By September 1588, Pedro Rengifo had been living and languishing in Spain for some four years; an illness was partly responsible.1 He had petitioned for a three-year renewal on his expired travel license and made clear his desire to return to Peru, complaining that his long stay in Madrid had bankrupted him.2 There is little information about the ordeal of his return, other than that he left with his legislation in hand. The mestizo was in Lima by October 24, 1592 at the latest, when he and his wife, Juana Rodríguez de Castro, received yet another power of attorney – this time to petition the Charcas High Court for privileges on a client’s behalf.3 Once home in La Paz he clearly thrived, for between 1597 and 1599 he appears to be lending considerable sums of money and selling llamas, wheat, and wine to local merchants and officials.4