Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T17:45:13.629Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effect of N-fertilisation rate or inclusion of red clover to timothy leys on fatty acid composition in milk of dairy cows fed a commercial silage : concentrate ratio

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2012

K. Arvidsson ,
A.-M. Gustavsson ,
V. Fievez  and
K. Martinsson
K. Arvidsson*
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
A.-M. Gustavsson
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
V. Fievez
Affiliation:
Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090 Melle, Belgium
K. Martinsson
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
*
†E-mail: Katarina.Arvidsson@slu.se
Get access

Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to, under typical Swedish production conditions, evaluate the effects of grass silages subjected to different N-fertilisation regimes fed to dairy cows on the fatty acid (FA) composition of their milk, and to compare the grass silages in this respect to red clover-dominated silage. Grass silages made from first year Phleum pratense L. leys subjected to three N-fertilisation regimes (30, 90 and 120 kg N/ha, designated G-30, G-90 and G-120, respectively) and a mixed red clover–grass silage (Trifolium pratense L. and P. pratense L.; 60/40 on dry matter (DM) basis, designated RC–G) were produced. The experiment was conducted as a change-over design, including 24 primiparous and multiparous dairy cows of the Swedish Red breed, each of which was allocated to three of the four diets. The cows were offered 11 kg DM of silage and 7 kg concentrates. The silages had similar DM and energy concentrations. The CP concentration increased with increase in N-fertilisation level. There was a linear increase in DM intake of the different silages with increased N fertilisation. There were also differences in concentrations of both individual and total FAs amongst silages. The daily milk production (kg/day) did not significantly differ between treatments, but G-30 silage resulted in higher concentrations of 18:2n-6 in the milk compared with the other two grass silages. The highest concentrations of 18:3n-3 and cis-9, trans-11 18:2 were found in milk from cows offered the RC–G silage. The G-30 diet resulted in higher concentration of 18:2n-6 and the same concentration of 18:3n-3 in the milk as the other grass silages, despite lower intake levels of these FAs. The apparent recoveries of 18:3n-3 from feed to milk were 5.74%, 4.27%, 4.10% and 5.31% for G-30, G-90, G-120 and RC–G, respectively. A higher recovery when red clover is included in the diet confirms previous reports. The higher apparent recovery of 18:3n-3 on the G-30 treatment may be related to the lower silage DM intake, which led to a higher relative proportion of ingested FAs originating from concentrates compared with the G-90 and G-120 diets. With the rates and types of concentrates used in this study, the achieved differences in FA composition among the silages were not enough to influence the concentrations of unsaturated FAs in milk.

Keywords

CPforagefatty acid concentrationmilk productiongrass
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 6 , Issue 7 , 28 May 2012 , pp. 1178 - 1186
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Al-Mabruk, RM, Beck, NFG, Dewhurst, RJ 2004. Effects of silage species and supplemental vitamin E on the oxidative stability of milk. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 406–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, R, Hedlund, B 1983. HPLC analysis of organic acids in lactic acid fermented vegetables. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 176, 440–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arvidsson, K, Gustavsson, AM, Martinsson, K 2009. Effects of conservation method on fatty acid composition of silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 148, 241–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banni, S, Martin, JC 1998. Conjugated linoleic acid and metabolites. In Trans fatty acids in human nutrition (ed. JL Sebedio), pp. 261–302. The Oily Press, Dundee, UK.Google Scholar
Bauman, DE, Mather, IH, Wall, PJ, Lock, AL 2006. Major advances associated with the biosynthesis of milk. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1235–1243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boufaïed, H, Chouinard, PY, Tremblay, GF, Petit, HV, Michaud, R, Bélanger, G 2003a. Fatty acids in forages. II. In vitro ruminal biohydrogenation of linolenic and linoleic acids from timothy. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, 513–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boufaïed, H, Chouinard, PY, Tremblay, GF, Petit, HV, Michaud, R, Bélanger, G 2003b. Fatty acids in forages. I. Factors affecting concentrations. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, 501–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chai, W, Udén, P 1998. An alternative oven method combined with different detergent strengths in the analysis. Animal Feed Science and Technology 74, 281–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chow, TT, Fievez, V, Ensberg, M, Elgersma, A, De Smet, S 2004. Fatty acid content, composition and lipolysis during wilting and ensiling of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): preliminary findings. Grassland Science in Europe 9, 981–983.Google Scholar
Corl, BA, Baumgard, LH, Bauman, DE, Griinari, JM 2000. Role of Δ9-desaturase in the synthesis of the anticarcinogenic isomer of conjugated linoleic acid and other milk fatty acids. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference, pp. 203–212. Cornell University, Rochester, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Dewhurst, RJ, Fisher, WJ, Tweed, JKS, Wilkins, RJ 2003a. Comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. I. Production responses with different levels of concentrate. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 2598–2611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewhurst, RJ, Scollan, ND, Lee, MRF, Ougham, HJ, Humphreys, MO 2003b. Forage breeding and management to increase the beneficial fatty acid content of ruminant products. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, 329–336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elgersma, A, Maudet, P, Witkowska, IM, Wever, AC 2005. Effects of nitrogen fertilisation and regrowth period on fatty acid concentrations in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Annals of Applied Biology 147, 145–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzmaurice, GM, Laird, NM, Ware, JH 2004. Applied longitudinal analysis. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ, USA.Google Scholar
Gaborcik, N, Paulik, E 2002. Chlorophyll content: an indicator of chemical composition and grass production. Grassland Science in Europe 7, 122–123.Google Scholar
Gustavsson, AM 2011. A developmental scale for perennial forage grasses based on the decimal code framework. Grass and Forage Science 66, 93–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawke, JC 1973. Lipids. In Chemistry and biochemistry of herbage (ed. GW Butler and RW Baily), pp. 213–263. Academic Press, London, UK.Google Scholar
ISO 2006. ISO 3889 – Milk and milk products – specification of Mojonnier-type fat extraction flasks. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Jones, B, Kenward, MG 1989. Design and analysis of cross-over trials. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsson, K, Bengtsson, S 1983. Bestämning av lättillgängliga kolhydrater i växtmaterial. National Laboratory for Agricultural Chemistry, Uppsala, Sweden (in Swedish).Google Scholar
Leaf, A, Weber, PC 1988. Cardiovascular effect of n-3 fatty acids. New England Journal of Medicine 318, 549–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, MRF, Winters, AL, Scollan, ND, Dewhurst, RJ, Theodorou, MK, Minchin, FR 2004. Plant-mediated lipolysis and proteolysis in red clover with different polyphenol oxidase activities. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84, 1639–1645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, MRF, Connelly, PL, Tweed, JKS, Dewhurst, RJ, Merry, RJ, Scollan, ND 2006. Effects of high-sugar ryegrass silage and mixtures with red clover silage on ruminant digestion. 2. Lipids. Journal of Animal Science 84, 3061–3070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, MRF, Merry, RJ, Davies, DR, Moorby, JM, Humphreys, MO, Theodrou, MK, MacRae, JC, Scollan, ND 2003. Effect of increasing availability of water-soluble carbohydrates on in vitro rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 104, 59–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindgren, E 1979. Vallfodrets näringsvärde bestämt in vivo och med olika laboratoriemetoder. The Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (in Swedish).Google Scholar
Lindgren, E 1983. Nykalibrering av VOS-metoden för bestämning av energivärde hos vallfoder. The Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (in Swedish).Google Scholar
Lourenço, M, Vlaeminck, B, Bruinenberg, M, Demeyer, D, Fievez, V 2005. Milk fatty acid composition and associated rumen lipolysis and fatty acid hydrogenation when feeding forages from intensively managed or semi-natural grasslands. Animal Research 54, 471–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Official Journal of the European Communities (OJEC) 1984. Determination of crude oils and fats. Method B. Official Journal of the European Communities 15, 29–30.Google Scholar
Parodi, PW 2002. Conjugated linoleic acid. Food Australia 54, 96–99.Google Scholar
Patterson, HD, Lucas, HL 1962. Change-over designs. Technical Bulletin no. 147. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station and United States Department of Agriculture, North Carolina, USA.Google Scholar
Raes, K, De Smet, S, Demeyer, D 2001. Effect of double-muscling in Belgian Blue young bulls on the intramuscular fatty acid composition with emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Animal Science 73, 253–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAS Institue Inc. 2004. SAS® 9.1.2 qualification tools user's guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.Google Scholar
Simopoulos, AP 2001. n-3 fatty acids and human health: defining strategies for public policy. Lipids 36, S83–S89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smit, HJ, Malda, K, Dijkstra, J, Elgersma, A 2007. Effects of days of regrowth and N fertilization on fatty acid composition of perennial ryegrass and CLA concentration in milk from stall-fed dairy cows. Grassland Science in Europe 12, 540–543.Google Scholar
Spörndly, R 2003. Fodertabeller för idisslare. Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (in Swedish).Google Scholar
van Dorland, HA, Kreuzer, M, Leuenberger, H, Wettstein, H-R 2008. Comparative potential of white and red clover to modify the milk fatty acid profile of cows fed ryegrass-based diets from zero-grazing and silage systems. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88, 77–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Ranst, G, Lee, MRF, Fievez, V 2011. Red clover polyphenol oxidase and lipid metabolism. Animal 5, 512–521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanhatalo, A, Kuoppala, K, Toivonen, V, Shingfield, KJ 2007. Effects of forage species and stage of maturity on bovine milk fatty acid composition. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 856–867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witkowska, IM, Wever, C, Gort, G, Elgersma, A 2008. Effects of nitrogen rate and regrowth interval on perennial ryegrass fatty acid content during the growing season. Agronomy Journal 100, 1371–1379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar