Hostname: page-component-76dd75c94c-h9cmj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T08:40:46.063Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pancho Villa: The Making of a Modern Legend

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Nancy Brandt
Nancy Brandt*
Affiliation:
Indiana Central College, Indianapolis, Indiana
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

What makes a man—or the public memory of a man—into a a legend? The Western world has always had legendary heroes, men who in life waged vigorous campaigns against terrifying odds, and who, in death, bear reputations burnished and embellished and gloriously expanded by the stories their admirers tell. Dietrich of Berne, Frederick Barbarossa, Alexander of Macedon, Charlemagne, the Cid, Russia’s Prince Igor, Cordoba’s Great Captain, and others, live on in legend centuries after their physical lives ended. The stories of these heroes are told in sagas, epics, and lays, in ballads and folksongs, romances and myths. There are also heroes more newly-made. Their stories are broadcast through the media of twentieth-century communication: popular biographies, historical fiction, diplomatic telegrams, reports of senatorial committees, newspaper accounts, magazine articles, motion pictures. Mexico provided the pre-eminent legendary hero of modern times: Pancho Villa.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 21 , Issue 2 , October 1964 , pp. 146 - 162
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1964

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Guzmán, Martín Luis, Memorias de Pancho Villa: el hombre y sus armas (México, 1938), p. 9.Google Scholar

2 Wilson, Henry Lane, “Errors with Reference to Mexico and Events That Have Occurred There,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 54 (July, 1914), p. 153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 Guzmán, Martín Luis, The Eagle and the Serpent, translated by Onís, Harriet de (New York, 1930), p. 310.Google Scholar

4 Reed, John, Insurgent Mexico (New York, 1914), p. 121.Google Scholar

5 Guzmán, Martín Luis, Memorias de Pancho Villa: compos de batalla (Mexico, 1939), p. 5.Google Scholar

6 Stephenson, George M., John Lind of Minnesota (Minneapolis, 1935), pp. 246–247.Google Scholar

7 State Department Files, Record Group 59, 812.00/11654.

8 Investigation of Mexican Affairs, Senate Document 285, 66th Congress, p. 1766.

9 State Department Files, 812.00/13258.

10 Investigation of Mexican Affairs, pp. 1768–1770.

11 There is a picture of a correspondents’ car in Whitaker’s, Herman “Villa—Bandit-Patriot,” Independent, Vol. 78, No. 3418 (June 8, 1914), p. 450.Google Scholar

12 New York Times, Jan. 18, 1914, p. 16.

13 Ibid., Jan. 27, 1914, 1:8

14 Roosevelt, Theodore and Lodge, Henry Cabot, Hero Tales From American History, or, The Story of Some Americans Who Showed That They Knew How to Live and How to Die (New York, 1906), p. 14.Google Scholar

15 New York Times, Jan. 29, 1914, 2:1; Jan. 30, 1914, 2:6; Jan. 31, 1914, 3:1; Feb. 13, 1914, 3:5; Feb. 19, 1914, 2:7. The last article does not indicate which insurance company was rash enough to issue the policy nor which wife was named beneficiary.

16 Ibid., Feb. 21, 1914, 1:8; 1:6.

17 Ibid., Feb. 22, 1914, 1:6-7.

18 Ibid., Feb. 24, 1914, 1:8; 3:4.

19 Ibid., Mar. 8, 1914, 1:3; Mar. 9, 1914, 4:5.

20 Ibid., Mar. 15, 1914, 9:5; magazine section, p. 5.

21 Ibid., Apr. 23, 1914, 1:1–8; Apr. 24, 1914, 1:1–8.

22 Ibid., Apr. 24, 1914, 1:5.

23 Ibid., May 5, 1914, 2:5; May 12, 1914, 4:5; May 15, 1914, 4:3.

24 Ibid., Sept. 24, 1914, 1:1.

25 Ibid., Jan. 10, 1916, 5:1.

26 Ibid., Jan. 12, 1916, 1:1.

27 Ibid., Jan. 13, 1916, 1:7.

28 Ibid., Mar. 10, 1916, 1:6–9.

29 Ibid., Mar. 11, 1916, 1:8.

30 Ibid., July 21, 1923, 1:3.

31 Low, A. Maurice, “President Wilson’s Latin-American Policy,” Contemporary Review, Jan., 1914, pp. 21–29 Google Scholar. “Northern Mexico Lost to Huerta,” Literary Digest, XLVIII (Jan. 24, 1914), 144–145. Whelpley, James Davenport, “President Wilson and his Problems,” Fortnightly Review, No. DLXV (Jan. 1, 1914), pp. 107–114 Google Scholar. “Villa’s Victories,” Independent, Vol. 78, No. 3412 (Apr. 27, 1914), pp. 156–157. “Our Debt to Villa,” Literary Digest, XLVIII (May 16, 1914), 1166–1167. “Shall We Join Hands with Villa?,” Literary Digest, XLVIII (May 23, 1914), 1235–1238. “The Villa-Carranza Break,” Literary Digest, XLIX (Oct. 3, 1914), 619–620. “Our Duty in Mexico,” Independent, Vol. 81, No. 3451 (Jan. 25, 1915), pp. 112–113. “Mexican Anarchy and American Duty,” Independent, Vol. 81, No. 3459 (Mar. 22, 1915), p. 407. “Killing Foreigners in Mexico,” Literary Digest, L (Mar. 27, 1915), 674. “Mexican Savagery,” Outlook, Feb. 2, 1916, p. 249. Hopper, James, “What Happened in Columbus,” Collier’s, Vol. 57, No. 5 (Apr. 15, 1916), pp. 11–12, 32–37Google Scholar. “The Chase After the Elusive Villa,” Outlook, Apr. 12, 1916, p. 280. Porter Emerson Browne, “The Mexican Mess,” Collier's, Vol. 57, No. 19 (July 22, 1916), pp. 11–12, 34–35, 37.

32 Reed, Insurgent Mexico.

33 Williamson, Alice M., “My Attempt to Be a War Correspondent: Being the Confessions of a Coward,” McClure’s, Vol. XLIII, No. 5 (Sept., 1914), p. 72.Google Scholar

34 “Mexico,” Nation, Vol. 99, No. 2569 (Sept. 24, 1914), p. 366.

35 Kennedy, J. M., “The Real Trouble in Mexico,” Fortnightly Review, No. DLXX (June 1, 1914), p. 1052.Google Scholar

36 Palmer, Frederick, “Mexico,” Everybody’s, Vol. XXX (June, 1914), 819.Google Scholar

37 London, Jack, “The Trouble Makers of Mexico,” Collier’s, Vol. 53, No. 13 (June 13, 1914), p. 14.Google Scholar

38 Hopper, James, “What Happened in Columbus,” Collier's, Vol. 57, No. 5 (Apr. 15, 1916), p. 36.Google Scholar

39 Fornaro, Carlo de, “General Alvaro Obregon: The Military Genius of Mexico,” Forum, Jan., 1916-June, 1916, p. 232.Google Scholar

40 Swanberg, W. A., Citizen Hearst: A Biography of William Randolph Hearst (New York, 1961), pp. 72–75.Google Scholar

41 Parkes, Henry Bamford, A History of Mexico (Boston, 1938), p. 341.Google Scholar

42 Guzmán, The Eagle and the Serpent, p. 234.

43 Creel, George, The People Next Door: An Interpretive History of Mexico and the Mexicans (New York, 1926), p. 335.Google Scholar

44 Turner, John Kenneth, Hands Off Mexico (New York, 1920), p. 46.Google Scholar

45 Reed, Insurgent Mexico, pp. 118–119.

46 Pinchon, Edgcumb, Viva Villa!: A Recovery of the Real Pancho Villa: Peon, Bandit, Soldier, Patriot (New York, 1933)Google Scholar, passim.

47 Bush, Dr. I. J., Gringo Doctor (Caldwell, Idaho, 1939), p. 227.Google Scholar

48 Vida y huzañas de Francisco Villa: su juventud audaz, su esplendor guerrero, y su vuelta a la vida pacífico del campo (San Antonio, 1921), p. 29.

49 Ruiz, Femando Medina, Francisco Villa: cuando el rencor estalla (México, 1960), pp. 9, 12.Google Scholar

50 O’Shaughnessy, Edith, A Diplomat's Wife in Mexico (New York, 1916), pp. 119, 202, 85.Google Scholar

51 Bulnes, Francisco, The Whole Truth About Mexico: President Wilson's Responsibility, translated by Scott, Dora (New York, 1916), p. 296.Google Scholar

52 Clendenen, Clarence C., The United States and Pancho Villa: A Study in Unconventional Diplomacy (Ithaca, N. Y., 1961), p. 11.Google Scholar

53 Pinchon, Viva Villa!, pp. 335–336.

54 Camp, Jean, Cabalgando con Pancho Villa (México, 1956), pp. 217–218 Google Scholar. Clendenen, The United States and Pancho Villa, pp. 244–245.

55 Francis, José María, Vida y aventuras de Pancho Villa (México, 1956), pp. 118–120.Google Scholar

56 Vida y hazañas de Francisco Villa, pp. 71–72.

57 Clendenen, The United States and Pancho Villa, pp. 244–245.

58 Brenner, Anita and Leighton, George R., The Wind That Swept Mexico: The History of the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1942 (New York, 1943), p. 290.Google Scholar

59 Casasola, Agustín V., Historia gráfica de la revolución, 1900–1940 (5 volumes); México, (n. d.).Google Scholar

60 New York Times, Jan. 23, 1914, 2:6.

61 Ibid., Mar. 11, 1914, 2:6.

82 Ibid., May 17, 1914, sec. 7, 6:7–8.

63 Braddy, Haldeen and McNeely, John H., “Francisco Villa in Folk-songs,” Arizona Quarterly, X, 5–16 Google Scholar. Simmons, Merle E., The Mexican Corrido as a Source for Interpretive Study of Modern Mexico, 1810–1950 (Bloomington, 1957)Google Scholar, passim.

64 Mendoza, Vicente T., El corrido mexicano (México, 1954)Google Scholar, passim.

65 Dromundo, Baltasar, Francisco Villa y la“Adelita” (Durango, 1936)Google Scholar, passim.

66 Toor, Frances, A Treasury of Mexican Folkways (New York, 1947), pp. 514–515.Google Scholar

67 Palomares, Justino N., Anecdotario de la revolución (México, 1945), pp. 51–53.Google Scholar

68 Foix, Pere, Pancho Villa (México, 1955), pp. 221–226.Google Scholar

69 Casey, Robert J., The Texas Border and Some Borderliners: A Chronicle and a Guide (Indianapolis, 1950), p. 15.Google Scholar

70 Millis, Walter, Arms and Men: A Study of American Military History (New York, 1958), p. 205.Google Scholar

71 Braddy, Haldeen, Cock of the Walk, Qui-qui-ri-quí: The Legend of Pancho Villa, (Albuquerque, 1955).Google Scholar

72 Swarthout, Glendon, They Came to Cordura (New York, 1959).Google Scholar

73 Tibón, Gutierre, México 1950 (México, 1950), p. 180.Google Scholar

74 Villareal, José Antonio, “The Fires of Revolution,” Holiday, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Oct., 1962), pp. 82–83, 168–169, 171, 174–175.Google Scholar

75 Keating, Bern, “Journey to the Heartland,” Holiday, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Oct., 1962), p. 90.Google Scholar

76 Lord, Walter, Day of Infamy (New York, 1957), p. 190.Google Scholar