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Spatiotemporal Analysis of Old World Diseases in North America, A.D. 1519–1807

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Eric E. Jones
Eric E. Jones*
Affiliation:
P.O. Box 7807, Department of Anthropology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109 (jonesee@wfu.edu)
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Abstract

Over the last 25 years, a significant amount of archaeological and ethnohistoric research has produced data on Native American population trends after European contact. These include the timing and severity of depopulation and specific Old World diseases, allowing for meta-analytical research on a variety of topics. These data have been used in studies to explore the severity of depopulation, but the spatial and temporal patterns of diseases have been studied less. This research employs spatial analysis methods—Mantel tests and kriging—to study the relationship between the location and timing of Old World disease events on continental and regional scales, with the goal of examining how diseases spread over time and space. The results show that the timing of disease-related depopulation closely correlated with location, indicating that disease events clustered with regard to time and space. This strongly suggests that individual disease events impacted local populations and did not spread long distances (> 300 km) until the late seventeenth century. The analysis also reveals variations in the speed with which diseases spread. Interpreting the results with respect to pathogen, host, and environmental factors suggests that population distributions and landscape may have played significant roles in where and how fast diseases spread.

En los últimos 25 años, investigaciones arqueológicas y etnohistóricas han producido suficiente evidencia confiable sobre los patrones de lapoblacion nativa después de la llegada de los europeos al continente americano. Estos datos incluyen información sobre la temporalidad y la severidad de la despoblación experimentada y sobre las enfermedades traídas del viejo al nuevo mundo específicamente. Toda esta información a permitido llevar a cabo investigación meta-analítica para estudiar una gran variedad de temas y con diferentes rangos de escalas geográficas. Estos datos también han sido utilizados en muchos estudios para explorar la severidad de la despoblación de los nativos americanos,pero los patrones espaciales y temporales de las enfermedades no han sido suficientemente investigados. Elpresente estudio utiliza estos datos y emplea métodos de análisis espacial— tests de Mantel y krigeaje—para estudiar la relación entre la ubicación y la temporalidad de la aparición de enfermedades del viejo mundo entre la población nativa americana a escalas continentales y regionales. El objetivo de este estudio es entender mejor como las enfermedades tienden a extenderse a través del tiempo y del espacio. Los resultados del test de Mantel muestran que a escala continental la temporalidad de una despoblación relacionada con una de estas enfermedades está fuertemente correlacionada con la ubicación, lo que indica que la aparición de estas enfermedades en la población nativa americana tuvo un patrón agrupado con respecto al tiempo y espacio en el que ocurrieron. Estos resultados fuertemente sugieren que apariciones separadas de enfermedades del viejo mundo en la población nativa impactaron poblaciones locales y no se propagaron sobre largas distancias (> 300 km) sino hasta finales del siglo diecisiete. A escala regional, los resultados del krigeaje revelan variaciones geográficas con respecto a la velocidad con la cual las enfermedades se diseminaron. El análisis de los datos regionales de patágenos, receptores y factores ambientales parece indicar que las distribuciones poblacionales y el paisaje pudieron haber jugado un papel importante en determinar en dónde y que tan rdpido se propagaron dichas enfermedades.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 79 , Issue 3 , July 2014 , pp. 487 - 506
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2014

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