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The Municipality and the System of Checks and Balances in Spanish American Colonial Administration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Fredrick B. Pike
Fredrick B. Pike*
Affiliation:
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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Extract

Perhaps the most characteristic feature of the colonial policy devised by the Hapsburgs to govern Spanish holdings in America was the system of intervention, checks, balances, and overlapping authority. Many modern students express impatient disapproval of this system, assuming that it resulted in governmental inefficiency if not complete stagnation. By applying a different set of criteria, however, and one which was certainly more in the minds of those who fashioned the Spanish colonial structure, intervention, checks and balances may be judged a brilliantly conceived means of maintaining under colonial status a vast overseas empire. Considered in these terms, it is the opinion of the writer that nowhere was the success of this system more evident than on the level of local administration in the “ Indies,” where it served to prevent the rise of an unchecked spirit of local autonomy while tending to preserve sentiments of loyalty to the crown.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 15 , Issue 2 , October 1958 , pp. 139 - 158
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1958

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References

1 Actas de Cabildo de la Ciudad de México (México, D.F., 1889–1911), October 23, 1640, XX, 130; October 31, 1640, XX, 133; this work will be referred to hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City. In these sections, cabildo members comment upon the fact that there have been only three residencias since the beginning of the century.

2 Pidal, Ramón Menéndez (annotator), Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias (Madrid, 1943),Google Scholar libro 5, tit. 15, ley xi; this work will be referred to hereafter as Recopilación. Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Mexico City, 1567, Diego de Encinas (editor and annotator), Cedulario Indiano Recopilado por Diego de Encinas. Reproducción facsimil de la Edición única de 1596, con estudios e índices de Alfonso Oarcia Gallo (Madrid, 1945), III, 107; this work will be referred to hereafter as Encinas, Cedulario.

3 Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of Mexico City, 1542, Encinas, , Cedulario, 3, 113.Google Scholar

4 Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of Mexico City, 1556, ibid., III, 106. Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Lima, 1578, ibid., III, 80.

5 Actas del Cabildo de Cuenca, in Libros de Cabildo de Quito (Quito, 1934–1955), August 23, 1559, XVI, 196–208. Libros de Cabildo de Quito, March 10, 1563, V, 290–292; December 13, 1601, XIV, 210–211; this work will be referred to hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Quito. Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, July 4, 1567, II, 358; October 23, 1640, XX, 130. Actas del Cabildo de Santiago, in Colección de Historiadores de Chile y Documentos Relativos a la Historia Nacional (Santiago, 1861–1913), October 21, 1586, XX, 46–50; this work will be referred to hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Santiago. Actas del Cabildo de Caracas (Caracas, 1943–1951), March 23, 1590, I, 137; September 30, 1591, I, 243. Acuerdos del Extinguido Cabildo de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires, 1907–1925), February 12, 1607, I, 323; March 15, 1653, X, 252–255; January 10, 1670, XIII, 228; this work will be referred to hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires. Libros de Cabildo de Lima (Lima, 1935–1950), XVI, notas, 603; this work will be referred to hereafter as Actas del Cabildo, Lima.

6 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, June 8, 1537, I, 153. Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, July 24, 1630, VII, 141. Recopilación, libro 5, tit. 7, ley i.

7 Recopilación, libro 5, tit. 15, ley xxix.

8 Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, October 21, 1586, XX, 46–50. Actas del Cabildo, Quito, August 8, 1597, XIII, 24; February 1, 1599, XIII, 228.

9 Actas del Cabildo, Quito, January 29, 1549, IV, 156–157; August 8, 1597, XII, 24. Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, December 31, 1563, VII, 162. Actas del Cabildo, Caracas, November 3, 1616, IV, 137. Recopilación, libro 5, tit. 15, ley xv.

10 See above, note 5; also, Actas del Cabildo, Quito, January 1, 1574, VI, 125; July 19, 1604, XX, 133–135. Cedula of Philip II to the audiencias of the Indies, 1575, Encinas, , Cedulario, 3, 106.Google Scholar Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Lima, 1578, ibid., III, 80.

11 Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Lima, 1578, Encinas, , Cedulario, 3, 80.Google Scholar Actas del Cabildo, Quito, April 6, 1549, IV, 207. Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, August 25, 1653, X, 284; November 27, 1638, VIII, 323.

12 Actas del Cabildo, Quito, July 19, 1604, XX, 133–135.

13 Actas del Cabildo de Cuenca, in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, August 23, 1559, XVI, 207–208. Actas del Cabildo, Quito, March 10, 1563, V, 290–293.

14 Actas del Cabildo, Quito, December 13, 1601, XIV, 210–211.

15 Actas del Cabildo, Caracas, September 30, 1591, I, 243.

16 Cedula of Philip III and commission as juez de residencia to Céspedes, Don Francisco, 1630, in Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, March 26, 1632, 7, 335–339.Google Scholar Royal commission of Philip IV conferring title of juez de residencia upon Don Pedro de Baygorri Ruiz, issued November 12, 1651, and recorded in ibid., March 15, 1653, X, 252–255.

17 Instructions of Charles I to the Visitador, Francisco de Sandoval, 1543, in de Puga, Vasco (editor), Provisiones, Cedulas, Instrucciones de su Magestad, Ordenanzas de Difuntos y Audiencia para la buena Expedición de los Negocios y Administración de justicia y Governación de Esta -Nueva España, y para el buen Tratamiento y Conservación de los Indios, desde el año de 1525 hasta el presente de 1563 (México, D.F., 1878), 1, 450–451 Google Scholar; this work will be referred to hereafter as Cedulario de Puga. Cedula of Philip II to the cabildos of the Indies, 1577, Encinas, , Cedulario, 3, 90.Google Scholar Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, June 28, 1526, I, 64; October 20, 1595, XII, 372–373. Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, June 1, 1620, IV, 393.

18 Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia and cabildos of New Spain, 1531, Encinas, , Cedulario, 2, 116.Google Scholar Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of New Granada, 1567, ibid., II, 120. Cedula of Philip II to the audiencias and viceroys of the Indies, 1568, ibid., II, 119. Cedula of Philip II to the Viceroy and President of the Audiencia of Peru, 1576, ibid., II, 121. Recopilación, libro 7, tit. 1, ley i, ii, iv.

19 Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, January 21, 1619, IV, 148; July 1, 1620, IV, 402–403. Francisco de Alfaro was apparently an inflexible individual who held rather idealistic concepts concerning treatment of the Indians.

20 Ibid., April 24, 1620, IV, 377–379; July 17, 1620, IV, 407; December 4, 1620, IV, 452.

21 Ibid., January 1, 1629, VII, 10–12; February 3, 1629, 31–34; August 30, 81–84; January 23, 1630, VII, 113.

22 Ibid., September 6, 1632, VII, 361.

23 Ibid., September 27, 1634, VII, 423.

24 Ibid., September 27, 1634, 433.

25 Cedula of Philip II to the President and oidores of the Audiencia of Santa Fe de Bogotá, September 3, 1572, quoted in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, IX, 233–234.

26 Cedula of Philip II to the President and oidores of the Audiencia of Quito, November 5, 1590, ibid., IX, 477.

27 Actas del Cabildo, Caracas, November 23, 1591, I, 247–248.

28 Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Santo Domingo, 1591, ibid., May 25, 1592, I, 188.

29 Recopilación, libro 4, tit. 13, ley ii. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, October 1, 1589, XI, 172; XVI, notas, 556. Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, July 9, 1590, X, 5–6; October 8, 1590, X, 20. Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, May 29, 1699, XLIV, 265.

30 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, May 2, 1592, XI, 659. Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, January 16, 1631, II, 78. Recopilación, libro 7, tit. 16, ley vi; libro 4, tit. 13, ley vi. Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of Mexico City, 1552, Encinas, , Cedulario, 2, 153.Google Scholar Cedula of Philip II to the audiencias of the Indies, 1559, ibid., I, 78. Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencias of Mexico City and Lima, 1563, ibid., II, 135. Cedula of Philip II to the viceroys, audiencias, governors, corregidores, and alcaldes mayores of the Indies, 1573, ibid., I, 77.

For the control of the audiencia over public works, see: Actas del Cabildo de Arequipa, in M. Barriga, P. Victor (editor), Documentos para la Historia de Arequipa (Arequipa, 1939), February 14, 1544, I, 201.Google Scholar Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, May 26, 1564, VII, 196; March 12, 1565, VII, 242; May 18, 1613, XX, 93. Actas del Cabildo, Quito, August 12, 1575, VIII, 128; April 14, 1609, XX, 474. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, XVI, notas, 572; August 12, 1588, XI, 40; October 29, 1590, XI, 405; March 9 and 16, 1592, XI, 630–637; February 1, 1595, XII, 268; April 26, 1613, XVII, 374–376. Actas del Cabildo de San Miguel de Ibarra, in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, June 19, 1609, XVI, 188. Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, May 22, 1699, XLIV, 363. Recopilación, libro 4, tit. 16, ley i, ii, iii. Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of New Spain, 1535, Encinas, , Cedulario, 1, 77.Google Scholar Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia and cabildos of Española, 1567, ibid., I, 76. Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Santo Domingo, 1567, ibid., I, 77. Cedula of Philip III to the royal Audiencia of Quito, March 16, 1601, in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, XXI, 4. Cedula of Philip III to the royal Audiencia of Quito, August 1, 1605, ibid., XXI, 87.

31 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, September 30, 1538, I, 250. Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, November 5, 1668, XIII, 135; May 20, 1669, XIII, 166. Actas del Cabildo, Quito, III, 62. Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of Mexico City, 1541, Encinas, , Cedulario, 2, 111–112.Google Scholar Cédula of Charles I to the Audiencia and cabildo of Mexico City, 1548, ibid., II, 112. Cedula of Philip II to the audiencias of the Indies, 1559, Cedulario de puga, II, 312–313.

32 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, January 1, 1562, Vili, 3; January 1, 1615, XX, 73. Actas del Cabildo, Quito, January 1, 1574, VI, 119–124. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, August 11, 1595, XII, 351. Actas del Cabildo de San Miguel de Ibarra, in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, August 27, 1609, XV, 203–204. Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, December 16, 1617, IV, 89. Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, December 16, 1644, XXXII, 419. Recopilación, libro 5, tit. 3, ley iii. Letter of Charles I to Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, 1536, Cedulario de puga, I, 383–384. Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Lima, 1568, Encinas, , Cedulario, 3, 40–41.Google Scholar Cedula of Philip II to the Viceroy of Peru, 1573, ibid., III, 35–37. Cedula of Philip II to the cabildo of Quito, Actas del Cabildo, Quito, October 28, 1573, IX, 262–264. Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Santo Domingo, 1582, Encinas, , Cedulario, 3, 40.Google Scholar

33 Cedula of Charles I to the Viceroy and Audiencia of New Spain, 1535, Cedulario de puga, I, 371. Cedula of Philip II to the cabildos and audiencias of the Indies, 1583, Encinas, op. cit., I, 69.

34 Recopilación, libro 7, tit. 6, ley iv, v; libro 7, tit. 7, ley i, x. Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, April 24, 1562, VII, 34.

35 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, May 2, 1533, III, 25; June 6, 1603, XV, 168. Actas del Cabildo, Quito, April 7, 1538, I, 425–454; April 1, 1599, XIII, 273; September 10, 1599, 345; January 25, 1602, XIV, 255. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, June 13, 1539, I, 341. Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, March 15, 1632, VII, 331. Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of New Spain, 1530, Cedulario de puga, I, 221. Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of New Spain, 1539, ibid., I, 245. Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of Peru, 1555, Encinas, , Cedulario, 2, 354.Google Scholar Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Panama, 1565, ibid., II, 53. Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Santo Domingo, 1586, ibid., II, 55.

36 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, June 16, 1692, XXVI, libro 35, p. 3.

37 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, June 30, 1531, II, 114; May 26, 1564, VII, 196; March 12, 1565, VII, 242; July 3, 1562, VII, 63; May 18, 1613, XX, 93; Aprii 15, 1616, XX, 315–316; May 6, 1616, XX, 330–331. Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, August 26, 1545, I, 111; September 4, 1556, I, 537; December 7, 1552, I, 321; April 15, 1616, XXV, 141; July 29, 1616, XXV, 147; November 13, 1620, XXV, 394; March 4, 1621, XXV, 464–466; May 3, 1693, XLIV, 101. Actas del Cabildo, Quito, December 2, 1563, IX, 84–85; May 10, 1574, VI, 255–257; December 10, 1574, VI, 284–285; August 12, 1575, VIII, 128; October 22, 1599, XII, 364; March 8, 1600, XIV, 46; February 28, 1602, XIV, 268–269; April 14, 1609, XX, 474; June 19, 1609, XVI, 188. Actas del Cabildo de Arequipa, in Barriga (editor), Documentos de Arequipa, July 23, 1557, I, 330–333. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, XVI, notas, 572; August 12, 1588, XI, 40; October 29, 1590, XI, 405; March 9 and 16, 1592, XI, 630-637; February 16, 1595, XII, 268; April 26, 1613, XVII, 374–376. Actas del Cabildo de San Miguel de Ibarra, in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, October 30, 1611, XV, 279–280. Cedula of Philip II to the cabildo of Santa Fe de Bogotá, 1572, Encinas, , Cedulario, 1, 74.Google Scholar

38 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, January 1, 1531, II, 75. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, XVI, notas, 541–542, 550, 594, 599; January 13, 1592, XI, 613; January 16, 1595, XII, 244–245; March 28, 1596, XII, 458; June 14, 1614, XVII, 603. Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia and Viceroy of Peru, 1559, Encinas, , Cedulario, 3, 36.Google Scholar Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Lima, 1568, ibid., III, 40–41. Cedula of Philip II to the cabildo of Quito, October 28, 1573, Actas del Cabildo, Quito, IX, 262–264. Cedula of Philip II to the ciudades, villas and lugares of the Indies, October 28, 1573, ibid., November 5, 1574, VI, 275–278. Cedula of Philip II to the Viceroy of Peru, 1573, Encinas, op. cit., III, 136–137. Ordinances of Toledo, Viceroy for the government of Cuzco, October 18, 1572, in Fundación Española del Cuzco y Ordenanzas para su Gobierno. Restauraciones mandadas ejecutar del primer Libro de Cabildo de la Ciudad por el Virrey del peru, Don Francisco de Toledo (Lima, 1926), 1, 64–66 Google Scholar; this work will be referred to hereafter as Fundación Española del Cuzco. Parry, J.H., The Sale of Public Offices in the Spanish Indies under the Hapsburgs (Berkeley, 1954), p. 2.Google Scholar Recopilación, libro 5, tit. 4, ley x.

39 A good example of this is found in the Ordinances of Viceroy Toledo for the good government of Cuzco, La Fundación Española del Cuzco, 85.

40 Actas del Cabildo, Santiago,. January 11, 1554, I, 381. Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, December 14 and 23, 1566, VII, 310–316. Cedula of Philip II to the viceroys, governors and royal officials of the Indies, 1573, Encinas, , Cedulario, 1, 312.Google Scholar

41 Actas del Cabildo, Quito, June 9, 1546, III, 186–188; July 3, 1546, 216–218. Actas del Cabildo de Cuenca, ibid., June 10, 1558, XVI, 101. Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, March 1, 1567, VII, 337; December 12, 1569, VII, 456–462.

42 Actas del Cabildo, Quito, August 8, 1597, XIII, 26–28.

43 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, November 5, 1566, VII, 304; January 15, 1591, X, 32. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, December 6, 1596, VII, 565.

44 For the power of governors, corregidores and alcaldes mayores in confirming and interfering in elections see: Actas del Cabildo, Lima, XVI, notas, 550, 551; June 14, 1614, XVII, 603. Ordinances of Viceroy Toledo for the government of Cuzco, Fundación Española del Cuzco, I, 64–66. For their powers as presiding officers over cabildo meetings see: Actas del Cabildo, Quito, June 9, 1535,1, 88–89. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, July 30, 1535, I, 44; January 1, 1536, 80; December 30, 1538, 276; X, appendix, 537–543. Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, March 9, 1592, X, 158. Actas del Cabildo de Caracas, January 2, I, 1595, 18. Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, January 18, 1621, III, 73; January 1, 1668, XIII, 5; November 5, 1672, XIII, 478. Cedula of Charles I to the cabildo of Vera Cruz, 1536, Cedulario de puga, I, 402. Cedula of Philip II to the cabildo of Cartagena, 1572, Encinas, , Cedulario, 3, 290.Google Scholar Colección de Algunos Documentos sobre los primeros tiempos de Arequipa, mandados publicar por el Concejo Provincial con ocasión del primer centenario de la Batalla de Ayacucho (Arequipa, 1924), p. 131. Ordinances of Viceroy Toledo for the government of Cuzco, Fundación Española del Cuzco, 75. Recopilación, libro 4, tit. 9, ley x. For their power in confirming ordinances see: Actas del Cabildo, Lima, September 20, 1538, I, 245. Cedula of 1558, Cedulario de Puga, II, 312–313. de San Miguel, Juan W. Rodríguez (editor and annotator) Pandectas Hispano Meguanas o sea código general comprensivo de las leyes generales, útiles y vivas de las Siete Partidas, Recopilación Novísima de Leyes de las Indias, autos y providencias conocido por de Montemayor y Beleña, y cédulas posteriores hasta el año 1830 (México, D.F., 1840), 2, 256.Google Scholar For their power in financial administration see: Recopilación, libro 4, tit. 13, ley ii. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, October 6, 1589, XI, 172; XVI, notas, 556. Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, July 9, 1590, X, 5–6; October 8, 1590, X, 20. Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, May 29, 1699, XLIV, 265. For their control over public works see: Recopilación, libro 4, tit. 16, ley i, ii, iii; libro 8, tit. 27, ley xiii, xiv. Actas del Cabildo de Arequipa, February 14, 1544, in Barriga, , Documentos para la historia de Arequipa, 1, 201. Google Scholar Actas del Cabildo de Caracas, August 22, 1595, I, 422. Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, May 22, 1699, XLIV, 363.

For other examples of intervention in local affairs by governors, corregidores and alcaldes mayores, see: Actas del Cabildo, Quito, September 19, 1537, I, 305; September 13, 1599, XIII, 347; April 8, 1603, XX, 4; October 26, 1604, XX, 181. Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, July 17, 1549, I, 189–191; January 21, 1557, I, 563; January 10, 1614, XXV, 9; July 17, 1641, XXXII, 119–120; September 23, 1644, XXXII, 382–384. Actas del Cabildo de Cuenca, in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, November 22, 1558, XVI, 140; May 30, 1563, XVI, 442–457. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, May 26, 1588, XI, 32; August 12, 1588, XI, 40. Actas del Cabildo, Caracas, October 8, 1598, I, 393. Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, June 6, 1606, I, 202–208; December 17, 1618, IV, 113–114; July 2, 1636, VIII, 47; March 6, 1653, X, 245–246; July 7, 1655, X, 417; April 24, 1668, XIII, 44–45. Actas del Cabildo, San Miguel de Ibarra, in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, September 14, 20, 28, 1614, XV, 443–448.

See also: Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of Quito (no date, as part of document is destroyed), in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, V, 7–11. Cedula of Charles I to the corregidores and alcaldes mayores of New Spain, 1530, Encinas, , Cedulario, 3, 11.Google Scholar Cedula of Charles I to the alcalde mayor and cabildo of Vera Cruz, 1536, Cedulario de Puga, I, 402. Cedula of Charles I to the governors, corregidores, alcaldes mayores and their tenientes of the Indies, 1550, Encinas, op. cit., III, 12. Instructions of Viceroy López de Zúñiga y Velasco to the corregidores of Peru, February 9, 1563, in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, V, 284–289. Cedula of Philip II to the cabildo of Mexico City, 1575, Encinas, op. cit., III, 289–290. Royal commission as governor of La Plata to Diego de Góngora, December 16, 1617, in Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, IV, 91. Ordinances of Toledo, Viceroy for the good government of Cuzco, Fundación Española del Cuzco, 68, 75.Google Scholar Recopilación, libro 5, tit. 1, ley i; libro 5, tit. 2, ley x, xv, xviii, xxi, xxxvi, xxxviii.

45 See above, notes 22–28. See also, Cédula of Philip II to the Audiencia of New Granada, 1562, Encinas, , Cedulario, 2, 142.Google Scholar

46 Cedula of Charles I to the cabildos and governors of the Indies, 1539, quoted in part in Actas del Cabildo, Lima, I, 365.

47 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, May 8, 1592, XI, 666; October 16, 1611, XVI, 503–505; February 27, 1612, XVII, 44; March 7, 1612, XVII, 55–58; March 12, 67–73; September 14, 183–184; March 29, 1614, 552–553.

48 Recopilación, libro 4, tit. 11, ley v.

49 Cedula of Charles II to the viceroys, audiencias, ciudades, villas and lugares, universidades and ecclesiastical cabildos of the Indies, May 4, 1692, quoted in Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, March 13, 1693, XXVI, libro 35, p. 69.

50 Cedula of Philip II to the viceroys, governors and royal officials of the Indies, 1573, Encinas, , Cedulario, 1, 312.Google Scholar

51 Cedula of Charles I to Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, 1535, Cedulario de Puga, I, 373. The same cedula is reproduced in Encinas, , Cedulario, 1, 77.Google Scholar Other examples of similar royal orders curbing audiencia intervention include the following: Cedula of Philip II to the alcaldes de crímen of the Audiencia of Mexico City, 1563, Encinas, op. cit., II, 84. Cedula of Philip II to the alcaldes de crímen of the Audiencia of Mexico City, 1570, ibid., II, 84–85. Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Sante Fe de Bogotá, 1572, ibid., I, 75. Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Panama City, 1574, ibid., I, 75–76.

52 Actas del Cabildo, Lima, January 1, 1592, XI, 605–606; January 1, 1607, XVI, 538; XVI, notas, 599. Recopilación, libro 4, tit. 9, ley vii, viii. Cedula of Ferdinand to the Audiencia of Santo Domingo, 1514, Encinas, op. cit., III, 40. Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of Mexico City, 1530, ibid., III, 40–41. Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of Panama, 1540, ibid., III, 39. Cedula of Charles I to the Audiencia of Santa Fe de Bogotá, 1555, ibid., III, 39. Cédula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Lima, 1568, ibid., III, 40–41. Cedula of Philip II to the Cabildo of Quito, in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, October 28, 1573, IX, 262–264. Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Santo Domingo, 1582, Encinas, op. cit., III, 40.

53 Cedula of Philip II to the Audiencia of Santo Domingo, 1570, Encinas, op. cit., II, 16.

54 Cedula of Philip II to the Viceroy of New Spain, 1591, in Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, X, 87.

56 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, July 12, 1529, II, 13; September 3, 1590, X, 16; April 22, 1591, X, 73.

56 Cedula of Charles I to the Viceroy of New Spain, 1548, Cedulario de puga, II, 140.

57 Cedula of Charles I to the governor of New Granada and the cabildo of Santa Marta, 1531, Encinas, , Cedulario, 3, 32–33.Google Scholar Cedula of Philip II to the Viceroy and Audiencia of Peru, 1559, ibid., III, 36. Cedula of Philip II to the governors and cabildos of Tierra Firme, 1564, ibid., III, 31–32. Recopilación, libro 4, tit. 9, ley ix.

58 Actas del Cabildo, Santa Fé, March 4, 1636, I, 269–274.

59 Royal provisions of 1514 and 1565, Encinas, , Cedulario, 2, 293–296.Google Scholar

60 Cedula of Philip III to the Audiencia of Quito, November 17, 1602, in Actas del Cabildo, Quito, XXI, 32.

61 Cedula of Philip III to the Audiencia of Quito, May 3, 1605, ibid., XXI, 80–81.

62 Treatise of de Loyola, Don Fray Martín Ignacio, Bishop of La Plata, to the cabildo of Buenos Aires, March 19, 1606, in Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, 1, 193–198.Google Scholar

63 Cedula of Philip II to the audiencia and cabildos of the Indies, 1564, Encinas, , Cedulario, 1, 78.Google Scholar Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, August 16, 1619, XXV, 334. Cedula of Philip IV to the cabildo of Buenos Aires, October 3, 1643, in Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, X, 135.

64 Actas del Cabildo, Mexico City, January 9, 1562, VII, 8; December 22, 1564, VII, 288; October 8, 1642, XXVI, 370; October 18, 1642, XXVI, 370. Actas del Cabildo, Quito, February 20, 1607, XX, 375–376. Actas del Cabildo, Lima, April 29, 1613, XVIII, 383; May 29, 1615, XVIII, 795; October 2, 1615, XVIII, 845–846; October 23, 858; November 23, 893. Actas del Cabildo, Buenos Aires, October 29, 1619, IV, 79; April 24, 1668, XIII, 44–45. Actas del Cabildo, Santiago, June 19, 1671, XXXVIII, 152. Colección de algunos documentos sobre los primeros tiempos de Arequipa, 125.