Chinese Islamic History] (Yinchuan: Ningxia Ren min, 1982), pp. 1–58.Google Scholar
Balzer, M. M., Religion and Politics in Russia: A Reader (Abingdon: Routledge, 2015).Google Scholar
Barghava, R., “How to rescue genuine secularism,” The Hindu, May 28, 2019, www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/how-to-rescue-genuine-secularism/article27267143.ece.Google Scholar
Barkey, K., “Political legitimacy and Islam in the Ottoman Empire: lessons learned,” Philosophy & Social Criticism, 40 (2014), 469477.Google Scholar
Baser, B. and Öztürk, A. E. (eds.), Authoritarian Politics in Turkey: Elections, Resistance and the AKP (London: I. B. Tauris, 2017).Google Scholar
Bashilov, B., “Тишайший царь и его время” [The quietest king and his time] in История русского масонства [History of Russian Freemasonry], 48 vols. (Moscow: Encyclopedia of Russian Civilization, 2003), vol. VI, pp. 11–37.Google Scholar
Batnitzky, L., How Judaism Became a Religion: An Introduction to Modern Jewish Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Beaumont, J., Eder, K. and Mendieta, E., “Reflexive secularization? Concepts, processes and antagonisms of postsecularity,” European Journal of Social Theory, 1 (2018), 251261.Google Scholar
Beissinger, M. R., “The persisting ambiguity of empire,” Post-Soviet Affairs, 11 (1955), 149184.Google Scholar
Benite, Z. B.-D., “From ‘literati’ to ‘Ulama’: the origins of Chinese Muslim nationalist historiography,” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 9 (2003), 83109.Google Scholar
Benotman, N. and Blake, R., Jabhat al Nusra: A Strategic Briefing (London: Quilliam Foundation, 2012).Google Scholar
Berger, M. S., “The legal system of family law in Syria,” Le Bulletin D’études Orientales, 49 (1997), 115127.Google Scholar
Berger, P., The Many Altars of Modernity: Towards a Paradigm for Religion in a Pluralist Age (Boston: De Gruyter, 2014).Google Scholar
Berger, S. and Miller, A., “Building nations in and with empires – a reassessment,” in Berger, S. and Miller, A. (eds.), Nationalizing Empires (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2015), pp. 130.Google Scholar
Berling, J. A., The Syncretic Religion of Lin Chao-En (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980).Google Scholar
Betigeri, A., “Ayodhya verdict and unruly consequences,” The Interpreter, November 15, 2019, www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/ayodhya-verdict-and-unruly-consequences.Google Scholar
Betz, B., “China sentences Christian pastor to 9 years in prison,” Fox News, December 30, 2019, www.foxnews.com/world/china-sentences-christian-pastor-prison.Google Scholar
Bezborodov, M. I., Русская православная церковь и государство: проблемы взаимодействия и приоритетов [The Russian Orthodox Church and the State: Problems of Interaction and Priorities] (Volgograd: Volgograd University Press, 2009), pp. 13–18.Google Scholar
Bilal, G., “Reconstruction in Syria: frustrating Assad’s plans for a new state,” Qantara.de, June 17, 2019, https://en.qantara.de/content/reconstruction-in-syria-frustrating-assads-plans-for-a-new-state.Google Scholar
Bilgrami, A. (ed.), Beyond the Secular West (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
“Bill No. 102766-6: On amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation regarding the regulation of activities of non-profit organizations acting as foreign agents” [Законопроект № 102766-6. О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации в части регулирования деятельности некоммерческих организаций, выполняющих функции иностранного агента], 2012, accessed September 2, 2020, http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28SpravkaNew%29?OpenAgent&RN=102766-6&02.Google Scholar
Al-Bīrūnī, A. al-R. M. I. A., Taḥqīq mā li-l-hind min maqūlah maqbūlah fī al-ʿaql aw mardhūlah [Verifying All That the Indians Recount, the Reasonable and the Unreasonable] (London: Trübner, 1887).Google Scholar
BBC Media Centre, “China cables: secret documents expose plan for detention and indoctrination of Uighurs,” November 24, 2019, www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/panorama-china-cables.Google Scholar
BBC News, “Ayodhya verdict: Indian top court gives holy site to Hindus,” November 9, 2019, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50355775.Google Scholar
BBC News, “Coronavirus: Covid-denying priest Father Sergiy Romanov seizes Russian monastery,” June 18, 2020, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53091295.Google Scholar
BBC News, “Guide to the Syrian opposition,” October 17, 2013, www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15798218.Google Scholar
BBC News, “Russia Jehovah’s Witnesses banned after they lose appeal,” July 17, 2017, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-40635267.Google Scholar
BBC News, “Syrian Nusra Front announces split from al-Qaeda,” July 29, 2016, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-36916606.Google Scholar
Blitstein, P. A., “Nation and empire in Soviet history, 1917-1953,” Ab Imperio, 1 (2006), 197219.Google Scholar
Blitt, R. C., “Russia’s ‘orthodox’ foreign policy: the growing influence of the Russian Orthodox Church in shaping Russia’s policies abroad,” Journal of International Law, 33 (2011), 363460, https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol33/iss2/2/.Google Scholar
Blitt, R. C., “Whither secular bear: the Russian Orthodox Church’s strengthening influence on Russia’s domestic and foreign policy” in Bussey, B. W. (ed.), Fides et Libertas 2011: Secularism and Religious Freedom (Silver Spring, MD: International Religious Liberty Association, 2011), pp. 89126.Google Scholar
Blomfield, A., “Racist ads spark row in Russia’s far-Right,” The Telegraph, November 23, 2005, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1503752/Racist-ads-spark-row-in-Russias-far-Right.html.Google Scholar
Bogolepov, A., Church Reforms in Russia, 1905–1918 (Bridgeport, CT: Publications Committee of the Metropolitan Council of the Russian Orthodox Church of America, 1966).Google Scholar
Bolliger, M., “Writing Syrian history while propagating Arab nationalism: textbooks about modern Arab history under Hafiz and Bashar al-Assad,” Journal of Educational Media, Memory & Society, 3 (2011), 96112.Google Scholar
Böttcher, A., “Official Islam, transnational Islamic networks, and regional politics: the case of Syria” in Jung, D. (ed.), The Middle East and Palestine: Global Politics and Regional Conflict (New York: Palgrave, 2004), pp. 125150.Google Scholar
Bourdeaux, M., “Trends in religious policy” in Bell, I. (ed.), Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003, 3rd ed. (London: Taylor & Francis, 2003), pp. 4652.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P., Theory of Practice. Pierre Bourdieu: Education and Training (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984).Google Scholar
Al-Bouti, M. S. R., السلفية: مرحلة زمنية مباركة لا مذهب إسلام [Salafism Is a Blessed Time Period, Not an Islamic Doctrine] (Damascus: Dar al-Fikr, 1988).Google Scholar
Bowring, B., Law, Rights and Ideology in Russia (London: Routledge, 2013).Google Scholar
Boyko, V., “Рабочий вопрос в России в трактовке русских консерваторов” [The working question in Russia in the interpretation of Russian conservatives], paper presented at the conference “Entrepreneurs and Workers: Their Relationship,” Noginsk-Bogorodsk, 1996, www.hist.msu.ru/Labour/Bojko/1.htm.Google Scholar
Brown, N. J. and Sharif, A. O., “Inscribing the Islamic shari’a in Arab constitutional law” in Haddad, Y. Y. and Stowasser, F. (eds.), Islamic Law and the Challenges of Modernity (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 2004), pp. 5960.Google Scholar
Bruce, S., Politics and Religion (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2003).Google Scholar
Bulgakov, S., Церковь и демократия [Church and Democracy] (Moscow: Direct Media, 1917).Google Scholar
Cadiot, J., Le laboratoire imperial: Russie—URSS, 1860-1940 [The Imperial Laboratory: Russia/the USSR, 1860–1940] (Paris: National Center for Scientific Research, 2007).Google Scholar
Cai, Y., “Aesthetic education should not be ignored in the Cultural Movement” [文化運動不要忘了美育] in 蔡元培美學文論 [Selected Essays on Aesthetics by Cai Yuanpei] (Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 1983), p. 86.Google Scholar
Cai, Y., “Replacing religion with aesthetic education” [以美育代宗教說], speech at the Beijing Shenzhou Society China, 1917, repr. in Denton, K. A. (ed.), Modern Chinese Literary Thought: Writings on Literature, 1893–1945 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), pp. 182189.Google Scholar
Cammett, M. C., Compassionate Communalism: Welfare and Sectarianism in Lebanon (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Capoccia, G. and Keleman, D., “The study of critical junctures: theory, narrative, and counterfactuals in institutional analysis,” World Politics, 59 (2007), 341369.Google Scholar
Cardinal, M. C., “Why aren’t women Sharīʿa court judges? The case of Syria,” Islamic Law and Society, 17 (2010), 185214.Google Scholar
Carnegie Middle East Center, Charter of the Syrian Islamic Front, trans. Jamajeem, A., accessed September 15, 2020, https://carnegie-mec.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=50831.Google Scholar
Carnegie Middle East Center, “The Syrian Constitution - 1973-2012,” December 5, 2012, https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/50255?lang=en.Google Scholar
Casanova, J., “Global religious and secular dynamics: the modern system of classification,” Religion and Politics, 1 (2019), 174.Google Scholar
Casanova, J., Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Catholic News Agency, “120 martyrs of China,” accessed August 27, 2020, www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/120-martyrs-of-china-533.Google Scholar
Çavdar, G., “Islamist new thinking in Turkey: a model for political learning?,” Political Science Quarterly, 121 (2006), 477497.Google Scholar
Cengiz, O. K., “Turkish Constitutional Court caught red-handed,” al-Monitor, April 24, 2019, www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/04/turkey-turkish-constitutional-court-caught-red-handed.html.Google Scholar
Central Asia: Islam and the State, ICG Asia Report No. 59 (Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2010), www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/central-asia/uzbekistan/central-asia-islam-and-state.Google Scholar
Cepoi, E., “The rise of islamism in contemporary Syria: from Muslim Brotherhood to Salafi-Jihadi rebels,” Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 13 (2013), 549560.Google Scholar
Cesari, J., The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity and the State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Cesari, J., “Civilization as disciplinization and the consequences for religion and world politics,” Review of Faith and International Affairs, 17 (2018), 2433.Google Scholar
Cesari, J., “Securitization of Islam in Europe,” Die Welt des Islams, 52 (2012), 430449.Google Scholar
Cesari, J., “Time, power and religion: comparing the Temple Mount and the Ayodhya dispute over sacred sites,” Journal of Law, Religion and State, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Cesari, J., “Unexpected convergences: religious nationalism in Israel and Turkey,” Religions, 9 (2018), 120.Google Scholar
Cesari, J., What Is Political Islam? (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2018).Google Scholar
Cesari, J. and Fox, J., “Institutional relations rather than clashes of civilizations: when and how is religion compatible with democracy?,” International Political Sociology, 10 (2016), 241257.Google Scholar
Chand, T., History of the Freedom Movement in India (Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1961).Google Scholar
Chandra, K., “Ethnic parties and democratic stability,” Perspectives on Politics, 3 (2005), 235252.Google Scholar
Chang, K., “Spiritual state, material temple: the political economy of religious revival in China,” unpublished PhD thesis, Columbia University (2016).Google Scholar
Chatterjee, M., “Reflections on religious difference and permissive inclusion in Mughal law,” Journal of Law and Religion, 29 (2014), 396415.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, P., Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? (London: Zed for the United Nations University, 1986).Google Scholar
Chaudhry, K. A., Role of Religion in Indian Politics (Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 1978).Google Scholar
Chaves, M., “Secularization as declining religious authority,” Social Forces, 72 (1994), 749774.Google Scholar
Chen, D., 基督教与中国人,中国青年报 [Christianity and Chinese people], 新青年 [New Youth], 7 (1920), 15–22.Google Scholar
Chen, D., 陈独秀著作选 [Collection of Chen Duxiu], vol. I, 答俞颂华 [Answer to Yu Yuhua] (Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Chen, H., Lun Kongjiao shi yi zongjiao [Confucianism Is a Religion] (Shanghai: Shanghai shangwu yinshuguan, 1912).Google Scholar
Chen, Q., 庸閒齋筆記 [Sketches from the Yongxian Studio] (Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1989).Google Scholar
Chen, W., 中国民间信仰与宗教关系辨析 [An analysis of the relationship between Chinese folk beliefs and religions], accessed August 26, 2020, www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SXSK201205021.htm.Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Confucianism as Religion: Controversies and Consequences (Leiden: Brill, 2013).Google Scholar
Chérif-Chebbi, L., “Brothers and comrades: Muslim fundamentalists and communists allied for the transmission of Islamic knowledge in China” in Dudoignon, S. A. (ed.), Devout Societies vs. Impious States? Transmitting Islamic Learning in Russia, Central Asia and China, through the Twentieth Century (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2004), pp. 6191.Google Scholar
Cherniavsky, M., “‘Holy Russia’: a study in the history of an idea,” American Historical Review, 63 (1958), 613637.Google Scholar
Chernyshevsky, I., “Русский национализм: несостоявшееся пришествие” [Russian nationalism: the failed coming], Otechestvennye zapiski [Notes of the Fatherland], 3 (2002), https://magazines.gorky.media/oz/2002/3/russkij-naczionalizm-nesostoyavsheesya-prishestvie.html.Google Scholar
Chima, J. S., “The Shiromani Akali Dal and emerging ideological cleavages in contemporary Sikh politics in Punjab: integrative regionalism versus exclusivist ethnonationalism,” Journal of Punjab Studies, 22 (2015), 143174.Google Scholar
China Daily, “Over 14,000 Chinese Muslims set for Mecca pilgrimage,” September 17, 2014, www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-09/17/content_18616224.htm.Google Scholar
Chinese Communist Party, Central Committee, “The People’s Republic of China: Document 19: the basic viewpoint on the religious question during our country’s socialist period,” March 31, 1982, Religlaw, accessed August 26, 2020, https://original.religlaw.org/content/religlaw/documents/doc19relig1982.htm.Google Scholar
Chinkova, E., “Крым для церкви наш или ваш?” [Crimea for our church or yours?], Комсомольская правда, June 14, 2015, www.crimea.kp.ru/daily/26391.5/3270493.Google Scholar
Clark, A. E., “The Catholic Church in China: historical context and the current situation,” Catholic World Report, March 9, 2018, www.catholicworldreport.com/2018/03/09/the-catholic-church-in-china-historical-context-and-the-current-situation/.Google Scholar
Clooney, F. X., “Violence and nonviolence in Hindu religious traditions,” Contagion, 9 (2002), 109139.Google Scholar
CNBC, “China trades sanctions with U.S. over Uighur Muslims,” July 13, 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/07/13/china-trades-sanctions-with-us-over-uighur-muslims.html.Google Scholar
Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire: Collection 1: 1649 to December 12, 1825 [Полное собрание законов Российской Империи: собрание первое: с 1649 по 12 декабря 1825 года] (Saint Petersburg: Tip. II-go Otd-niia sobstvennoi E. I. V. kantseliarii, 1830), http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/178-polnoe-sobranie-zakonov-rossiyskoy-imperii-sobranie-pervoe-s-1649-po-12-12-1825-spb-1830.Google Scholar
Congressional-Executive Commission on China, “Restrictions on religion continue in Xinjiang,” June 25, 2010, www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/restrictions-on-religion-continue-in-xinjiang.Google Scholar
Congxin, C., “Want to enter church? Scan your fingerprints and face,” Bitter Winter, November 11, 2019, https://bitterwinter.org/want-to-enter-church-scan-your-fingerprints-and-face/.Google Scholar
Connor, W., “Nation-building or nation-destroying?,” World Politics, 24 (1972), 319335.Google Scholar
Conway, B., “Religious public discourses and institutional structures: a cross-national analysis of Catholicism in Chile, Ireland, and Nigeria,” Sociological Perspectives, 57 (2014), 149166.Google Scholar
Cook, S., The Battle for China’s Spirit: Religious Revival, Repression, and Resistance under Xi Jinping (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2017), https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_ChinasSprit2016_FULL_FINAL_140pages_compressed.pdf.Google Scholar
Cook, S. A. and Koplow, M., “How democratic is Turkey?,” Foreign Policy, June 13, 2013, https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/06/03/how-democratic-is-turkey/.Google Scholar
Copland, I., Mabbett, I., Roy, A., Brittlebank, K. and Bowles, A., A History of State and Religion in India (London: Routledge, 2012).Google Scholar
Corbridge, S., Kalra, N. and Tatsumi, K., “The search for order: understanding Hindu-Muslim violence in post-partition India,” Pacific Affairs, 85 (2012), 287311.Google Scholar
Cornell, S. E., “The Islamization of Turkey: Erdoğan’s education reforms,” The Turkey Analyst, September 2, 2015, www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkey-analyst-articles/item/437-the-islamization-of-turkey-erdo%C4%9Fan%E2%80%99s-education-reforms.html.Google Scholar
Coynash, H., “Russia uses collaborators for its plans to ‘nationalize’ property of the persecuted Crimean Tatar Mejlis,” Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group, November 1, 2018, http://khpg.org/en/index.php?id=1540929260.Google Scholar
CPC China, “Harmonious society,” accessed August 28, 2020, http://cpcchina.chinadaily.com.cn/2010-09/16/content_13918117.htm.Google Scholar
Crabtree, J., “‘If they kill even one Hindu, we will kill 100!,’” Foreign Policy, March 30, 2017, https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/30/if-they-kill-even-one-hindu-we-will-kill-100-india-muslims-nationalism-modi/.Google Scholar
Crane, B., “A tale of two Chinese Muslim minorities,” The Diplomat, August 22, 2014, https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/a-tale-of-two-chinese-muslim-minorities/.Google Scholar
Crutcher, M. H., Russian National Security Policy (Pennsylvania: US Army War College, 2001).Google Scholar
Cultural India, “Rajiv Gandhi,” accessed August 25, 2020, www.culturalindia.net/leaders/rajiv-gandhi.html.Google Scholar
Cunningham, J., A Vanquished Hope: The Movement for Church Renewal in Russia, 1905-1906 (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1981).Google Scholar
Curanoviý, A., “The guardians of traditional values: Russia and the Russian Orthodox Church in the quest for status” in Barnett, M., Bob, C., Onar, N. F., Jenichen, A., Leigh, M. and Leustean, L. N. (eds.), Faith, Freedom and Foreign Policy Challenges for the Transatlantic Community (Washington, DC: Transatlantic Academy, 2015), pp. 191212.Google Scholar
Curanoviý, A., The Religious Factor in Russia’s Foreign Policy (London: Routledge, 2012).Google Scholar
Curtiss, J. S., Church and State in Russia: The Last Years of the Empire, 1900-1917 (1940; repr., New York: Columbia University Press, 1965).Google Scholar
Cutler, D. (ed.), In the Religious Situation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969).Google Scholar
D’Ancosse, H. C., Екатерина II. Золотой век в истории России [Catherine II: The Golden Age in the History of Russia] (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2010).Google Scholar
Lv, Daji, 宗教学通论新编 [General Theories on Religion Studies], rev. ed. (Beijing: China Society Science Publishing House, 2002).Google Scholar
Dalmia, S., “Why did Narendra Modi crack down in Kashmir?,” Reason, August 19, 2019, https://reason.com/2019/08/19/why-the-crackdown-in-kashmir/.Google Scholar
Dalmia, V. and von Stientencron, H., Representing Hinduism: The Construction of Religious Traditions and National Identity (New Delhi: Sage, 1995).Google Scholar
Dalmia, V., Orienting India: European Knowledge Formation in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (New Delhi: Three Essays Collective, 2003).Google Scholar
Damaskin, I., “Гонения на Русскую Православную Церковь в советский период” [Persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Soviet period], Golden Time, last modified March 17, 2020, www.goldentime.ru/nbk_22.htm.Google Scholar
Dan, J., The Christian Kabbalah: Jewish Mystical Books and Their Christian Interpreters (Cambridge, MA: Houghton Library of the Harvard College Library, 1998).Google Scholar
Danilushkin, M., “History of the Russian Orthodox Church. New patriarchal period. 1917-1970,” Edge, 61 (1966), 122167, http://yakov.works/acts/20/1960/19651125.html.Google Scholar
Das, V., “Cultural rights and the definition of community” in Mendelson, O. and Baxi, U. (eds.), The Rights of Subordinated People (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 117158.Google Scholar
Davie, G. and Hervieu-Léger, D. (eds.), Identités religieuses en Europe [Religious Identities in Europe] (Paris: La Découverte, 1996).Google Scholar
Davis, D. H., “Editorial: Russia’s new law on religion: progress or regress?,” Journal of Church and State, 39 (1997), 645656.Google Scholar
De Lazari, A., “Как быть русским” [How to be Russian], Europa, 8 (2008), 161166.Google Scholar
De Lazari, A. (ed.), Польская и русская душа: от Адама Мицкевича и Александра Пушкина до Чеслава Милоша и Александра Солженицына [The Polish and Russian Soul: From Adam Mitskevich and Alexander Pushkin to Cheslav Milos and Alexander Solzhenitsyn] (Warsaw: Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, 2004).Google Scholar
De Madariaga, I., Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981).Google Scholar
Dehghanpisheh, B., “Iran’s president declares end of Islamic State,” Reuters, November 21, 2017, www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-rouhani-islamic-state/irans-president-declares-end-of-islamic-state-idUSKBN1DL0J5.Google Scholar
Demerath, N. J. III, “Cultural victory and organizational defeat in the paradoxical decline of liberal Protestantism,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 34 (1995), 458469.Google Scholar
Demirci, T. and Somel, S. A., “Women’s bodies, demography, and public health: abortion policy and perspectives in the Ottoman Empire of the nineteenth century,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, 17 (2008), 377420.Google Scholar
Demkova, N., Житие протопопа Аввакума: творческая история произведения [The Life of Protopope Avvakum: Creative History of the Work] (Leningrad: Publishing House of Leningrad University, 1974).Google Scholar
Deng, F., “The basis for the reconstruction of Chinese theological thinking” in Ruokanen, M. and Huang, P. (eds.), Christianity and Chinese Culture (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2010), pp. 297308.Google Scholar
Derwinski, E., Religious Persecution in the Soviet Union, US Department of State Bulletin 86 (Washington, DC: US Department of State, 1986).Google Scholar
Deshpande, P., Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700-1960 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Deshpande, S. H., “A matter of definitions,” Economic and Political Weekly, 26 (1991), 1120.Google Scholar
Dessouki, A., “Official Islam and political legitimation in the Arab countries” in Stowasser, B. F. (ed.), Islamic Impulse (London: Croom Helm, 1987), pp. 135141.Google Scholar
Dettmer, J., “After missteps, Turkey tames coronavirus,” VOA News, June 11, 2020, www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/after-missteps-turkey-tames-coronavirus.Google Scholar
Develi, H., XCII. Yüzyil Istanbul hayatina dair Risâle-I Garîbe [About Istanbul Life in the Eighteenth-Century “Book of Weird”] (Istanbul: Istanbul Kitabevi, 1868).Google Scholar
Devereux, R., The First Ottoman Constitutional Period: A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963).Google Scholar
Dhattiwala, R. and Biggs, M., “The political logic of ethnic violence: the anti-Muslimism pogrom in Gujarat, 2002,” Politics & Society, 40 (2012), 483516.Google Scholar
Dillon, M., “China’s Islamic frontiers: borders and identities,” IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin, 8 (2000–2001), 97104.Google Scholar
Dillon, M., China’s Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Ding, X., China and Post-Communism (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1994).Google Scholar
DiPasquale, D. and Glaeser, E. L., “The Los Angeles riot and the economics of urban unrest,” Journal of Urban Economics, 43 (1998), 5278.Google Scholar
Dirks, N. B., The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Diyanet İ. Başkanlığı, Kuruluşundan günümüze Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı : tarihçe-teşkilat-hizmet ve faaliyetler (1924-1997) [The Presidency of Religious Affairs since Its Establishment: History-Organization-Services and Activities, 1924–1997] (Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 1999).Google Scholar
Dmitriev, D., “52 pages for 12 more years: how Russia’s Constitutional Court justified letting Putin stick around and a whole lot more,” trans. H. Kohen, Meduza, March 17, 2020, https://meduza.io/en/feature/2020/03/17/52-pages-for-12-more-years.Google Scholar
Dobroklonsky, A., “Путеводитель по истории Русской Церкви” [Guide to the history of the Russian church] in Fomin, S. and Fomina, T., Россия перед вторым пришествием [Russia before the Second Coming], 2 vols. (Moscow: Address-Press, 1994), vol. I, pp. 287–302.Google Scholar
Dobruskin, M. E., “О социальных функциях церкви (на материалах Русской Православной Церкви)” [On the social functions of the church (based on materials from the Russian Orthodox Church)], Kgau.ru, 2002. http://ecsocman.hse.ru/data/035/788/1219/009.DOBRUSKIN.pdf.Google Scholar
Doniger, W., On Hinduism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Dua, R., “VHP a militant religious outfit, RSS nationalist: CIA factbook,” Times of India, June 15, 2018, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vhp-a-militant-religious-outfit-rss-nationalist-cia-factbook/articleshow/64594295.cms.Google Scholar
Dubuisson, D., Mythologies du XXe siècle [Mythologies of the Twentieth Century] (Lille: Presses universitaires de Lille, 1993).Google Scholar
Dunch, R., “Christianity and ‘adaptation to socialism’” in Yang, M. M. (ed.), Chinese Religiosities: Afflictions of Modernity and State Formation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), pp. 155179.Google Scholar
Dunlop, J. B., “The Russian Orthodox Church as an ‘empire-saving’ institution” in Bourdeaux, M. (ed.), The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), pp. 1541.Google Scholar
Du Plessis d’Argentré, C. (ed.), Collection judiciorum de novis erroribus (Paris: André Caillau, 1728).Google Scholar
Durkheim, E., The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology, trans. Swain, J. W. (London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1915).Google Scholar
Dushenov, K., Молчанием предается Бог [By Silence God Is Betrayed] (Moscow: Tsarkoe Delo Publishing House, 1997).Google Scholar
Düstur, tertib-i evvel [Ottoman Constitution], repr. in Ottoman Official Gazette, 4 (2005), 4–20.Google Scholar
Eck, D. L., India: A Sacred Geography (New York: Harmony Books, 2012).Google Scholar
Economic Times, “BSP biggest gainer among mahagathbandan constituents in UP,” May 24, 2019, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/69478745.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst.Google Scholar
The Economist, “The supreme court hands India’s biggest communal flashpoint to Hindus,” November 9, 2019, www.economist.com/asia/2019/11/09/the-supreme-court-hands-indias-biggest-communal-flashpoint-to-hindus.Google Scholar
The Economist Intelligence Unit, “Democracy Index 2019: a year of democratic setbacks and popular unrest,” accessed August 25, 2020, www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019.Google Scholar
ed_glezin (LiveJournal), “Встреча Михаила Горбачева с патриархом Пименом. 29 апреля 1988 года” [The meeting of Mikhail Gorbachev with Patriarch Pimen, April 29, 1988], April 29, 2018, https://ed-glezin.livejournal.com/999722.html.Google Scholar
Edwards, K. L., “Presidential address: religion and power—a return to the roots of social scientific scholarship,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 58 (2019), 519.Google Scholar
Efimenko, A., Studies of Folk Life (Moscow: Maikova Printing House, 1884).Google Scholar
Ekho Moskvy, “Судьба концепции ‘Москва – Третий Рим’” [The fate of the concept of “Moscow, the Third Rome”], December 5, 2017, https://echo.msk.ru/blog/diletant_ru/2104982-echo/.Google Scholar
Ekman, M. (ed.), ILAC Rule of Law Assessment Report: Syria 2017 (Solna: ILAC, 2017).Google Scholar
Ekman, M., International Legal Assistance Consortium (ILAC). Rule of Law Assessment Report (Washington, DC: ILAC, 2017).Google Scholar
Election Commission of India, “Statistical report on general elections, 1998 to the 12th Lok Sabha: vol. I. National and state abstracts & detailed results,” archived from the original on July 18, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf.Google Scholar
eLegalix: Allahabad High Court Judgment Information System, “Decision of Hon’ble Special Full Bench Hearing Ayodhya Matters,” September 30, 2010, archived from the original on August 27, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20140827003623/http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/DisplayAyodhyaBenchLandingPage.do.Google Scholar
Elias, N., The Civilizing Process (New York: Urizen Books, 1997).Google Scholar
Eliseeva, O., Екатерина Великая [Catherine the Great] (Moscow: Veche, 2013).Google Scholar
Ellis, G. and Kolchyna, V., “Putin and the ‘triumph of Christianity’ in Russia,” Al Jazeera, October 19, 2017, www.aljazeera.com/blogs/europe/2017/10/putin-triumph-christianity-russia-171018073916624.html.Google Scholar
Emon, A. M., “Codification and Islamic law: the ideology behind a tragic narrative,” Middle East Law and Governance, 8 (2016), 275309.Google Scholar
Enab baladi [عنب بلدي], “للمزيد ردود فعل رافضة لاعتماد“ حكومة الإنقاذ ”راية جديدة في إدلب” [Reactions to the adoption of the ‘Salvation Government’: a new banner in Idlib], November 12, 2018, www.enabbaladi.net/archives/262697.Google Scholar
Enayat, Ḥ., Modern Islamic Political Thought (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982).Google Scholar
Encyclopædia Britannica, “Adib al-Shishakli, Syrian military officer,” last modified January 1, 2020, www.britannica.com/biography/Adib-al-Shishakli.Google Scholar
Encyclopædia Britannica, “Kievan Rus, historical state,” last modified February 22, 2016, www.britannica.com/topic/Kyivan-Rus.Google Scholar
Encyclopædia Britannica, “Millet,” last modified September 7, 2010, www.britannica.com/topic/millet-religious-group.Google Scholar
Encyclopædia Britannica, “Pan-Slavism,” last modified October 15, 2013, www.britannica.com/event/Pan-Slavism.Google Scholar
Encyclopædia Britannica, “Sanatana Dharma,” last modified June 18, 2009, www.britannica.com/topic/sanatana-dharma.Google Scholar
Encyclopædia Britannica, “Treaty of Paris, 1856,” last modified March 23, 2020, www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Paris-1856.Google Scholar
Engelhardt, J., “Patriotism, nationalism and modernity: the patriotic societies in the Danish conglomerate state, 1769-1814,” Nations and Nationalism, 13 (2007), 205223.Google Scholar
Engels, F., “On the history of early Christianity” in Marx and Engels Collected Works, 50 vols. (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1990), vol. XXVII, pp. 18941895.Google Scholar
Enlai, Z., Selected Works of Zhou Enlai on the United Front, 2 vols. (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1981).Google Scholar
Erdoğan, S., “Muslim response to the ‘Western question’: Ali Bulaç’s contribution,” unpublished master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University (2010), http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612269/index.pdf.Google Scholar
EurAsia Daily, “Mufti Farid Salman: the entire Muslim East is in anticipation of the Day of Judgment,” December 11, 2014, https://eadaily.com/en/news/2014/12/11/mufti-farid-salman-the-entire-muslim-east-is-in-anticipation-of-the-day-of-judgment.Google Scholar
Fagan, G., Believing in Russia: Religious Policy after Communism (London: Routledge, 2014).Google Scholar
Fahmi, G., “Most Syrian Christians aren’t backing Assad (or the rebels),” Chatham House, December 20, 2016, www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/most-syrian-christians-aren-t-backing-assad-or-rebels.Google Scholar
Fahmy, G., المسيحيون والثورة فى سورية [Christians and the revolution in Syria], al-Shorouk, April 25, 2016, www.shorouknews.com/columns/view.aspx?cdate=24042016&id=540c665d-9263-490b-a2d2-4cf52a3d4114.Google Scholar
Fanṣah, B., Al-Nakabāt wa-al-mughāmarāt: Tārīkh mā ahmalahu al-tārīkh min asrār al-inqilābāt al-ʻaskarīyah al-Sūriyah, 1949-1958 [Crises and Adventures: Recounting the Neglected History of the Secret Syrian Military Groups, 1949–1958] (Dimashq: Dār Yaʻrib, 1996).Google Scholar
Farhani, M., Faris al-Khuri wa ayam la tunsa [Faris al-Khuri and the Unforgettable Days] (Beirut: Dar al-Ghad, 1964).Google Scholar
Farooq, M., “Self-interest, Homo Islamicus and some behavioral assumptions in Islamic economics and finance,” International Journal of Excellence in Islamic Banking and Finance, 1 (2011), 5279.Google Scholar
Faur, J., The Horizontal Society: Understanding the Covenant and Alphabetic Judaism, 2 vols. (Brighton: Academic Studies Press, 2008).Google Scholar
“Federal Law, Act No. 95-FZ of July 11, 2001 on political parties,” 2001, accessed September 15, 2020, http://host.uniroma3.it/progetti/cedir/cedir/Lex-doc/Ru_l_2001.pdf.Google Scholar
“Federal Law of July 6, 2016, No. 375-FZ: ‘On amendments to the criminal code of the Russian Federation and the code of criminal procedure of the Russian Federation regarding the establishment of additional measures to counter terrorism and ensure public safety’” [Федеральный закон от 06.07.2016 № 375-ФЗ “О внесении изменений в Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации и Уголовно-процессуальный кодекс Российской Федерации в целом по вопросу об угрозе возникновения терроризма”], 2016, accessed September 2, 2020, www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_201087/.Google Scholar
“Federal law of July 25, 2002, No. 114-FZ: ‘On combating extremist activity’ (with amendments and additions)” [Федеральный закон от 25 июля 2002 г. N 114-ФЗ “О противодействии экстремистской деятельности” (с изменениями и дополнениями)], accessed September 2, 2020, http://base.garant.ru/12127578/.Google Scholar
“Federal law of November 30, 2010, N 327-FZ: ‘On the transfer to religious organizations of property of religious purpose, which is in state or municipal ownership’ (with amendments and additions)” [Федеральный закон от 30 ноября 2010 г. N 327-ФЗ “О передаче религиозным организациям имущества религиозного назначения, находящегося в государственной или муниципальной собственности” (с изменениями и дополнениями)], accessed September 2, 2020, http://base.garant.ru/12180712/.Google Scholar
“Federal law ‘On freedom of conscience and religious association’ of September 26, 1997, No. 125-FЗ” [Федеральный закон “о свободе совести и о религиозных объединениях” от 26.09.1997 N 125-ФЗ], accessed September 2, 2020, http://base.garant.ru/171640/.Google Scholar
Fedorov, V., Russian Orthodox Church and State: Synodal Period, 1700-1917 (Moscow: Russian Panorama, 2003).Google Scholar
Fedotov, A., Русская Православная Церковь в 943-2000 годах: внутренняя жизнь, отношения с государством и обществом [The Russian Orthodox Church in 1943–2000: The Internal Life, Relationship with the State and Society] (Ivanovo: Ivanov National University, 2005).Google Scholar
Feroz, “Interpretation of words Hindu, Hinduism and Hindutva in the SC rulings,” Siasat Daily, February 5, 2018, https://archive.siasat.com/news/interpretation-words-hindu-hinduism-hindutva-sc-rulings-1313065/.Google Scholar
Fildis, A. T., “Roots of Alawite‐Sunni rivalry in Syria,” Middle East Policy, 19 (2012), 148156.Google Scholar
Findley, C. V., Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History: The Tanzimat (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Fioretos, O., Falleti, T. and Sheingate, A., “Introduction: historical institutionalism in political science” in Fioretos, O., Falleti, T. and Sheingate, A. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 331.Google Scholar
Firro, K. M., “The ‘Alawīs in modern Syria: from Nuṣayrīya to Islam via Alawīya,” Der Islam, 82 (2005), 131.Google Scholar
Firsov, S. L., Русская церковь накануне перемен (конец 1890-х-1918 гг.) [The Russian Church on the Eve of Change (Late 1890s–1918)] (Moscow: Spiritual Library, 2012).Google Scholar
Fisher, A. W., “Enlightened despotism and Islam under Catherine II,” Slavic Review, 27 (1968), 542553.Google Scholar
Fisk, R., “Freedom, democracy and human rights in Syria,” The Independent, September 16, 2010, www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-freedom-democracy-andhuman-rights-in-syria-2080463.html.Google Scholar
Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon, “Minister For Human Rights statement on Russian Supreme Court ruling,” Gov.uk, last modified July 18, 2017, www.gov.uk/government/news/minister-for-human-rights-statement-on-russian-supreme-court-ruling.Google Scholar
Foucault, M., The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979, ed. Senellart, M., trans. Burchell, G. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).Google Scholar
Foucault, M., “The discourse of history,” in Lotringer, S. (ed.), Foucault Live: Interviews, 1961–1984, trans. Johnston, J. (New York: Semiotext(e), 1989), pp. 1134.Google Scholar
Foucault, M., The Government of Self and Others: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1982-1983, ed. Davidson, A. I., trans. Burchell, G. (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).Google Scholar
Foucault, M., History of Madness, trans. Murphy, J. and Khalfa, J. (New York: Routledge, 2006).Google Scholar
Fox, J., An Introduction to Religion and Politics: Theory and Practice (London: Routledge, 2018).Google Scholar
Fox, J., Political Secularism, Religion, and the State: A Time Series Analysis of Worldwide Data (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Fox, J., “Download: the Religion and State Project, main dataset and societal module, round 3,” The ARDA, February 10, 2019, http://bit.ly/rsp_download.Google Scholar
Fox, J., “Search: the Religion and State Project, main dataset and societal module, round 3,” The ARDA, February 10, 2019, http://bit.ly/rsp_search.Google Scholar
Fox, J., A World Survey of Religion and the State (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Fox, J., “A world survey of secular-religious competition: state religious policy from 1990 to 2014,” Religion, State and Society, 47 (2019), 1029.Google Scholar
Fox, J. and Yakbaba, Y., “Restrictions on the religious practices of religious minorities: a global survey,” Political Studies, 63 (2015), 10701086.Google Scholar
Foxue, “附录三:中共中央印发《关于我国社会主义时期宗教问题的基本观点和基本政策》的通知” [Appendix III: notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on printing and distributing the basic views and basic policies on religious issues in China’s socialist period], December 29, 2002, http://fofa.foxue.org/2002/413_1229/16700.html.Google Scholar
Freedom House, “Freedom in the World 2020: India,” accessed August 25, 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/country/india/freedom-world/2020.Google Scholar
Freeze, G. L., “Subversive pity: religion and the political crisis in late Imperial Russia,” Journal of Modern History, 68 (1996), 308350.Google Scholar
Freeze, G., “Handmaiden of the state? The church in Imperial Russia reconsidered,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 36 (1985), 82102.Google Scholar
Freud, S., The Future of an Illusion, ed. Strachey, J., trans. Robson-Scott, W. D. (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-analysis, 1962).Google Scholar
Friedland, R., “Money, sex, and God: the erotic logic of religious nationalism,” Sociological Theory, 20 (2002), 381424.Google Scholar
Friser, S. F., “Introduction” in Lopez, D. S. Jr. (ed.), Religions of China in Practice (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 341.Google Scholar
Frykenberg, R. E., “Constructions of Hinduism at the nexus of history and religion,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 23 (1993), 523550.Google Scholar
Fudel, J. I., Культурный идеал Леонтьева [The Cultural Ideal of Leontiev] (Kiev: Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing, 1992).Google Scholar
Future for Advanced Research & Studies, “The last option impact of the battle for Idlib on the Syrian conflict,” February 27, 2019, https://futureuae.com/m/Mainpage/Item/4569/the-last-option-impact-of-the-battle-for-idlib-on-the-syrian-conflict.Google Scholar
Fuzeng, X., “Church-state relations in contemporary China and the development of Protestant Christianity,” China Study Journal, 18 (2003), 2740.Google Scholar
Gao, M. and Liu, Z., 现代汉语外来词的研究 [Study of Loan Words in Modern Chinese] (Beijing: Script Reform World, 1958).Google Scholar
Gardner, H., “Explainer: the myth of the noble savage,” The Conversation, February 25, 2016, https://theconversation.com/explainer-the-myth-of-the-noble-savage-55316.Google Scholar
Gat, A., Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Gellner, E., Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983).Google Scholar
Gerber, H., State, Society, and Law in Islam: Ottoman Law in Comparative Perspective (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Gesink, I. F., Islamic Reform and Conservatism (London: I. B. Tauris, 2014).Google Scholar
Ghose, S., “Triple talaq in times of love jihad: banning instant triple talaq’s a good idea but won’t build bridges between Muslims and BJP,” Times of India, January 3, 2018, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/bloody-mary/triple-talaq-in-times-of-love-jihad-banning-instant-triple-talaqs-a-good-idea-but-wont-build-bridges-between-muslims-and-bjp.Google Scholar
Giesbrecht, L., “Online preaching banned in Chinese province,” CHVN, March 29, 2020, www.chvnradio.com/christian-news/online-preaching-banned-in-chinese-province.Google Scholar
Giles, H., Religions of Ancient China (London: Archibald Constable, 1905).Google Scholar
Gillon, J.-Y., Les anciennes fêtes de Printemps à Homs [Old Spring Holidays in Homs] (Damascus: Presse de l’institut français de Damas, 1993).Google Scholar
Giunchi, E., “The reinvention of Sharī‘a under the British Raj: in search of authenticity and certainty,” Journal of Asian Studies, 69 (2010), 11191142.Google Scholar
Gladney, D. C., “Clashed civilizations? Muslim and Chinese identities in the PRC” in Gladney, D. C. (ed.), Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 106131.Google Scholar
Gladney, D. C., Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Gladney, D. C., “Islam and modernity in China: secularization or separatism?” in Yang, M. (ed.), Chinese Religiosities: Afflictions of Modernity and State Formation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), pp. 179206.Google Scholar
Glucklich, A., The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Golechkova, O., “Высшая бюрократия Российской империи конца XIX - начала XX века” [The highest bureaucracy of the Russian Empire of the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century], unpublished PhD thesis, Lomonosov Moscow State University (2013).Google Scholar
Goode, J. P., “Russia’s ministry of ambivalence: the failure of civic nation-building in post-Soviet Russia,” Post-Soviet Affairs, 35 (2019), 140160.Google Scholar
Goossaert, V., “The concept of religion in China and the West,” Diogenes, 52 (2005), 1320.Google Scholar
Goossaert, V., “The social organization of religious communities in the twentieth century” in Palmer, D. A., Shive, G. and Wickeri, P. L. (eds.), Chinese Religious Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 172190.Google Scholar
Goossaert, V., “State and religion in modern China: religious policy and scholarly paradigms,” HAL archives ouvertes, October 13, 2006, https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00106187/document.Google Scholar
Gorelov, A., Хомяков: учение о соборности русская община [Khomiakov: The Doctrine of Sobornost (Conciliarity) and the Russian Community] (Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences, 2017).Google Scholar
Gorizontov, L., “The ‘great circle’ of interior Russia: representations of the imperial center in the nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries” in Burbank, J., von Hagen, M. and Remnev, A. (eds.), Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), pp. 6793.Google Scholar
Gould, W., Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice, Legislative Department, “The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019,” The Gazette of India, December 12, 2019, http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/214646.pdf.Google Scholar
Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice, Legislative Department, “The Constitution of India,” July 31, 2018, http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI-updated-as-31072018.pdf.Google Scholar
Gözaydın, İ., Diyanet, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Dinin Tanzimi [Diyanet, Regulation, Organization, Structurization of Religion in the Turkish Republic] (Istanbul: İletişim Yayinlari, 2009).Google Scholar
Grabbe, I., “Relations between the Russian Church Abroad and the Autocephalous Churches and the Russian Church structures separated from them” in Дейания Второго Всезарубежнаго. Собора Русской Православной Церкви Заграницей [Acts of the Second All-Abroad Council of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad] (Belgrade: [Karlovci Synod], 1939), pp. 403–423.Google Scholar
Greenfeld, L., Mind, Modernity, Madness: The Impact of Culture on Human Experience (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).Google Scholar
Grigoryev, S. and Stepanov, A., “О евреях, Третьем Храме и новой картине мира. Беседа главного редактора ‘Русской линии’ Сергея Григорьева с редактором отдела политики Анатолием Степановым” [On the Jews, the Third Temple and a new picture of the world: conversation of the editor-in-chief of Russkaia linia, Sergey Grigoryev, with the editor of the politics department Anatoly Stepanov], Russkaia linia, March 20, 2002, www.rusk.ru/News/02/3/new20_03a.html.Google Scholar
Gudkov, L., “Директор ‘Левада-центра’: российское общество осталось, по сути, советским” [Director of the Levada Center: Russian society has in fact remained Soviet], Deutsche Welle, March 20, 2014, http://bit.ly/levadacenter.Google Scholar
Gülseven, A. Y., “Rethinking Russian pan-Slavism in the Ottoman Balkans: N.P. Ignatiev and the Slavic Benevolent Committee (1856–77),” Middle Eastern Studies, 53 (2017), 332348.Google Scholar
Guo, C. and Zhang, F., “Religion and social stability: China’s religious policies in the Age of Reform” in Guo, C., Liu, D. and Pieterse, J. N. (eds.), China’s Contingencies and Globalization (New York: Routledge, 2017), pp. 199212.Google Scholar
Habermas, J., “On the relations between the secular liberal state and religion” in de Vries, H. and Sullivan, L. E. (eds.), Political Theologies: Public Religions in a Post-Secular World (New York: Fordham University Press, 2006), pp. 251260.Google Scholar
Haim, S., “Islam and Arab nationalism,” Die Welt des Islams, 3 (1954), 201218.Google Scholar
Hale, W. and Ozbudun, E., Islamism, Democracy, and Liberalism in Turkey: The Case of the AKP (New York: Routledge, 2009).Google Scholar
Hallaq, W. B., An Introduction to Islamic Law (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Hallaq, W. B., Restating Orientalism: A Critique of Modern Knowledge (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Halliday, F., Nation and Religion in the Middle East (London: Saki, 2013).Google Scholar
Hamilton, C. H., “Religion and the New Culture Movement in China,” Journal of Religion, 1 (1921), 225232.Google Scholar
Hamming, T. R., “Global jihadism after the Syria war,” Perspectives on Terrorism, 13 (2019), 117, www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2019/issue-3/vol-13-issue-3-final-1.0.pdf.Google Scholar
Hanafi, S., “Global sociology revisited: toward new directions,” Current Sociology, 68 (2020), 321.Google Scholar
Harsha, D., “India’s pluralistic political system at stake in national elections,” Harvard Kennedy School, May 13, 2019, www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty-research/policy-topics/politics/indias-pluralistic-political-system-stake-national.Google Scholar
Hashemi, N. and Postel, D., Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Hassan, R., Faithlines: Muslim Conceptions of Islam and Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).Google Scholar
Hawwa, S., Hadhihi tajribatī wa-hadhihi shahādatī [This Is My Experience and This Is My Testimony] (Cairo: Maktabat Wahba, 1987).Google Scholar
Haynes, D. E., Rhetoric and Ritual in Colonial India: The Shaping of a Public Culture in Surat City, 1852-1928 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).Google Scholar
He, Q., “Religious traditions in local communities of China,” Pastoral Psychology, 61 (2012), 823839.Google Scholar
Hearst, D., “Q&A: Syria Opposition figure Michel Kilo,” Middle East Eye, October 31, 2015, www.middleeasteye.net/news/qa-syria-opposition-figure-michel-kilo.Google Scholar
Heath, J., “The problem with ‘critical’ studies,” In Due Course, January 26, 2018, http://induecourse.ca/the-problem-with-critical-studies.Google Scholar
Hefner, R., Shari’a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research, Conflict Barometer (Heidelberg: HIIK, 2004–2016), https://hiik.de/conflict-barometer/bisherige-ausgaben/?lang=en.Google Scholar
Heinzelmann, T., “The ruler’s monologue: the rhetoric of the Ottoman penal code of 1858,” Die Welt des Islams, 54 (2014), 292321.Google Scholar
Henne, P. S., Islamic Politics, Muslim States, and Counterterrorism Tensions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Heydemann, S. and Leenders, R., Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation, and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013).Google Scholar
The Hindu, “Basu: Congress failed to tackle communalism,” last modified April 29, 2011, www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Basu-Congress-failed-to-tackle-communalism/article14901897.ece.Google Scholar
Hindustan Times, “Meerut hospital apologises for ad which said no entry to Muslims without Covid-19 test,” April 20, 2020, www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meerut-hospital-apologises-for-ad-which-said-no-entry-to-muslims-with-covid-19-test/story-vUbSDxMAJQBWCFloKiXhTP.html.Google Scholar
Hintze, O. and Rokkan, S., “Dimensions of state formation and nation-building: a paradigm for research on variations within Europe” in Tilly, C. (ed.), The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 562600.Google Scholar
His-yuan, C., “Confucianism encounters religion,” unpublished PhD thesis, Harvard University (1999).Google Scholar
Holy and Great Council: Pentecost 2016, “Official documents of the Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church,” accessed September 6, 2020, www.holycouncil.org/official-documents.Google Scholar
Horowitz, D., Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).Google Scholar
Hosking, G., “The state and Russian national identity” in Scales, L. and Zimmer, O. (eds.), Power and the Nation in European History (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 195217.Google Scholar
Hosking, G. and Service, R. (eds.), Russian Nationalism Past and Present (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Howell, A. and Richter-Montpetit, M., “Is securitization theory racist? Civilizationalism, methodological whiteness, and antiblack thought in the Copenhagen school,” Security Dialogue, 51 (2020), 322, https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010619862921.Google Scholar
Huang, E., “China is confiscating the passports of citizens in its Muslim-heavy region,” Quartz, November 26, 2016, https://qz.com/845929/china-is-confiscating-the-passports-of-citizens-in-muslim-heavy-xinjiang-uyghur-autonomous-region/.Google Scholar
Huang, J., “‘Who am I’: identity tensions among Chinese intellectual Christians,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Sociology of Religion, San Francisco, August 14, 2004, http://hirr.hartsem.edu/sociology/huang.html.Google Scholar
Huang, M., “‘Awakening’ country and faith: the construction of Sino-Muslim histories and identities in the early twentieth century,” unpublished honors thesis, Wellesley College (2012), https://repository.wellesley.edu/object/ir363.Google Scholar
Hudson, C., The Southeastern Indians (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976).Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch, “Russia: Jehovah’s Witness convicted,” February 6, 2019, www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/06/russia-jehovahs-witness-convicted.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch, “World report 2013: events of 2012,” January 31, 2013, www.hrw.org/report/2013/01/31/world-report-2013/events-2012.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch, “Russia: Court bans Jehovah’s Witnesses,” April 20, 2017, www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/20/russia-court-bans-jehovahs-witnesses.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P., The Clash of Civilizations? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).Google Scholar
Hurd, E. S., The Politics of Secularism in International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Hürriyet Daily News, “Al-Nusra occupies 70 percent of Idlib: Russian FM,” January 18, 2019, www.hurriyetdailynews.com/al-nusra-occupies-70-percent-of-idlib-russian-fm-140613.Google Scholar
Ibragimov, R., Nabiev, R. and Gafarov, A., Государственно-конфессиональные отношения в России [State-Confessional Relations in Russia] (Kazan: Kazan University Press, 2013), https://kpfu.ru/portal/docs/F2054703497/4.pdf.Google Scholar
India Today, “Ayodhya Ram Mandir case judgment: Supreme Court rules in favour of Ram Lalla | 10 highlights,” November 9, 2019, www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-mandir-case-supreme-court-judgment-top-10-highlights-1617304-2019-11-09.Google Scholar
Inessa, S, “To the new Russian century! – Putin, 1999,” April 24, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPVVAy9df_Y.Google Scholar
Ingram, R., “Uyghurs subject to mass sterilization: a new CCP crime against humanity,” Bitter Winter, June 29, 2020, https://bitterwinter.org/uyghurs-subject-to-mass-sterilization/.Google Scholar
Institute for War and Peace Reporting, “Kilo pledges to continue struggle,” May 29, 2009, https://iwpr.net/global-voices/kilo-pledges-continue-struggle.Google Scholar
Institute of Religious Freedom, “Россия ущемляет религиозную свободу не только у себя, но и в соседних странах – отчет USCIRF” [Russia infringes on religious freedom not only at home, but also in neighboring countries – USCIRF report], Institut religiinoi svobodi, April 27, 2017, http://bit.ly/irf_russia.Google Scholar
Interfax Religion, “The Kremlin does not follow the events surrounding the rebellious Ural cleric” [В Кремле не следят за событиями вокруг мятежного уральского клирика], July 7, 2020, www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=75275.Google Scholar
Interfax Religion, “Patriarch Kirill calls Cossacks to become not only defenders, but a real power” [Патриарх Кирилл призывает казаков стать не только защитники, но и реальной силой], March 9, 2010, www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=34532.Google Scholar
Interfax Religion, “RPTS predlagayet otrazit’ v Konstitutsii osobuyu rol’ russkogo naroda” [ROC proposes reflecting the special role of the Russian people in the constitution], February 9, 2020, www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=74235.Google Scholar
Interfax Religion, “‘Russian Planet’ website: ‘German Caliphate’” [Сайт “Русская планета”: “Германский халифат”], August 18, 2014, www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=radio&div=2147.Google Scholar
Introvigne, M., “China’s new measures for religious groups 2019: from bad to worse,” Bitter Winter, December 31, 2019, https://bitterwinter.org/chinas-new-measures-for-religious-groups-2019/.Google Scholar
Introvigne, M., “The New Religious Affairs Regulation came into force in 2018: what exactly happened?,” Bitter Winter, June 9, 2018, https://bitterwinter.org/new-religious-affairs-regulation/.Google Scholar
Ioffe, G. and Zayonchkovskaya, Z., “Immigration to Russia: inevitability and prospective inflows,” Eurasian Geography and Economics, 1 (2010), 104125.Google Scholar
IslamiChina Travel, “Halal certificate in China,” last modified October 30, 2012, www.islamichina.com/halal-certificate-in-china.html.Google Scholar
Israeli, R., Islam in China: Religion, Ethnicity, Culture, and Politics (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002).Google Scholar
Ivanov, A., “‘Европейская Синергия’: идейные установки и деятельность” [“European Synergy”: ideological installations and activities], Aurora Consurgens, December 27, 2013, http://avrora-consurgens.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_640.html.Google Scholar
Ivanov, A., “Чужой среди своих” [Foreign among your own], Panorama, 4 (1992), www.panorama.ru/gazeta/p34_ivsk.html.Google Scholar
Izvestiia, “Патриарх Кирилл призывает не ждать от супружества лишь удовольствий” [Patriarch Kirill urges not to expect only pleasures from marriage], July 8, 2010, https://iz.ru/news/474243.Google Scholar
Jabbour, G., al-Fikr al-siyāsī al-muʻaṣir fī Sūrīyah [Contemporary Political Thought in Syria] (Dimashq: al-Manārah, 1993).Google Scholar
Jacobsohn, G. J., The Wheel of Law: India’s Secularism in Comparative Constitutional Context (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Jaffrelot, C., Hindu Nationalism in India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Jaffrelot, C., “Refining the moderation thesis. Two religious parties and Indian democracy: the Jana Sangh and the BJP between Hindutva radicalism and coalition politics,” Democratization, 20 (2013), 876894.Google Scholar
Jaffrelot, C. and Jairam, P., “BJP has been effective in transmitting its version of Indian history to the next generation of learners,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 16, 2019, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/11/16/bjp-has-been-effective-in-transmitting-its-version-of-indian-history-to-next-generation-of-learners-pub-80373.Google Scholar
Jehl, D., “Nizar Qabbani, sensual Arab poet, dies at 75,” New York Times, May 1, 1998, www.nytimes.com/1998/05/01/arts/nizar-qabbani-sensual-arab-poet-dies-at-75.html.Google Scholar
Jiang, Z., “Ethnic minority and religious affairs work must be taken very seriously indeed,” November 7, 1993, in General Research Team of the Documentary Research Office of the Central Committee of the CCP and Policy and Regulations Department of the Religious Affairs Bureau of the State Council (ed.), Selected Documents on Religious Affairs Work in the New Era (Beijing: Religious Culture Press, 1995), p. 250.Google Scholar
Jiang, Z., “Fully establish a well-off society, create a new situation in the enterprise of socialism with Chinese characteristics” in Report to the Sixteenth Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2002), Section I, No. 8.Google Scholar
Jiang, Z., “Socialism with Chinese characteristics,” speech at the national meeting on United Front work, December 4, 2000, in Documentary Research Office of the Central Committee of the CCP (ed.), report (Beijing: Central Documentary Press, 2002), p. 376.Google Scholar
Jie, D., “‘Ensuring stability’ by demolishing places of worship,” Bitter Winter, May 8, 2020, https://bitterwinter.org/ensuring-stability-by-demolishing-places-of-worship/.Google Scholar
Jin, G. and Liu, Q., “From ‘republicanism’ to ‘democracy’: China's selective adoption and reconstruction of modern Western political concepts (1840–1924),” trans. L. Lam, History of Political Thought, 26 (2005), 467501.Google Scholar
Kalkandjieva, D., “Orthodoxy and nationalism in Russian Orthodoxy,” St Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly, 57 (2013), 281303.Google Scholar
Kang, Y., 歐洲十一國遊記/著述者康有為 [Travel Notes on Eleven European Nations] (1905; repr., Beijing: Shehui kexue wen xian, 2007).Google Scholar
Kantalinskaya, Zh. V., “Государственно-церковные отношения в первое послевоенное пятилетие в Крыму (1944-1948 гг.)” [State–church relations in the first postwar five-year period in the Crimea (1944–1948)], Kultura narodov Prichernomoria, 10 (1999), 6469, https://core.ac.uk/reader/38417660.Google Scholar
Kapterev, N., Патриарх Никон и Царь Алексей Михайлович [Patriarch Nikon and Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich] (Moscow: Orthodoxy, 1996), http://bit.ly/kapterevnikon.Google Scholar
Karimullah, K. I., “Rival moral traditions in the late Ottoman Empire, 1839-1908,” Journal of Islamic Studies, 24 (2013), 3766.Google Scholar
Karlmorgan.net, “Avdeev Vladimir - biography and creativity,” accessed September 2, 2020, https://karlmorgan.net/iskusstvo-i-razvlecheniya/53282-avdeev-vladimir-biografiya-i-tvorchestvo.html.Google Scholar
Karpat, K. H., The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Karpets, V., “What is the ‘symphonia of powers’?,” Katehon, May 29, 2016, https://katehon.com/article/what-symphonia-powers.Google Scholar
Kartashev, A., Очерки по истории русской церкви [Essays on the History of the Russian Church], 2 vols. (Paris: YMCA Press, 1959), vol. I, https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Anton_Kartashev/ocherki-po-istorii-russkoj-tserkvi-tom-1/.Google Scholar
Kartashev, A., Очерки по истории русской церкви [Essays on the History of the Russian Church], 2 vols. (Paris: YMCA Press, 1959), vol. II, www.eparhia-saratov.ru/Content/Books/207/russianchurch2.pdf.Google Scholar
Kartsev, D., “‘Giving up significant powers’: Putin says that amending the constitution will allow Russia’s parliament to appoint the prime minister. This isn’t true,” trans. E. Hart, Meduza, June 15, 2020, https://meduza.io/en/feature/2020/06/15/giving-up-significant-powers.Google Scholar
Kashepov, V., “Особенности квалификации преступления экстремистской направленности” [Particulars of qualification of extremist crimes], Коментарии судебной практики, 13–14 (2007), 31–34.Google Scholar
Kashevarov, A. N., Высшее церковное управление Русской Православной Церкви в годы гражданской войны [Higher Church Administration of the Russian Orthodox Church during the Civil War] (Moscow: SPbSTU Publishing House, 1999).Google Scholar
Kaspe, S., “Imperial political culture and modernization in the second half of the nineteenth century” in Burbank, J., von Hagen, M. and Remnev, A. (eds.), Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), pp. 455493.Google Scholar
Kayali, H., Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Kazakhstanskii voennyi sait, “Международная фетва об экстремизме поможет в борьбе с радикализацией ислама – эксперты” [International fatwa on extremism will help fight Islamic radicalization – experts], May 25, 2012, http://bit.ly/kazakhstan_fatwa.Google Scholar
Keddie, N., “Better than the past,” The Iranian, April 25, 2003, https://iranian.com/2003/04/25/better-than-the-past/.Google Scholar
Keddie, N., Iran and the Muslim World: Resistance and Revolution (New York: New York University Press, 1995).Google Scholar
Kedourie, E., Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993).Google Scholar
Kemal, N., “Hürriyet Kasidesi” [Liberty Poem], Türk Dili Ve Edebiyatı, accessed September 15, 2020, https://www.turkedebiyati.org/hurriyet-kasidesi-namik-kemal.html.Google Scholar
Kerr, M. and Larkin, C. (eds.), The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Khabutdinov, A. and Mukhetdinov, D., “Ислам в СССР: предыстория репрессий” [Islam in the USSR: prehistory of repressions], La Selva Mieda, November 25, 2007, https://la-selva-mieda.ucoz.ru/news/2007-11-25-21.Google Scholar
Khalid, A., “Nationalizing the revolution in Central Asia: the transformation of Jadidism, 1917–1920” in Suny, R. G. and Martin, T. (eds.), A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 111144.Google Scholar
Khalifa, R., Quran (Fremont, CA.: Universal Unity, 2000).Google Scholar
Ḵẖāṉ, N. A., A History of Urdu Journalism, 1822-1857 (Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1991).Google Scholar
Al-Khateb, K., “Why Syria’s opposition council is opening offices in FSA-held areas,” al-Monitor, July 30, 2019, http://bit.ly/alkhateb_syria.Google Scholar
Khudiyev, S., “Эпоха атеизма” [The epoch of atheism], Pravoslavie.ru, August 22, 2011, www.pravoslavie.ru/48201.html.Google Scholar
Kinli, İ. Ö., “Reconfiguring Ottoman gender boundaries and sexual categories by the mid-19th century,” Política y Sociedad, 50 (2013), 381395.Google Scholar
Kirillov, I., Третий Рим: очерк исторического развития идеи русского мессианизма [Third Rome: An Essay on the Historical Development of the Idea of Russian Messianism] (Moscow: Mashistova, 1914).Google Scholar
Kirpal, B. (ed.), Supreme But Not Infallible: Essays in Honour of the Supreme Court of India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Klas-Göran, K., “Perspectives on Ottoman history: the Young Turks in power?” in Nielsen, J. S. (ed.), Religion, Ethnicity and Contested Nationhood in the Former Ottoman Space (Leiden: Brill, 2011), pp. 928.Google Scholar
Klier, J. D., “The ambiguous legal status of Russian Jewry in the reign of Catherine II,” Slavic Review, 35 (1976), 504517.Google Scholar
Klump, S. D., “Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire,” Wilson Center, Kennan Institute, accessed September 15, 2020, www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russian-eurasianism-ideology-empire.Google Scholar
Klyuchevskiy, V., “‘Курс русской истории,’ в сочинениях в девяти томах” [“The course of Russian history” in nine volumes], Sociological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 (1989), 536.Google Scholar
Knox, Z., “Russian Orthodoxy, Russian nationalism, and Patriarch Aleksii II,” Nationalities Papers, 33 (2005), 533545.Google Scholar
Knox, Z. K., Russian Society and the Orthodox Church: Religion in Russia after Communism (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004).Google Scholar
Knut, V. S., Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Kohn, H., Nationalism: Its Meaning and History, rev. ed. (Malabar: Krieger, 1965).Google Scholar
Kolarz, W., Religion in the Soviet Union (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1961).Google Scholar
Kommersant, “Феменальное представление. Ганновер и Амстердам встретили Владимира Путина шоу — каждый по-своему” [Yesterday, in Hanover, Russian President Vladimir Putin ran into half-naked girls from Femen], April 9, 2013, www.kommersant.ru/doc/2165686.Google Scholar
Kopf, D., Brahmo Samaj and the Making of Modern India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979).Google Scholar
Korey, W., Russian Antisemitism, Pamyat, and the Demonology of Zionism (Chur: Harwood Academic, 1995).Google Scholar
Korkut, S., “The Diyanet of Turkey and its activities in Eurasia after the Cold War,” Acta Slavica Iaponica, 28 (2010), 117139.Google Scholar
Korshunova, O., “Преступления экстремистского характера, теория и практика противодействия” [Crimes of extremist nature, theory and practice of counteraction], Vestnik Omskogo Universiteta, Law Series, 1 (2006), 186191.Google Scholar
Kostomarov, N., История России в биографиях ее важнейших деятелей [Russian History in the Biographies of Its Most Important Figures] (Moscow: AST, 1993).Google Scholar
Ko-wu, H., “The origin and evolution of the concept of mixin (superstition): a review of May Fourth scientific views,” Chinese Studies in History, 49 (2016), 5479.Google Scholar
Krasnov-Levitin, A., Лихие годы. 1925-1949 [Dashing Years, 1925–1949] (Paris: UMSA Press, 1977).Google Scholar
Kravchenko, M., Inventing Extremists: The Impact of Russian Anti-Extremism Policies on Freedom of Religion or Belief (Washington, DC: United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2018), www.uscirf.gov/reports-briefs/special-reports/inventing-extremists-the-impact-russian-anti-extremism-policies.Google Scholar
Kumar, K., “Nation-states as empires, empires as nation-states: two principles, one practice?,” Theory and Society, 39 (2010), 119143.Google Scholar
Kumaraswamy, P. R., “Who am I? The identity crisis in the Middle East,” Middle East Review of International Affairs, 1 (2006), 6373.Google Scholar
Kung-chuan, H., A Modern China and a New World: K'ang Yu-wei, Reformer and Utopian, 1858–1927 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975).Google Scholar
Kunkeler, M., Madeley, J. and Shankar, S. A., Secular Age Beyond the West: Religion, Law and the State in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, Cambridge, Uk, Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Kurbanov, R., “Russian ijmaa on jihad and ideological split of Muslim community,” IslamiCity, June 15, 2012, www.islamicity.org/8512/russian-ijmaa-on-jihad-and-ideological-split-of-muslim-community.Google Scholar
Kurilov, V. A., “Секуляризация и атеизация в Советском Союзе в 60-х и 80-х годах” [Secularization and atheization in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1980s], Cyberleninka.ru, 2016, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sekulyarizatsiya-i-ateizatsiya-v-sovetskom-soyuze-v-60-e-i-80-e-gg-hh-v.Google Scholar
Kuru, A. T., Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2019).Google Scholar
Kuznetsov, S. P. and Kudashkina, J. S., “Рпц и государство: правовые аспекты взаимодействия” [ROC and state: legal aspects of interaction], Исторические, философские, политические и юридические науки, культурология и история искусства. Вопросы теории и практики [Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. Questions of theory and practice], 9 (2012), 89–95.Google Scholar
Laine, J., “The notion of ‘scripture’ in modern Indian thought,” Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 64 (1983), 165179.Google Scholar
Lambert, T., “The present religious policy of the Chinese Communist Party,” Religion, State and Society, 29 (2001), 121129.Google Scholar
Lambton, A. K. S., “The administration of Sanjar's empire as illustrated in the ‘Atabat al-kataba,’” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 20 (1957), 367388.Google Scholar
Landis, J. M., “Islamic education in Syria: undoing secularism,” paper prepared for “Constructs of Inclusion and Exclusion: Religion and Identity Formation in Middle Eastern School Curricula” conference, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University (2003), http://joshualandis.oucreate.com//Islamic%20Education%20in%20Syria.htm.Google Scholar
Lange, C. R., Justice, Punishment and the Medieval Muslim Imagination. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Laruelle, M., Aleksandr Dugin: A Russian Version of the European Radical Right?, Occasional Paper #254 (Washington, DC: Wilson Center, Kennan Institute, 2006).Google Scholar
Laruelle, M., Beyond Anti-Westernism: The Kremlin’s Narrative about Russia’s European Identity and Mission, Policy Memo No. 326 (Washington, DC: PONARS Eurasia, 2014), www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/Pepm326_Laruelle_August2014.pdf.Google Scholar
Laruelle, M., “The ideological shift on the Russian radical right,” Problems of Post-Communism, 57 (2010), 1931.Google Scholar
Lathkani, R. and Alsrian, I., “الموقف المسيحي من الثورة السورية ... الخطابين الأرثوذوكسي والكاثوليكي” [The Christian position of the Syrian revolution … the Orthodox and Catholic discourse], Zaman al-Wasl, October 3, 2012, www.zamanalwsl.net/news/article/30617.Google Scholar
Latukhina, K., “Ключ к примирению. Владимир Путин призвал помнить уроки истории” [The key to reconciliation: Vladimir Putin urged to remember the lessons of history], May 25, 2017, https://rg.ru/2017/05/25/vladimir-putin-prizval-sohranit-edinstvo-rossijskoj-nacii.html.Google Scholar
“Law of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on freedom of worship” [Закон Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики о свободе вероисповедания], October 25, 1990, http://host.uniroma3.it/progetti/cedir/cedir/Lex-doc/Ru_l_1990.pdf.Google Scholar
Lebedev, L. Великороссия [Great Russia] (Saint Petersburg: B. I., 1999).Google Scholar
Le Miere, J., “It's not just Jehovah's Witnesses: before ban, Russia among biggest abusers of religious freedom,” Newsweek, April 26, 2017, www.newsweek.com/jehovahs-witnesses-ban-russia-religion-590350.Google Scholar
Lee, D. E., “The origins of pan-Islamism,” American Historical Review, 47 (1942), 278287.Google Scholar
Lee, R., “Muslims in China and their relations with the state,” Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, August 26, 2015, http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2015/08/2015826102831723836.html.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, R., Ashes of Hama: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria (London: C. Hurst, 2013).Google Scholar
Lefèvre, R., “The Brotherhood starts anew in Syria,” al-Majalla, August 19, 2013, https://eng.majalla.com/2013/08/article55244734/the-brotherhood-starts-anew-in-syria.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, R., “The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’s Alawi conundrum” in Kerr, M. and Larkin, C. (eds.), The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 125141.Google Scholar
Legge, J., The Chinese Classics, with a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes, vol. I, Confucian Analects (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1893).Google Scholar
Legge, J., The Li Ki, 49 vols. (Oxford: Sacred Books of the East, 1885).Google Scholar
Leontyeva, T., “Вера и бунт: Духовенство в революционном обществе России в начале ХХ века, вопросы истории” [Faith and revolt: clergy in the revolutionary society of Russia in the beginning of the twentieth century, questions of history], Istoricheckie materialy, accessed August 31, 2020, http://istmat.info/node/17057.Google Scholar
Leslie, D., The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims (Canberra: Australian National University, 1998).Google Scholar
Leslie, D., Islam in Traditional China: A Short History to 1800 (Canberra: Canberra College of Advanced Education, 1996).Google Scholar
Leung, B., “China and Falun Gong: Party and society relations in the modern era,” Journal of Contemporary China, 11 (2002), 761784.Google Scholar
Liang, Q., Biography of Kang Nanhai [康南海传] (Taipei: Kang Liang xueshu choubeihui, 1997).Google Scholar
Liang, Q., Changing Direction in Chinese Thought and Scholarship [论 中国 学术 思想 变迁 之 大势 (附 清 代 学术 概论)] (1902; repr., Yangzhou: Jiangsu guangling guji keyinshe, 1990).Google Scholar
Liang, Q., “Evaluation of religious alliances” [评非宗教同盟], Yinbing shi wenji, 38 (1922), 2438.Google Scholar
Liang, Q., “On the difference between protecting religion and respecting Confucius” [保教非所以尊孔论], Xinmin congbao, 2 (1902), 5972.Google Scholar
Liang, Q., “On the gains and losses of religionist and philosopher” [论宗教家与哲学家之长短得失], Xinmin congbao, 19 (1902), 5966.Google Scholar
Liang, Q., “On the relation between Buddhism and mass treatment” [论佛教与群治的关系], Yinbingshi wenji, 5 (1910), 3336.Google Scholar
Liang, Q., Supplement Historiography of Chinese History [中国历史研究法补编] (Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2010).Google Scholar
Lieven, A., “The weakness of Russian nationalism,” Survival, 41 (1999), 5370.Google Scholar
Linder, R. D., The Political Ideas of Pierre Viret (Geneva: Droz, 1964).Google Scholar
Liphshiz, C., “Rabbi’s expulsion rattles Russian Jews fearful of Kremlin crackdown,” Jewish Journal, February 13, 2017, https://jewishjournal.com/news/worldwide/214959/rabbis-expulsion-rattles-russian-jews-fearful-kremlin-crackdown/.Google Scholar
Lister, C., The Free Syrian Army: A Decentralized Insurgent Brand (Washington, DC: Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World, 2016), www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/iwr_20161123_free_syrian_army.pdf.Google Scholar
Liu, J., General Study on Dynasty Historiography [皇朝续文献通考] (1894; repr., Shanghai: Shanghai gu ji chu ban she, 1995).Google Scholar
Liu, J., “Historical overview of Pentecostalism in India,” Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life Project, October 5, 2006, www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/historical-overview-of-pentecostalism-in-india/.Google Scholar
Liu, J., Qing Dynasty Continued Literature Review [清朝续文献通考] (1905; repr., Taipei: Xin Xing, 1965).Google Scholar
Lopatkin, R. A., “Процесс секуляризации при социализме и его социологическое исследование, обществу, свободному от религии” [The process of secularization under socialism and its sociological study, to a society free from religion] in International Sociological Congress (Committee on Sociology and Religion) (1970), 75–112.Google Scholar
Lorenzen, D. N., “Who invented Hinduism?,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 41 (1999), 630659.Google Scholar
Love Never Ends: Papers by K. H. Ting, ed. Wickeri, J. (Nanjing: Yilin Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Lum, T., China and Falun Gong (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 2006), http://bit.ly/lum_falungong.Google Scholar
Lund, A., Syria Salafi Insurgents: The Rise of the Syrian Islamic Front (Stockholm: Swedish Institute of International Affairs, 2013).Google Scholar
Lund, A., “The non-state militant landscape in Syria,” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 6 (2013), 132, https://ctc.usma.edu/the-non-state-militant-landscape-in-syria/.Google Scholar
Luo, J., “年来我们学生运底成功失败和将来应取的方向” [Our student movement’s success and failure of the past year, and the general direction of its future] in Zhu, W. (ed.), 中国现代 [Modern China] (Beijing: Zuojia Chubanshe, 1920), vol. I, pp. 627–686.Google Scholar
Luxmoore, M., “Russia charges Baptist pastor in a sign that its religious clampdown could be spreading,” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty, April 24, 2019, www.rferl.org/a/russia-charges-baptist-pastor-in-a-sign-that-its-religious-clampdown-could-be-spreading/29901315.html.Google Scholar
Macaulay, T. B., minute on education (1835), accessed August 25, 2020, www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html.Google Scholar
MacInnis, D. E., “Maoism and religion in China today,” Occasional Bulletin from the Missionary Research Library, 19 (1968), 112, www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1968-00/1968-09-001-macinnis.pdf.Google Scholar
Madnī, S., Muttahidah qaumiyat aur Islam [Composite Nationalism and Islam] (New Delhi: Manohar, 2005).Google Scholar
Mahmood, S., Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Mahmood, S., Religious Difference in a Secular Age: A Minority Report (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Majumdar, S., “China’s actions with religious groups reflect a trend of restrictions,” Pew Research Center: Fact Tank, October 11, 2018, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/11/recent-chinese-dealings-with-faith-groups-reflect-a-pattern-of-government-restrictions-on-religion/.Google Scholar
Malakhov, V., “Россия как новая иммиграционная страна: политический ответ и общественные дебаты” [Russia as a new immigration country: policy response and public debate], Europe-Asia Studies, 66 (2014), 10621079.Google Scholar
Málek, J., “Contemporary Islamic education in the secondary schools of the Syrian Arab Republic,” Archiv orientální, 42 (1974), 115.Google Scholar
Mālik, Ḥ., Le Statuts personnel et tribunaux des communautés chrétiennes en Syrie et au Liban, Beyrouth 1972 [The Personal Statute and Courts of the Christian Communities in Syria and Lebanon, Beirut 1972] (Paris: Archives, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 1972).Google Scholar
Mardin, S., “Turkish Islamic exceptionalism yesterday and today: continuity, rupture and reconstruction in operational codes,” Turkish Studies, 6 (2005), 145165.Google Scholar
Mardin, Ş., “Yeni Osmanlılar ve Siyası Fikirleri” [The neo-Ottomans and their political ideas] in Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi Cilt [Encyclopedia of Turkey from Tanzimat to Republic], 6 vols. (Istanbul: Iletisim, 1985), vol. VI, section 16981071.Google Scholar
Marshall, M. G., “Major episodes of political violence 1946-2018,” Center for Systemic Peace, last modified April 30, 2020, www.systemicpeace.org/warlist/warlist.htm.Google Scholar
Martin, K. W., Syria's Democratic Years: Citizens, Experts, and Media in the 1950s (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Marx, A., Faith in Nation: Exclusionary Origins of Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Marx, K., The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, trans. De Leonk, D. (1897), Project Gutenberg, last modified February 6, 2013, www.gutenberg.org/files/1346/1346-h/1346-h.htm.Google Scholar
Masuzawa, T., The Invention of World Religions: How Western Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Matthiesen, T., The Other Saudis: Shiism, Dissent and Sectarianism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Matveev, I. A., “Syria’s territorial divisions complicate reconstruction,” al-Monitor, June 5, 2019, www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/06/russia-syria-reconstruction-challenges.html.Google Scholar
Al-Maydani, A. B. A. W., “من خطوات الإصلاح في سوريا: نشر عقائد الرافضة بأموال أهل السنَّة! | موقع المسلم” [One of the steps of reform in Syria: spreading the doctrines of the Shiites with the money of the Sunnis], Almoslim.net, 2010, http://almoslim.net/node/145858.Google Scholar
McCargo, D., “The changing politics of Thailand’s Buddhist order,” Critical Asian Studies, 44 (2012), 627642.Google Scholar
McGregeor, J., “Controversial Syrian preacher Abu al-Qaqa gunned down in Aleppo,” Terrorism Focus, 4 (2007), https://jamestown.org/program/controversial-syrian-preacher-abu-al-qaqa-gunned-down-in-aleppo/.Google Scholar
Meduza, “В пятницу Дума рассмотрит два самых жестких законопроекта за много лет. “Медуза” объясняет, что такое “пакет Яровой” и чем он грозит российскому обществу” [On Friday, the Duma will consider the two toughest bills for many years: Meduza explains what the ‘spring package’ is and how it threatens Russian society], June 22, 2016, http://bit.ly/meduza_springpackage.Google Scholar
Melnikov, A., “Из-за Украины патриарх Кирилл стал сторонником отделения церкви от государства” [Because of Ukraine, Patriarch Kirill became a supporter of the separation of church and state], Nezavisimaia Gazeta, December 27, 2018, www.ng.ru/faith/2018-12-27/100_rel2712.html.Google Scholar
Menkiszak, M., “The Putin doctrine: the formation of a conceptual framework for Russian dominance in the post-Soviet area,” OSW Commentary, 131 (2014), 17, www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2014-03-27/putin-doctrine-formation-a-conceptual-framework-russian.Google Scholar
Mennell, S., “Parsons and Elias,” Sociologie et société, 21 (1989), 6986.Google Scholar
Mestyán, Á., Arab Patriotism: The Ideology and Culture of Power in Late Ottoman Egypt (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Meynard, T., “Religion and its modern fate: the shaping of the concept between the West and China,” International Philosophical Quarterly, 45 (2005), 483497.Google Scholar
Michailovna, A. S., “‘Русский Мир’ – ‘Четвертый Рим,” [Russian World: the Fourth Rome], unpublished essay (2015), 1434–1443, http://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/32317/1/klo_2015_172.pdf.Google Scholar
Michdelov, M., “The religious component of ethnic awareness,” Russian Politics and Law, 43 (2005), 8388.Google Scholar
Miller, A., “The Romanov Empire and the Russian nation” in Berger, S. and Miller, A. (eds.), Nationalizing Empires (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2015), pp. 309368.Google Scholar
Miller, J., Chinese Religions in Contemporary Societies (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2006).Google Scholar
Mironov, B. N., Социальная история России в период империи (XVIII-начало XX в.): Генезис личности, демократической семьи, гражданского общества и правового государства [Social History of Russia during the Empire Period (Eighteenth–Early Twentieth Centuries): The Genesis of the Individual, Democratic Family, Civil Society and the Rule of Law], 2 vols. (Saint Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin House, 1999), www.imperskiy-fund.com/files/-.1.pdf.Google Scholar
Mishra, M. K., “Vote ke liye kuch bhi karega! Chand Mohammad is back as Chander Mohan in Haryana politics,” Oneindia, October 9, 2014, www.oneindia.com/india/vote-ke-liye-kuch-bhi-karega-chand-mohammad-is-back-as-chander-1537166.html.Google Scholar
Mitrofanova, A., “Russian ethnic nationalism and religion today” in Kolstø, P. and Blakkisrud, H. (eds.), The New Russian Nationalism: Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000–2015 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016), pp. 104131.Google Scholar
Mitrokhin, N., “The Russian Orthodox Church in contemporary Russia: structural problems and contradictory relations with the Government 2000-2008,” Social Research, 7 (2009), 289320.Google Scholar
Monier-Williams, M., Hinduism (1877; repr., New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2003).Google Scholar
Montefiore, S. S., Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003).Google Scholar
Moscow Times, “Russian church leader calls to end abortions to boost population,” May 20, 2019, www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/05/20/russian-church-leader-calls-to-end-abortions-to-boost-population-a65647.Google Scholar
Moss, V., The Rise and Fall of the Russian Autocracy (Orthodox Christian Books, 2014), www.orthodoxchristianbooks.com/downloads/533_THE_RISE_AND_FALL_OF_THE_RUSSIAN_AUTOCRACY.pdf.Google Scholar
Mullaly, S., “Feminism and multicultural dilemmas in India: revisiting the Shah Bano case,” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 24 (2004), 671692.Google Scholar
Murata, S., “The unity of being in Liu Chih’s ‘Islamic Neoconfucianism,’” Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi Society, accessed August 27, 2020, https://ibnarabisociety.org/liu-chih-islamic-neoconfucianism-sachiko-murata/.Google Scholar
Murata, S., Chittick, W. C. and Weiming, T., The Sage Learning of Liu Zhi: Islamic Thought in Confucian Terms (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2009).Google Scholar
Musa, E. and Karacaoglu, B., “3rd convoy of evacuees from Quneitra arrive in Idlib,” Anadolu Agency, July 23, 2018, www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/3rd-convoy-of-evacuees-from-quneitra-arrive-in-idlib/1211265.Google Scholar
Nair, D., “Contending ‘historical’ identities in India,” Journal of Educational Media, Memory & Society, 1 (2009), 145164.Google Scholar
Nair, R. J. and Daniel, F. J., “‘Love Jihad’ and religious conversion polarise in Modi’s India,” Reuters, September 4, 2014, https://in.reuters.com/article/india-religion-modi/love-jihad-and-religious-conversion-polarise-in-modis-india-idINKBN0GZ2OC20140904.Google Scholar
Nair, R. J. and Daniel, F. J., “Special report: battling for India’s soul, state by state,” World-Wide Religious News, October 12, 2015, https://wwrn.org/articles/45091/.Google Scholar
Nair, S., “Shayara Banu’s fight against triple talaq,” The Indian Express, April 24, 2016, https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/triple-talaq-supreme-court-ban-muslim-india-shayara-banu-2767412.Google Scholar
Narain, V. B., “Law, gender and nation: Muslim women and the discontent of legal pluralism in India” in Cesari, J. and Casanova, J. (eds.), Islam, Gender and Democracy in a Comparative Perspective (London: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 188211.Google Scholar
Narain, V. B., Reclaiming the Nation: Muslim Women and the Law in India (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008).Google Scholar
National Center for Information Counteraction to Terrorism and Extremism in the Educational Environment and the Internet, “Идеологи и жертвы ваххабитского религиозно-политического экстремизма” [Ideologists and victims of Wahhabi religious and political extremism], accessed September 15, 2020, https://ncpti.su/articles/?ELEMENT_ID=120.Google Scholar
Nationalism.org, “Алексей Широпаев” [Aleksei Shiropaev], last modified April 8, 2001, archived from the original on October 2, 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20091002064859/http:/nationalism.org/shiropayev/main.htm.Google Scholar
Nebehay, S., “U.N. calls on China to free Uighurs from alleged re-education camps,” Reuters, August 30, 2018, www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-un/u-n-calls-on-china-to-free-uighurs-from-re-education-camps-idUSKCN1LF1D6.Google Scholar
Nedostup, R., Superstitious Regimes (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2009).Google Scholar
Needham, J., Science and Civilization in China, vol. II, History of Scientific Thought (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1956).Google Scholar
Newsland, “РПЦ требует у государства заплатить ей за благотворительность” [The ROC demands that the state pay for its charity], September 21, 2010, https://newsland.com/user/4296648005/content/rpts-trebuet-u-gosudarstva-zaplatit-ei-za-blagotvoritelnost/4083405.Google Scholar
NEWSru, “Патриарх Кирилл выступил на съезде лидеров мировых и традиционных религий в Астане” [Patriarch Kirill spoke at the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions in Astana], May 30, 2012, www.newsru.com/religy/30may2012/astana.html.Google Scholar
New York Times, “Solzhenitsyn flies home, vowing moral involvement 88,” May 27, 1994, www.nytimes.com/1994/05/27/us/solzhenitsyn-flies-home-vowing-moral-involvement-88.html.Google Scholar
Nizienko, E. L., “О введении учебного курса ОРКСЭ” [On the introduction of the course ‘Fundamentals of religious cultures and secular ethics’”], Tekhekspert, August 22, 2012, http://docs.cntd.ru/document/902384503.Google Scholar
Novyi Rubezh, “Православие как путь возрождения России. Судьба одного служителя церкви” [Orthodoxy as a way to revive Russia: the fate of a church minister], December 11, 2015, https://rubezh.org/tribuna/pravoslavie-kak-put-vozrozhdeniya-rossii-sudba-odnogo-sluzhitelya-tserkvi/.Google Scholar
Oddie, G., “Hindu religious identity with special reference to the origin and significance of the term ‘Hinduism’” in Bloch, E., Keppens, M. and Hegde, R. (eds.), Rethinking Religion in India (London: Routledge, 2012), pp. 114134.Google Scholar
Oneindia, “Sukhbir Singh Badal,” accessed August 25, 2020, www.oneindia.com/politicians/sukhbir-singh-badal-16754.html.Google Scholar
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, “OIC rejects anti-Muslim prejudice in India over the coronavirus spread,” April 19, 2020, www.oic-oci.org/topic/?t_id=23342&t_ref=13984&lan=en.Google Scholar
OrientTV, “فارس الخوري من مجلس النواب إلى مجلس الأمن - موسوعة سوريا السياسية” [Fares al-Khoury from house to council: Syrian Political Encyclopedia], May 8, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSGir0sAF8k.Google Scholar
Otkrytaia gazeta, “Силовики начинают зачистку в финансовых структурах РПЦ” [Officials begin checks of the financial structures of the ROC], August 4, 2018, www.opengaz.ru/siloviki-nachinayut-zachistku-v-finansovyh-strukturah-rpc.Google Scholar
Outlook India, “Ayodhya verdict: mixed reactions from TN parties,” November 9, 2019, www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ayodhya-verdict-mixed-reactions-from-tn-parties/1659080.Google Scholar
Ozkan, A. O., “Hui people: Chinese speaking Muslims,” The Fountain, 98 (2014), http://bit.ly/ozkan_hui.Google Scholar
Ozlem, A., “Turkey: sanctifying a secular state” in Doumato, E. A. and Starret, G. (eds.), Textbooks and Religion in the Middle East (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2007), pp. 197214.Google Scholar
Öztürk, A. E., “Turkey’s Diyanet under AKP rule: from protector to imposer of state ideology?,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16 (2016), 619635.Google Scholar
Pain, E., “Имперский национализм: возникновение, эволюция и политические перспективы в России” [Imperial nationalism: emergence, evolution and political prospects in Russia], Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, 2 (2015), 5471, http://ecsocman.hse.ru/data/2018/08/05/1251869539/54-71_Pain_.pdf.Google Scholar
Palmer, D. A., “China’s religious danwei: institutionalising religion in the People’s Republic,” China Perspectives, 4 (2009), 1730.Google Scholar
Palmer, D. A. and Liu, X., “The Daoist encounter with modernity” in Yang, F. and Tamney, J. B. (eds.), Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond (Leiden: Brill, 2012), pp. 149174.Google Scholar
Panchenko, A. “Русская культура накануне петровских реформ” [Russian culture on the eve of Peter’s reforms] in Dvornichenko, A. Iu., Kashchenko, C. G. and Florinskii, M. F., Отечественная история (до 1917 г.) [Domestic History (up to 1917)] (Leningrad: Leningrad State University, 1984), pp. 40–348.Google Scholar
Papkova, I., The Orthodox Church and Russian Politics (New York: Oxford University Press and Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Pardesi, M. S. and Oetken, J. L., “Secularism, democracy, and Hindu nationalism in India,” Asian Security, 4 (2008), 2340.Google Scholar
Patriarch Aleksei, “Послание Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Алексия II и Священного Синода Русской Православной Церкви к 80-летию убиения Императора Николая II и его семьи” [The message of patriarch of Moscow and all Russia Aleksei II and the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church on the eightieth anniversary of the assassination of Emperor Nicholas II and his family], Московский церковный вестник, 11 (1998), 1120, https://mospat.ru/archive/1998/06/nr100681/.Google Scholar
Patriarch Kirill, “Выступление Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла на торжественном открытии III Ассамблеи Руссого мира” [Speech of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill at the opening ceremony of the Third Assembly of Russian World], Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov, November 9, 2009, www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/928446.html.Google Scholar
Peich, I., “Идеологические Предприятия Формирования И Развития Сербско-Русских Отношений” [Ideological conditions for formation and development of Serbian-Russian relations], RUDN Journal of World History, 9 (2017), 234240.Google Scholar
Perper, R., “China is tracking Muslims embarking on the annual Hajj pilgrimage in what experts say is likely part of widespread government surveillance,” Business Insider, August 10, 2018, www.businessinsider.com/china-gps-tracking-muslims-on-hajj-part-of-government-surveillance-2018-8.Google Scholar
Persecution, “China increases church surveillance and monitoring,” November 16, 2019, www.persecution.org/2019/11/16/china-increases-church-surveillance-monitoring/.Google Scholar
Pertsev, A., “The exorcist: how a confessed murderer became one of Russia’s most famous priests, took over a convent, and started cursing the Church and the state,” trans. H. Kohen, Meduza, July 8, 2020, https://meduza.io/en/feature/2020/07/08/the-exorcist.Google Scholar
Petrov, A., Житие протопопа Аввакума и другие его сочинения [The Life of Avvakum and His Other Writings] (Мoscow: Goslidizdat, 1960).Google Scholar
Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life Project, “A closer look at how religious restrictions have risen around the world,” July 15, 2019, www.pewforum.org/2019/07/15/a-closer-look-at-how-religious-restrictions-have-risen-around-the-world/.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life Project, “Latest trends in religious restrictions and hostilities,” February 26, 2015, www.pewforum.org/2015/02/26/religious-hostilities/.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life Project, “Restrictions on religion among the world’s 25 most populous countries,” June 21, 2018, www.pewforum.org/interactives/restrictions-on-religion-among-the-worlds-25-most-populous-countries-2016/.Google Scholar
Pickel, A., “Homo nationis: the psycho-social infrastructure of the nation-state order,” Global Society, 18 (2004), 325346.Google Scholar
Pierret, T., Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulema from Coup to Revolution (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013).Google Scholar
Pierret, T., “The state management of religion in Syria: the end of ‘indirect rule’?” in Heydemann, S. and Leenders, R. (eds.), Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation, and Regime Resilience in Syria and Iran (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013), pp. 83106.Google Scholar
Pierret, T. and Selvik, K., “Syria: private welfare, Islamic charities, and the rise of the Zayd movement,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 44 (2009), 595614.Google Scholar
Ping, J., “On the origin and practical application of the five-fold nature of religion” in Collected Essays on Ethnic Minority and Religious Questions (Beijing: CCP History Press, 1995), pp. 385395.Google Scholar
Pipes, R., Russia under the Old Regime (London: Penguin, 1995).Google Scholar
Platonov, O., Славянофилы. Историческая энциклопедия [Slavophiles: Historical Encyclopedia] (Moscow: Institute of Russian Civilization, 2009), www.rusinst.ru/docs/books/Slavyanofily.pdf.Google Scholar
Politkovskaya, A., “‘A Russian Diary’: first chapter,” New York Times, July 1, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/books/chapters/0701-1st-poli.html.Google Scholar
Polunov, A., K. P. Pobedonostsev in the Sociopolitical and Spiritual Life of Russia (Moscow: Rosspen, 2010).Google Scholar
Polunov, A., “The letters of K. P. Pobedonostsev to Nicholas II (1898-1905)” in Kurov, M. (ed.), Religions of the World: Past and Present (Moscow: M. N. Kurov Publishing House, 1983), pp. 184189.Google Scholar
Polunov, A., “The state and religious heterodoxy in Russia from 1880 to the beginning of the 1890s” [Государство и религиозная гетеродоксия в России (с 1880 по начало 1890-х годов)], Russian Studies in History, 39 (2001), 5465.Google Scholar
Pomeranz, W. and Smith, K., Kennan Cable No. 39: A Traditional State and a Modern Problem: Russia Rewrites Its Internet Extremism Laws (Washington, DC: Wilson Center, Kennan Institute, 2018), www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no-39-traditional-state-and-modern-problem-russia-rewrites-its-internet.Google Scholar
Pospielovsky, D., “The ‘best years’ of Stalin’s church policy (1942-1948) in the light of archival documents,” Religion, State and Society, 25 (1997), 139160.Google Scholar
Powell, E. J., Islamic Law and International Law: Peaceful Resolution of Disputes (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).Google Scholar
Preece, W. E. and Collinson, R. L., “Encyclopaedia,” Encyclopædia Britannica, last modified September 8, 2016, www.britannica.com/topic/encyclopaedia.Google Scholar
Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Presidency of Religious Affairs, accessed August 24, 2020, www.diyanet.gov.tr/en/home.Google Scholar
President of Russia, “Address to the Federal Assembly,” December 12, 2012, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/17118.Google Scholar
La Presse, “Syrie: la guerre se déplace en pays alaouite” [Syria: the war moves into Alaoui territory], May 3, 2013, http://bit.ly/syrie_alaouite.Google Scholar
Prezident Rossii, “Распоряжение Президента Российской Федерации от 02.08.1995 г. № 357-рп” [Order of the President of the Russian Federation of August 2, 1995, No. 357-rp], accessed September 2, 2020, http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/8157.Google Scholar
Priby Verkhovsky, A. and Pribylovsky, V., Национально-патриотические организации России. История, идеология, экстремистские тенденции [National-Patriotic Organizations of Russia: History, Ideology, Extremist Tendencies] (Moscow: Information and Expert Group “Panorama,” 1996).Google Scholar
Prizel, I., “Nationalism in postcommunist Russia: from resignation to anger” in Antohi, S. and Tismaneanu, V. (eds.), Between Past and Future: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2000), pp. 333356.Google Scholar
“Professor Mohamed Abou El Fath El Bayanouni: official website” [البيانوني الفتح أبو محمد الدكتور الأستاذ فضيلة | الرسمي الموقع], accessed August 24, 2020, http://bit.ly/bayanouni.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. D., “Social capital community benchmark survey, 2000: summary,” The ARDA, October 29, 2019, www.thearda.com/Archive/Files/Descriptions/SCCBS.asp.Google Scholar
Putz, C., “Which countries are for or against China’s Xinjiang policies?,” The Diplomat, July 15, 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/.Google Scholar
Al-Quds al-Arabi, “رئيس رابطة علماء الشام: أمراء ‘داعش’ لا يخافون الله” [President of the Association of Sham Scholars: the princes of ‘da’ash’ do not fear God], November 15, 2013, http://bit.ly/shamscholars.Google Scholar
Rabasa, A. and Larrabee, F. S., The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey (Santa Monica, CA: RAND National Defense Research Institute, 2008).Google Scholar
Rabinovich, I., “The compact minorities and the Syrian state, 1918–45,” Journal of Contemporary History, 24 (1979), 693712.Google Scholar
Rabow-Edling, S., Slavophile Thought and the Politics of Cultural Nationalism (New York: State University of New York Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Rainsford, S., “Putin strongly backed in controversial Russian reform vote,” BBC News, July 2, 2020, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53255964.Google Scholar
Rao, B., “Religion, law, and minorities in India” in Richardson, J. (ed.), Regulating Religion: Critical Issues in Social Justice (New York: Springer, 2004), pp. 381413.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, R., “India set to withdraw Kashmir's special status and split it in two,” The Guardian, August 5, 2019, www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/05/india-revoke-disputed-kashmir-special-status.Google Scholar
Refworld, “Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012,” February 26, 2012, www.refworld.org/docid/5100f02a2.html.Google Scholar
Reilly, J. A., The Ottoman Cities of Lebanon: Historical Legacy and Identity in the Modern Middle East (London: I. B. Tauris, 2016).Google Scholar
Reiser, S., “Pan-Arabism revisited,” Middle East Journal, 37 (1983), 218233.Google Scholar
Reuters, “Factbox: Syria’s rebel groups,” January 9, 2014, www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-rebels-factbox-idUSBREA080SW20140109.Google Scholar
Ria News, “The decision to ban the film ‘Innocence of Muslims’ in Russia enters into force” [Решение о запрете фильма “Невинность мусульман” в РФ вступает в силу], November 7, 2012, https://ria.ru/20120928/761396818.html.Google Scholar
Ria News, “The mayor of Makhachkala hopes for the Russian Orthodox Church to achieve peace in the Caucasus” [Мэр Махачкалы надеется на РПЦ в достижении мира на Кавказе], August 26, 2009, https://ria.ru/20090826/182502323.html.Google Scholar
Rice-Cameron, J., “Eurasianism is the new fascism: understanding and confronting Russia,” Stanford Politics, February 2, 2017, https://stanfordpolitics.org/2017/02/02/eurasianism-new-fascism/.Google Scholar
Richters, K., The Post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church: Politics, Culture, and Greater Russia (London: Routledge, 2013).Google Scholar
Riḍā, A., al-Tārīkh lā tuḥarrikuhu al-ṣudfah: Qirāʼah fī fikr al-Asad [History Is Not Driven by Chance: In the Thought of Assad] (Cairo: Akhbār al-Yawm, 1993).Google Scholar
Riedler, F., Opposition and Legitimacy in the Ottoman Empire (London: Routledge, 2011).Google Scholar
Rifai, L., “The Sunni religious establishment of Damascus: when unification creates division,” Carnegie Middle East Center, June 19, 2020, https://carnegie-mec.org/2020/06/19/sunni-religious-establishment-of-damascus-when-unification-creates-division-pub-82107.Google Scholar
Rixen, T. and Viola, L. A., “Putting path dependence in its place: toward a taxonomy of institutional change,” Journal of Theoretical Politics, 27 (2015), 301323.Google Scholar
Röder, T. J., “The separation of powers in Muslim countries: historical and comparative perspectives” in Grote, R. and Röder, T. J. (eds.), Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 321372.Google Scholar
Rokkan, S., “Dimensions of state formation and nation-building: a possible paradigm” in Tilly, C. (ed.), The Formation of Nation States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), pp. 575591.Google Scholar
Rong, G., “Identity, interaction and Islamic practice: Hui Muslims in China” in Rong, G., Gönül, H. Z. and Xiaoyan, Z. (eds.), Hui Muslims in China (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2017), pp. 930.Google Scholar
Ronojoy, S., Articles of Faith, Religion, Secularism, and the Indian Supreme Court (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Ronojoy, S., “The Indian supreme court and the quest for a ‘rational’ Hinduism,” South Asian History and Culture, 1 (2010), 86104.Google Scholar
Rossiiskaia Gazeta, “Code of the Russian Federation on administrative violations” [Кодекс Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях], 2001, accessed September 2, 2020, www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34661/.Google Scholar
Rossiiskaia Gazeta, “Criminal code of the Russian Federation, 1996” [Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации 1996 г.], 1996, accessed September 2, 2020, www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ru/ru080en.pdf.Google Scholar
Rossiiskaia Gazeta, “Federal law of July 23, 2010, N 179-FZ ‘On amendments to the federal law “on state policy of the Russian Federation regarding compatriots abroad”’” [Федеральный закон от 23 июля 2010 г. N 179-ФЗ “О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон ‘О государственной политике Российской Федерации в отношении соотечественников за рубежом’”], July 27, 2010, https://rg.ru/2010/07/27/sootech-dok.html.Google Scholar
Rossiiskaia Gazeta, “Federal law of the Russian Federation on countering extremist activity” [Федеральный закон РФ о противодействии экстремистской деятельности], 2002, accessed September 2, 2020, www.loc.gov/law/help/fighting-extremism/russia.php.Google Scholar
Roth, A., “Putin backs proposal allowing him to remain in power in Russia beyond 2024,” The Guardian, March 10, 2020, www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/vladimir-putin-amendment-power-russia-2024.Google Scholar
Roudik, P., “Russia: strengthening of punishment for extremism,” Global Legal Monitor, July 18, 2016, www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/russia-strengthening-of-punishment-for-extremism.Google Scholar
Rousselet, K., “The church in the service of the fatherland,” Europe-Asia Studies, 67 (2015), 4967.Google Scholar
Rowley, D. G., “Imperial vs. national discourse: the case of Russia,” Nations and Nationalism, 6 (2000), 2342.Google Scholar
Rubin, A., “Modernity as a code: the Ottoman Empire and the global movement of codification,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 59 (2016), 828856.Google Scholar
The Russian Orthodox Church, “The DECR secretariat for the far abroad,” accessed September 2, 2020, https://mospat.ru/en/department /secretary-2.Google Scholar
The Russian Orthodox Church, “Position of the Moscow Patriarchate on the problem of primacy in the Universal Church,” last modified December 26, 2013, https://mospat.ru/en/2013/12/26/news96344/.Google Scholar
The Russian Orthodox Church, “The Russian Orthodox Church’s approach to willful public blasphemy and slander against the Church,” February 4, 2011, http://bit.ly/roc_blasphemy.Google Scholar
“Russia” in Encyclopaedia Judaica, 22 vols. (Jerusalem: Keter, 1991), pp. 531–553, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/astrakhan.Google Scholar
Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov, “Bases of the social concept of the Russian Orthodox Church” [Основы Социальной Концепции Русской Православной Церкви], accessed September 1, 2020, https://mospat.ru/ru/documents/social-concepts/.Google Scholar
Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov, “Declaration on the rights and dignity of man” [Декларация о правах и достоинстве человека X Всемирного Русского Народного Собора], April 6, 2006, www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/103235.html.Google Scholar
Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov, “Fundamentals of the social concept of the Russian Orthodox Church” [Основы Социальной Концепции Русской Православной Церкви], June 9, 2008, www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/419128.html.Google Scholar
Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov, “Meeting of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill with the Hungarian minister of social resources Zoltán Balog” [Встреча Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла с министром социальных ресурсов Венгрии Золтаном Балогом], April 14, 2013, www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/2908031.html.Google Scholar
Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov, “Word of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill at a meeting of the Presidium of the Interreligious Council of Russia” [Слово Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла на заседании Президиума Межрелигиозного совета России], October 24, 2017, www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5044543.html.Google Scholar
Russkii Mir, “Russian world values unite different peoples of historical Rus: Patriarch Kirill,” November 4, 2014, https://russkiymir.ru/en/fund/press/154311/.Google Scholar
Russkoe Natsionalnoe Edinstvo, “Основы социально-политической концепции ВОПД РНЕ” [Fundamentals of the sociopolitical concept of Russian National Unity], accessed September 2, 2020, http://rusnation.org/org.Google Scholar
Ryabykh, Y., “Политические партии России и Русской Православной Церкви” [Political parties of Russia and the Russian Orthodox Church], Politia, 1 (2012), 124148.Google Scholar
Saeed, J., Islam and Modernization: A Comparative Analysis of Pakistan, Egypt, and Turkey (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994).Google Scholar
Safonov, A., “Оценки светского и церковного сообщества России начала ХХ века” [Assessments of the secular and church community of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century], unpublished thesis, Moscow City Pedagogical University (2008), http://bit.ly/safonovthesis.Google Scholar
Safonov, Dmitry, “К проблеме подлинности ‘завещательного послания’ Патриарха Тихона” [On the problem of the authenticity of the “testament message” of Patriarch Tikhon], Pravoslavie.ru, March 17, 2003, www.pravoslavie.ru/archiv/patrtikhon-zaveschanie1.htm.Google Scholar
Saha, S. C., “Politico-psychological dimensions of the ethnic and political conflicts in India: conflicting paradigms at work” in Saha, S. C. (ed.), Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict: Primal Violence or the Politics of Conviction? (Oxford: Lexington Books, 2006), pp. 133172.Google Scholar
Al-Saidawi, H., “How Syria’s regime used local clerics to reassert its authority in Rural Damascus Governorate,” Carnegie Middle East Center, March 27, 2019, https://carnegie-mec.org/2019/03/27/how-syria-s-regime-used-local-clerics-to-reassert-its-authority-in-rural-damascus-governorate-pub-78692.Google Scholar
Saikia, A., “The other virus: hate crimes against India’s Muslims are spreading with Covid-19,” Scroll.in, April 8, 2020, https://scroll.in/article/958543/the-other-virus-hate-crimes-against-indias-muslims-are-spreading-with-covid-19.Google Scholar
Sainsbury, M., “New rules in China target unregistered Catholic, Protestant churches,” Crux, January 8, 2020, https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2020/01/new-rules-in-china-target-unregistered-catholic-protestant-churches/.Google Scholar
Saliba, G., “Al-Bīrūnī,” Encyclopædia Britannica, last modified August 31, 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/al-Biruni.Google Scholar
Samuel, S., “China is treating Islam like a mental illness,” The Atlantic, August 28, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/08/china-pathologizing-uighur-muslims-mental-illness/568525/.Google Scholar
Sāti, A.-H., “Muslim unity and Arab unity” in Donohue, J. J. and Esposito, J. (eds.), Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 6570.Google Scholar
Sayyid, A., Dirāsat taṭawwur al-ahdāf al-tarbawīyah fī Sūrīyah: taḥlīlan wa-taṣnīfan [The Study of the Development of Educational Goals in Syria: Analysis and Categorizing] (Damascus: Ministry of Culture in the Syrian Arab Republic, 2005).Google Scholar
Schak, D. C., “Protestantism in China: a dilemma for the party-state,” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 40 (2011), 71106.Google Scholar
Schmitt, C., “Is the Russian Orthodox Church serving God or Putin?,” Deutsche Welle, April 26, 2017, www.dw.com/en/is-the-russian-orthodox-church-serving-god-or-putin/a-38603157.Google Scholar
Scott, D., Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Scroll.in, “Covid-19: Muslim vendors stopped from selling vegetables in UP, accused of being Tablighi members,” April 14, 2020, https://scroll.in/latest/959111/covid-19-muslim-vendors-stopped-from-selling-vegetables-in-up-accused-of-being-tablighi-members.Google Scholar
Semyonov, A., “Empire and nation in Russian liberal thought” in Denes, I. Z. (ed.), Liberty and the Search for Identity: Liberal Nationalisms and the Legacy of Empires (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), pp. 329344.Google Scholar
Şen, M., “Transformation of Turkish Islamism and the rise of the Justice and Development Party,” Turkish Studies, 11 (2010), 5984.Google Scholar
Senturk, R., “Intellectual dependency: late Ottoman intellectuals between fiqh and social science,” Die Welt des Islams, 47 (2007), 283318.Google Scholar
Seton-Watson, H., Nations and States: An Enquiry into the Origins of Nation and the Politics of Nationalism (London: Routledge, 1977).Google Scholar
Sfeir, G. N., “Islam as the state religion,” The Muslim World, 45 (1955), 242249.Google Scholar
Al-Shafey, M. and Astatih, P., “FSA and Islamists express doubts about Al-Nusra Front,” Asharq al-Awsat, March 22, 2012, https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/fsa-and-islamists-express-doubts-about-al-nusra-front.Google Scholar
Shakhov, M., “Material prepared by the editors of the portal Orthodoxy Ru,” Pravoslavie.ru, December 2, 2015, https://pravoslavie.ru/88325.html.Google Scholar
Sharafutdinova, G., “Gestalt switch in Russian Federalism: the decline in regional power under Putin,” Comparative Politics, 45 (2013), 357376.Google Scholar
Sharma, C., “Citizenship Amendment Bill 2016: continuities and contestations with special reference to politics in Assam, India,” Asian Ethnicity, 20 (2019), 522540.Google Scholar
Shavit, U., Scientific and Political Freedom in Islam: A Critical Reading of the Modernist-Apologetic School (London: Routledge, 2017).Google Scholar
Shaw, S. J. and Shaw, E. K., History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1977).Google Scholar
Shcherbatova, I. F., “Фактор философии в системе ценностей Екатерины II” [The factor of philosophy in the system of values of Catherine II], History of Philosophy, 21 (2016), 4152, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/faktor-filosofii-v-sisteme-tsennostey-ekateriny-ii.Google Scholar
Shehada, O., “عالم الشام محمد بهجة البيطار” [The scholar of the Sham Mohammed Bahjat al-Bitar], Al Bayan, January 16, 2013, http://albayan.co.uk/article2.aspx?ID=2531.Google Scholar
Shen, J., 反迷信”话语及其现代起源 [The modern origin of anti-mixin], Shilin Historical Review, 2 (2006), 3042.Google Scholar
Shenfield, S., “Russian fascism: traditions, tendencies, movements,” Science and Society, 1 (2001), 223224.Google Scholar
Shestokov, S. and Ribesheva, L., “Российская консервативная политико-правовая идеология” [Russian conservative politico-legal ideology], Studia Humanitatis, 1 (2017), 3560.Google Scholar
Shevchenko, M. L., “У РПЦ нет политических амбиций: разговор с митрополитом Смоленским и Калининградским Кириллом” [The ROC has no political ambitions: a conversation with Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad], Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 194 (1996), 1120.Google Scholar
Shih, G., “After years of silence, Turkey rebukes China for mass detention of Muslim Uighurs,” Washington Post, February 10, 2019, http://bit.ly/shih_uighurs.Google Scholar
Shishkin, A. P., “Феномен ‘светской святости’ в русской литературе XIX века” [The phenomenon of “secular holiness” in nineteenth-century Russian literature], Journal of Russian Culture, 9 (2013), 168180.Google Scholar
Shkarovsky, M., Русская Православная Церковь при Сталине и Хрущеве [The Russian Orthodox Church under Stalin and Khrushchev] (Moscow: Veche Lepta, 1999).Google Scholar
Shnirelman, V., “Расология в действии Экология в действии: мечты депутата Савельева” [Racology in action, ecology in action: the dreams of Deputy Savelyev] in Verkhovsky, A. (ed.), Above and Below Russian Nationalism (Moscow: “Owl” Center, 2007), pp. 162187.Google Scholar
Showalter, B., “Face and fingerprint scanning installed in churches as China increases surveillance,” Christian Post, November 15, 2019, www.christianpost.com/news/face-and-fingerprint-scanning-installed-in-chinese-churches-as-state-surveillance-increases.html.Google Scholar
Shterin, M. S. and Richardson, J. T., “Local laws restricting religion in Russia: precursors of Russia’s new national law,” Journal of Church and State, 40 (1998), 319343.Google Scholar
Shtikkler, G., Православная Церковь в советское время [The Orthodox Church in Soviet Times], 2 vols. (Moscow: PROPILEI, 1995).Google Scholar
Sigarev, A., “Конституционно-правовые аспекты противодействия экстремизму” [Constitutional aspects of counteraction to extremism], Rossiiskaia Iustitsiia, 3 (2011), 6265.Google Scholar
Sikkink, K., Evidence for Hope: Making Human Rights Work in the 21st Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Simonsen, S. G., “Raising ‘the Russian question’: ethnicity and statehood – Russkie and Rossiya,” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 2 (1996), 91110.Google Scholar
Singh, G., “State and religious diversity: reflections on post‐1947 India,” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 5 (2004), 205225.Google Scholar
Skakun, P., “Дух времени: российский матч-реванш” [The spirit of the times: Russian rematch], Kont, December 10, 2013, https://cont.ws/@cardinalpavel/2900.Google Scholar
Slackman, M., “Syria’s ruling party solidifies its power,” New York Times, April 4, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/04/04/world/africa/syrias-ruling-party-solidifies-its-power.html.Google Scholar
Smith, A. D., The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986).Google Scholar
Smith, D. E., India as a Secular State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967).Google Scholar
Smith, W. C., The Meaning and End of Religion (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991).Google Scholar
Smolich, I. K., “Эпоха секуляризации (1701-1764)” [The epoch of secularization (1701–1764)] in Русский монашество 988-1917 [Russian Monasticism, 988–1917] (Moscow: Orthodox Encyclopedia, 1997), pp. 347–377.Google Scholar
Solzhenitsyn, A., “Великопостное Письмо” Патриарху Пимену [“Lenten Letter” to Patriarch Pimen] (Paris: YMCA Press, 1981), www.vehi.net/politika/pismo.html.Google Scholar
Song, H., “迷信”概念在中国现代早期的发生学研究” [A study of the concept of mixin in the early republican era], Beijing Daxue yanjiusheng xuezhi [Graduate Students’ Journal of Peking University], 4 (2008), 6575.Google Scholar
Song, S. and Jin, T., Collected Work, 2 vols. (Beijing: Suju, 1993).Google Scholar
Sosland, J., Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007).Google Scholar
SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, The Structure of Russian Anti-Extremist Legislation (Moscow: SOVA Center, 2010).Google Scholar
Spilerman, S., “Structural characteristics of cities and the severity of racial disorders,” American Sociological Review, 41 (1976), 771793.Google Scholar
Srivastava, D. K., “Personal laws and religious freedom,” Journal of the Indian Law Institute, 18 (1976), 551586.Google Scholar
Srivastava, P., “Ghar Wapsi: Uttar Pradesh Minorities Commission says 50 families were ‘lured’ into conversion,” India Today, February 3, 2015, http://bit.ly/srivastava_ghar.Google Scholar
Stalin, J., Марксизм и национальный вопрос [Marxism and the National Question] (1913; repr., Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954).Google Scholar
Stark, R., Doing Sociology: A Global Perspective, 3rd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1999).Google Scholar
Starrett, G., Putting Islam to Work: Education, Politics, and Religious Transformation in Egypt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Stenberg, L., “Young, male, and Sufi Muslim in the city of Damascus” in Simonsen, J. B. (ed.), Youth and Youth Culture in the Contemporary Middle East (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2005), pp. 6891.Google Scholar
Stepanova, Elen, “‘The spiritual and moral foundation of civilization in every nation for thousands of years’: the traditional values discourse in Russia,” Politics, Religion & Ideology, 16 (2015), 119136.Google Scholar
Stewart, A. B., Chinese Muslims and the Global Ummah: Islamic Revival and Ethnic Identity among the Hui of Qinghai Province (Abingdon: Routledge, 2017).Google Scholar
Stoeckl, K., “Political Hesychasm? Vladimir Petrunin’s neo-Byzantine interpretation of the social doctrine of the Russian Orthodox Church,” Studies in East European Thought, 62 (2010), 125133.Google Scholar
Stoeckl, K., The Russian Orthodox Church and Human Rights (London: Routledge, 2014).Google Scholar
Stoeckl, K., “The Russian Orthodox Church as moral norm entrepreneur,” Religion, State and Society, 44 (2016), 131151.Google Scholar
Stoeckl, K. and Medvedeva, K., “Double bind at the UN: Western actors, Russia, and the traditionalist agenda,” Global Constitutionalism, 7 (2018), 383421.Google Scholar
Stoeckl, K. and Uzleaner, D., “Pussy Riot’s punk prayer: Orthodox believers, protest and religious freedom in Putin’s Russia,” Journal of Contemporary Religion, 34 (2019), 427445.Google Scholar
Suchkov, M. A., “What is Russia’s strategy in Idlib?,” al-Monitor, June 5, 2019, www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/06/russia-thinking-idlib-syria-turkey-us.html#ixzz5q5lGyKhE.Google Scholar
Şükrü, H. M., A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Sulakshin, S. S., Bagdasaryan, V. E., Vilisov, M. V., Kara-Murza, S. G. and Zacheva, Y. A. (eds.), Национальная идея России: материалы Всероссийской научной конференции, 12 ноября 2010 [The National Idea of Russia: Materials of the All-Russian Scientific Conference, November 12, 2010] (Moscow: Scientific Expert Publishing House, 2010).Google Scholar
Sullivan, W. F., Hurd, E. S., Mahmood, S. and Danchin, P. G. (eds.), Politics of Religious Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Suny, R. G., review of Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism, by A. Gat, Social History, 39 (2014), 106110.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India, Shayara Bano v. Union of India, WP (C) 118/2016 (August 22, 2017), accessed August 26, 2020, http://bit.ly/shayarabano.Google Scholar
Swanson, G., Religion and Regime: A Sociological Account of the Reformation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975).Google Scholar
Syrian Law Journal, “A comprehensive insight into Syrian family law,” October 3, 2019, www.syria.law/index.php/comprehensive-insight-syrian-family-law/.Google Scholar
Syrian Law Journal, “The unprecedented ramifications of the Awqaf law and Parliament’s response,” November 3, 2018, www.syria.law/index.php/unprecedented-ramifications-awqaf-law-parliaments-response/.Google Scholar
Syrian Observer, “A broad rejection of the decision to change the Syrian revolutionary flag,” November 14, 2018, https://syrianobserver.com/EN/news/46868/a_broad_rejection_the_decision_change_syrian_revolutionary_flag.html.Google Scholar
Syrian Parliament, “The Personal Status Law of the Catholic Communities in Syria Law No. 31 of 2006,” 2006, http://parliament.gov.sy/laws/Law/2006/personl_03.html.Google Scholar
Talhami, G. H., “Syria: Islam, Arab nationalism and the military,” Middle East Policy, 8 (2001), 110127.Google Scholar
Talhamy, Y., “The fatwas and the Nusayri/Alawis of Syria,” Middle Eastern Studies, 46 (2010), 175194.Google Scholar
Tambiah, S. J., Buddhism Betrayed? Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Tambiah, S. J., World Conqueror and World Renouncer: A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand against a Historical Background (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1976).Google Scholar
Al-Tamimi, N. M., China-Saudi Arabia Relations, 1990-2012: Marriage of Convenience or Strategic Alliance? (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013).Google Scholar
Tang, Y., “唐尧. 马克思列宁主义与宗教. 问题” [Marxism-Leninism and religious questions], Zhexue Yanjui [Philosophical Researchers], 5 (1956), 74102.Google Scholar
Tang, Y., “Immanence and transcendence in Chinese Chan Buddhism” in Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture (Berlin: Springer, 2015), pp. 87100.Google Scholar
TASS, “ECHR rejects Jehovah's Witnesses request on interim measures after torture claims,” March 21, 2019, https://tass.com/world/1049749.Google Scholar
Tastekin, F., “Syria’s constitutional committee still mired in discord,” al-Monitor, August 8, 2019, www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/turkey-russia-syria-constitution-committee-mired-in-discord.html.Google Scholar
Taylor, C., A Secular Age (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Taylor, C., “Western secularity,” The Immanent Frame, August 10, 2011, https://tif.ssrc.org/2011/08/10/western-secularity/.Google Scholar
Tejani, S., Indian Secularism: A Social and Intellectual History, 1890-1950 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Tejani, S., “Re-considering chronologies of nationalism and communalism: the Khilafat movement in Sind and its aftermath, 1919–1927,” South Asia Research, 27 (2016), 249269.Google Scholar
Telhami, S. and Barnett, M. N., Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002).Google Scholar
Temperman, J., State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2010).Google Scholar
Thapar, R., The Past as Present: Forging Contemporary Identities through History (New Delhi: Aleph, 2014).Google Scholar
Thapar, R., “Writing history textbooks: a memoir,” History Workshop Journal, 67 (2009), 8798.Google Scholar
Ticku, R., “Riot rewards? Religious conflict and electoral outcomes,” SSRN Electronic Journal, 19 (2016), 140.Google Scholar
Times of India, “National Investigation Agency,” last modified August 26, 2020, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/National-Investigation-Agency.Google Scholar
Timokhova, E., “Русский консерватизм рубежа XIX - XX веков” [Russian conservatism at the turn of the nineteenth–twentieth centuries], Nauchno-kulturnologicheskii zhurnal, 10 (2006), 4655, http://bit.ly/timokhova.Google Scholar
Ting, K. H., No Longer Strangers: Selected Writings of Bishop K. H. Ting, ed. Whitehead, R. L. (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1989).Google Scholar
Tolstoy, L., War and Peace, trans. Maud, L. and Maud, A., Project Gutenberg, last modified January 21, 2019, www.gutenberg.org/files/2600/2600-h/2600-h.htm#link2HCH0230.Google Scholar
Tolz, V., “Conflicting ‘homeland myths’ and nation-state building in postcommunist Russia,” Slavic Review, 74 (2012), 267294.Google Scholar
Tolz, V., “Forging the nation: national identity and nation-building in post communist Russia,” Europe-Asia Studies, 50 (1998), 9931022.Google Scholar
Tolz, V., “Russia: empire or a nation-state-in-the-making?” in Baycroft, T. and Hewitson, M. (eds.), What Is a Nation? Europe 1789-1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 293311.Google Scholar
Tremblay, P., “How Erdogan used the power of the mosques against coup attempt,” al-Monitor, July 25, 2016, www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/07/turkey-coup-attempt-erdogan-mosques.html.Google Scholar
Tremblay, P., “Turkish Alevis refuse ‘Sunnification,’” al-Monitor, September 11, 2013, www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/turkey-shiites-alevis-sunnification-gulen-mosque-cemevi.html.Google Scholar
Trenin, D., The Mythical Alliance: Russiaʼs Syria Policy (Washington, DC: Carnegie Moscow Center, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2013), https://carnegie.ru/2013/02/12/mythical-alliance-russia-s-syria-policy-pub-50909.Google Scholar
Tsimbaev, N. I., “Россия и русские (национальный вопрос в российской империи)” [Russia and the Russians (the national question in the Russian Empire)], Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, 8 (1993), 2332.Google Scholar
Tsonchev, T. S., “Religion and communism in modern China: clash or synergy of ideologies?,” The Montreal Review, April 2011, www.themontrealreview.com/2009/Religion-and-Communism-in-Modern-China.Google Scholar
Türköne, M., “Tanzimat’ta Millet Fikrinin Dogusu” [The origin of the nation idea in Tanzimat] in Turkiye Gunlugu [Turkey Diary] (Ankara: Arma, 1989), pp. 3941.Google Scholar
Ueno, M., “For the fatherland and the state: Armenians negotiate the Tanzimat reforms,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 45 (2013), 93109.Google Scholar
Ul Ain, A. Q., “Everyday life of a Chinese Muslim: between religious retention and material acculturation,” Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 14 (2015), 209237.Google Scholar
Umland, A., “Russischer Rechtsextremismus im Lichte der jüngeren theoretischen und empirischen Faschismusforschung” [Russian right-wing extremism in the light of recent theory and empirical research on fascism], Osteuropa, 52 (2002), 901913.Google Scholar
Umland, A., “Why Aleksandr Dugin’s ‘neo-Eurasianism’ is not Eurasianist,” New Eastern Europe, June 8, 2018, http://neweasterneurope.eu/2018/06/08/aleksandr-dugins-neo-eurasianism-not-eurasianist/.Google Scholar
Umut, Azak, Islam and Secularism in Turkey (London: I. B. Tauris, 2010).Google Scholar
UN Human Rights Council, “RES/21/3: Promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms through a better understanding of traditional values of humankind: best practices,” October 9, 2012, www.right-docs.org/doc/a-hrc-res-21-3.Google Scholar
United Front Issue and Ethnic Isssue [统一战线问题与民族问题] (Shanghai: People’s Publishing House, 1981).Google Scholar
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, “CHINA: USCIRF condemns Ramadan restrictions in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region,” July 5, 2017, www.uscirf.gov/news-room/press-releases/china-uscirf-condemns-ramadan-restrictions-in-xinjiang-uighur-autonomous.Google Scholar
US Department of State, “India: international religious freedom report 2005,” accessed August 25, 2020, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51618.htm.Google Scholar
Uzleaner, D., “The Pussy Riot case and the peculiarities of Russian post-secularism,” State, Religion and Church, 1 (2014), 2358.Google Scholar
Van der Veer, P., “Ayhodha and Somnath: eternal shrines and contested histories,” Social Research, 59 (1992), 85109.Google Scholar
Van der Veer, P., Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Van der Veer, P. and Lehmann, H., Nation and Religion: Perspectives on Europe and Asia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Varshney, A., “Hindu nationalism in power?,” Journal of Democracy, 25 (2014), 3445.Google Scholar
Varshney, A. and Gubler, J. R., “Does the state promote communal violence for electoral reasons?,” India Review, 11 (2012), 191199.Google Scholar
VCIOM: Russian Public Opinion Research Center, “Russians opinion of patriarch” in “База результатов опросов россиян ‘Архивариус’” [“Archivarius” database of results from surveys of Russians], accessed August 29, 2020, https://wciom.ru/database/baza_rezultatov_oprosa_s_1992_goda/.Google Scholar
Veenhoven, R., “Is happiness relative?,” Social Indicators Research, 24 (1991), 134.Google Scholar
Verkhovsky, A., “Radical Orthodox anti-globalism, social harmony and tolerance in the modern world: on the right extremism at the present stage,” Sova Center Annual Reports – 2003 (Moscow: SOVA Center, 2003), pp. 341364.Google Scholar
Verkhovsky, A., “The role of the Russian Orthodox Church in nationalist, xenophobic and antiwestern tendencies in Russia today: not nationalism, but fundamentalism,” Religion, State and Society, 30 (2002), 333345.Google Scholar
Viladesau, Richard, review of The Sage Learning of Liu Zhi: Islamic Thought in Confucian Terms, by S. Murata, W. C. Chittick and T. Weiming, Comparative Islamic Studies, 5 (2009), 339343.Google Scholar
Vishva Hindu Parishad, “Bajrang Dal,” accessed September 15, 2020, https://vhp.org/vhp-at-glance/youth/bajrang-dal/.Google Scholar
Visweswaran, K., Witzel, M., Manjrekar, N., Bhog, D. and Chakravarti, U., “The Hindutva view of history: rewriting textbooks in India and the United States,” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 10 (2009), 101112.Google Scholar
Voronezhsko-borisoglebskaia eparkhiia, “Церковно-государственные отношения в сфере социальной работы, милосердия и благотворительности” [Church–state relations in the field of social work and charity], 2001, www.vob.ru/mitropolit/trudi/intervent/2001kr_st.htm.Google Scholar
Vortman, R., “Официальная национальность и национальный миф о русской монархии XIX века” [The official nationality and the national myth of the nineteenth-century Russian monarchy], Культурные обычаи и идеологические перспективы [Cultural Practices and Ideological Perspectives], 3 (1999), 233–244.Google Scholar
Wæver, O. and Buzan, B., “Racism and responsibility – the critical limits of deepfake methodology in security studies: a reply to Howell and Richter-Montpetit,” Security Dialogue, 51 (2020), 19, https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010620916153.Google Scholar
Walhof, D. R., “Habermas, same sex marriage and the problem of religion in public space,” Philosophy and Social Criticism, 39 (2013), 225242.Google Scholar
Wanderer, J. J., “An index of riot severity and some correlates,” American Journal of Sociology, 74 (1969), 500505.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., “New administrative measures for religious groups: total submission to the Chinese Communist Party,” AsiaNews, December 31, 2019, www.asianews.it/news-en/-New-administrative-measures-for-religious-groups:-total-submission-to-the-Chinese-Communist-Party-%E2%80%8B-48919.html.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., The Question of Religion and Religious Policy in China (Beijing: Religious Culture Press, 2002).Google Scholar
Weber, M., Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (1922; repr., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978).Google Scholar
Weir, S., Beetham, D. and Boyle, K., Political Power and Democratic Control in Britain: The Democratic Audit of the United Kingdom (Abingdon: Taylor & Francis, 1999).Google Scholar
Weismann, I., “Sa’id Hawwa and Islamic revivalism in Ba’thist Syria,” Studia Islamica, 85 (1997), 131154.Google Scholar
Weismann, I., “Sa’id Hawwa: the making of a radical Muslim thinker in modern Syria,” Middle Eastern Studies, 29 (1993), 601623.Google Scholar
Weiss, M., In the Shadow of Sectarianism: Law, Shi’ism and the Making of Modern Lebanon (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Westcott, B., “Chinese government disputes Xinjiang detention records leaked to CNN,” CNN, last modified February 26, 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/02/25/asia/xinjiang-karakax-list-china-response-intl-hnk/index.html.Google Scholar
White, B., The Emergence of Minorities in the Middle East: The Politics of Community in French Mandate Syria (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
White, J. B., “The end of Islamism? Turkey’s muslimhood model” in Hefner, R. W. (ed.), Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 87111.Google Scholar
Whyte, M., Vogel, E. F. and Parish, W., “Social structure of world regions: mainland China,” Annual Review of Sociology, 3 (1977), 179207.Google Scholar
Wieland, C., “Alawis in the Syrian opposition” in Kerr, M. and Larkin, C. (eds.), The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 225245.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, S., Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Wilkinson, S. I. and Haid, C. J., “Ethnic violence as campaign expenditure: riots, competition, and vote swings in India,” working paper, Yale University Department of Political Science, (2009).Google Scholar
William, A. “NCERT class XII history part 1: theme 4 – thinkers, beliefs and buildings,” AglaSem, April 22, 2019, https://schools.aglasem.com/23320.Google Scholar
Williams, W. S., The Middle Kingdom, a Survey of the Geography, Government, Education, Social Life, Arts, Religion of the Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants (London: W. H. Allen, 1883).Google Scholar
Wilson, B. R., “Reflections on a many-sided controversy” in Bruce, S. (ed.), Religion and Modernization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 195210.Google Scholar
Winder, R. B., “The establishment of Islam as the state religion of Syria,” The Muslim World, 44 (1955), 217226.Google Scholar
Wolkow, A., “Серия книг ‘Библиотека расовой мысли’ – 24 книги” [The “Library of Racial Thought” book series – 24 books], LiveLib, April 5, 2016, www.livelib.ru/pubseries/571490-biblioteka-rasovoj-mysli.Google Scholar
Wood, G., “What ISIS really wants,” The Atlantic, March 2015, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/what-isis-really-wants/384980/.Google Scholar
Xialou, Z., “325 CAG members arrested during coronavirus outbreak,” Bitter Winter, May 6, 2020, https://bitterwinter.org/325-cag-members-arrested-during-coronavirus-outbreak/.Google Scholar
Xin, H., “Want to reopen church? Praise Xi Jinping for beating COVID-19,” Bitter Winter, June 14, 2020, https://bitterwinter.org/want-to-reopen-church-praise-xi-jinping-for-beating-covid-19/.Google Scholar
Xinzhong, Y., An Introduction to Confucianism (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Yadav, R. K., “Problems of national identity in Indian education,” Comparative Education, 10 (1974), 201209.Google Scholar
Yan, F., Collection of Yan Fu [严复集], ed. Wang, S. (Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986), vol. III.Google Scholar
Yan, F., Preface to the Chinese translation of The Study of Sociology [译群学肄言自序] (Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1902), trans. of H. Spencer, The Study of Sociology, 2nd ed. (London: Henry S. King, 1874).Google Scholar
Yang, C., Religion in Chinese Society: A Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967).Google Scholar
Yang, F., “Between secularist ideology and desecularizing reality: the birth and growth of religious research in communist China,” Sociology of Religion, 65 (2004), 101119.Google Scholar
Yang, F., Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist Rule (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Yanji, H., “Adapting Islam to Chinese socialist practices in Xinjiang” in Zhufeng, L. (ed.), Religion under Socialism in China, trans. MacInnis, D. E. and Xi’an, Z. (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), pp. 224231.Google Scholar
Yavuz, M. H., Islamic Political Identity in Turkey: Movements, Agents, and Processes (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Ye, X., “On the four mentions of religion in the report to the Sixteenth Party Congress,” Religion in China, 6 (2002), 35.Google Scholar
Ye, X., “Reflections on religious affairs work at the turn of the century – a further discussion of ‘Pay attention to policy, get a grip on management, promote adaptation,’” Religion in China, 1 (2000), 121.Google Scholar
Ye, X., “Religion and the propagation of legal knowledge” in State Council Religious Affairs Bureau Policy and Regulation Department (ed.), A Reader in the Propagation of Legal Knowledge in Religious Affairs Work (Beijing: Religious Culture Press, 1998), pp. 115.Google Scholar
Yili İdare Faaliyet Raporu [Annual Administration Activity Report] (Istanbul: Başbakanlık Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü, 2009).Google Scholar
You, X. and Liu, J., “Correctly knowing and dealing with the problem of religion,” Hongqi [Red Flag], 138 (1964), 3441.Google Scholar
You, X. and Liu, J., “Some issues of the Marxist-Leninist view of religion,” Xinjianshe [New Construction], 9 (1963), 2935.Google Scholar
Yu Geyi, Z. C., “The translation and definition of the concept of religion,” World Religion Studies, 5 (2015), 1728.Google Scholar
Yu, A. C., State and Religion in China: Historical and Textual Perspective (Chicago: Open Court Books, 2005).Google Scholar
Yunusova, A., Ислам в Башкирии [Islam in Bashkiria] (Ufa: Ufa Printing Group, 1999).Google Scholar
Zadvornyy, V. and Yudin, A., История католической церкви в России. Краткое эссе [History of the Catholic Church in Russia: Short Essay] (Moscow: St. Thomas College of Catholic Theology, 1995).Google Scholar
Zagidullin, S., Bagautdinova, K. and Iskhakov, R., Оренбургское мусульманское духовное собрание и духовное развитие татарского народа в последние четверти XVIII - начало XX вв [Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly and the Spiritual Development of the Tatar People in the Last Quarter of the Eighteenth–Early Twentieth Centuries] (Ufa: Sh. Mardzhani Institute of History, 2011), www.tataroved.ru/publicat/new/Sbornik_OMDS.pdf.Google Scholar
Zaman, A., “AKP’s Istanbul campaign sinks to new lows,” al-Monitor, June 6, 2019, http://bit.ly/zamanakp.Google Scholar
Zedong, M., “正确处理人民内部矛盾” [On the correct handling of contradictions among the people], February 27, 1957, Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-5/mswv5_58.htm.Google Scholar
Ze’evi, D., Producing Desire: Changing Sexual Discourse in the Ottoman Middle East, 1500-1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Zelin, A. Y., “Policywatch 1950: foreign fighters trickle into the Syrian Rebellion,” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, June 11, 2012, www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/foreign-fighters-trickle-into-the-syrian-rebellion.Google Scholar
Zelin, A. Y., “Policywatch 2031: The Syrian Islamic Front: a new extremist force,” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, February 4, 2013, www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-syrian-islamic-front-a-new-extremist-force.Google Scholar
Zenz, A., Sterilization, IUDs and Mandatory Birth Control: The CCP’s Campaign to Suppress Uyghur Birthrates in Xinjiang (Washington, DC: Jamestown Foundation, 2020), https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Zenz-Sterilizations-IUDs-and-Mandatory-Birth-Control-FINAL-27June.pdf?x35627.Google Scholar
Zhang, L. and Huang, Y., “History of the ‘Three-Self’ Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and its impact on Christian organizations,” Religiondocbox, accessed August 27, 2020, https://religiondocbox.com/Christianity/79684885-History-of-the-three-self-patriotic-movement-tspm-and-its-impact-on-christian-organizations.html.Google Scholar
Zhang, Z., 中国无宗教论反思 [A Guide to Religious Studies] (Beijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2005).Google Scholar
Zhe, J., “Secularization as religious restructuring: statist institutionalization of Chinese Buddhism and its paradoxes” in Yang, M. (ed.), Chinese Religiosities: Afflictions of Modernity and State Formation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), pp. 239240.Google Scholar
Zhe, T., “Coronavirus doesn’t stop religious persecution in China,” Bitter Winter, February 29, 2020, https://bitterwinter.org/coronavirus-doesnt-stop-religious-persecution-in-china/.Google Scholar
Zhenhe, Z. and Wang, R., 方言与中国文化 [Dialect and Chinese Culture] (Shanghai: Shanghai People Publisher, 2006).Google Scholar
Zhong, Z., “Multiple modernizations, religious regulations and church responses: the rise and fall of three ‘Jerusalems’ in communist China,” unpublished PhD thesis, Baylor University (2013).Google Scholar
Zhu, H., “On some questions in religious affairs work” in Essays on the Nationalities and Religious Questions in the New Era of the United Front, 2 vols. (Beijing: Huawen Press, 1997), vol. II, pp. 333347.Google Scholar
Zhufeng, L. (ed.), Religion under Socialism in China, trans. D. E. MacInnis and Z. Xi’an (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991).Google Scholar
Zibnitsky, E., “Наследие славянофилов и современной России” [The heritage of Slavophiles and modern Russia], Znamia, 10 (2005), 180191, https://magazines.gorky.media/znamia/2005/10/nasledie-slavyanofilov-i-sovremennaya-rossiya.html.Google Scholar
Zubaida, S., Law and Power in the Islamic World (London: I. B. Tauris, 2005).Google Scholar
Zytzb.gov, The United Front Work Department of CPC Central Committee, 2015, www.zytzb.gov.cn/tzb2010/wxwb/201509/c204e605a8bb4a378e942f2bd8957212.shtml.Google Scholar
Zyuganov, G., География победы: основы российской геополитики [Victory Geography: The Basics of Russian Geopolitics] (Moscow: G. Zyuganov, 1997).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Jocelyne Cesari, Harvard University, Massachusetts
  • Book: We God's People
  • Online publication: 11 December 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108554466.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Jocelyne Cesari, Harvard University, Massachusetts
  • Book: We God's People
  • Online publication: 11 December 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108554466.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Jocelyne Cesari, Harvard University, Massachusetts
  • Book: We God's People
  • Online publication: 11 December 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108554466.009
Available formats
×