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CHARIOT KRATERS AND HORSE–HUMAN RELATIONS IN LATE BRONZE AGE GREECE AND CYPRUS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2021

Laerke Recht Open the ORCID record for Laerke Recht [Opens in a new window]  and
Christine E. Morris Open the ORCID record for Christine E. Morris [Opens in a new window]
Laerke Recht*
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Christine E. Morris
Affiliation:
Trinity College Dublin
*
rechtl@tcd.ie
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Abstract

This paper offers a new comprehensive catalogue and discussion of Late Helladic III chariot kraters, and explores what they reveal about horse–human relations in Greece and Cyprus in the Late Bronze Age. The nearly 400 known examples of chariot kraters were produced in mainland Greece and exported to Cyprus and the Levant. Although the vessels were surely adapted to local contexts, the motif of horses and chariot was part of the ‘international’ spirit of the Late Bronze Age and was meaningful throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Following a discussion of the chronological and geographical distribution of the kraters, alongside notes regarding changes in shape, we examine each of the elements of the characteristic horses-and-chariot motif in depth. This close analysis, supplemented by evidence from faunal remains, Linear B and other visual media, and combined with modern equine knowledge, allows us to understand some of the complexities of horse–human relations in ancient Greece and Cyprus. Through this, we see a co-becoming and mutual training of horse and human in the endeavour to become a successful chariot team; we can also recognise elements of ancient acknowledgement of equine agency and personhood. Horses and humans acted and reacted to each other, thereby living and learning together. The images on the chariot kraters reflect both ancient observation and knowledge of horses and caballine behaviour and artistic conventions and developments. Finally, horses were expensive animals to breed, keep and train (with accompanying expensive gear), and direct physical contact would have been for the fortunate few. The chariot kraters allowed a broader segment of the population to engage with horses and chariots, albeit indirectly.

Κρατήρες με εικονιστική παράσταση αρμάτων και η σχέση ίππου-ανθρώπου στην Ύστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού στην Ελλάδα και την Κύπρο

Η παρούσα μελέτη παρουσιάζει έναν νέο ολοκληρωμένο κατάλογο και συμβάλει στη συζήτηση για τους κρατήρες με εικονιστική παράσταση αρμάτων της Υστεροελλαδικής III, ενώ παράλληλα διερευνά όψεις της σχέσης ίππων και ανθρώπων στην Ελλάδα και την Κύπρο κατά την Ύστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού. Τα σχεδόν 400 γνωστά παραδείγματα κρατήρων με εικονιστική παράσταση αρμάτων κατασκευάστηκαν στον κυρίως ελλαδικό χώρο και εξήχθησαν στην Κύπρο και την Εγγύς Ανατολή. Τα εν λόγω κεραμικά αγγεία συνάδουν βεβαίως με τα τοπικά τους περιβάλλοντα, εντούτοις η απεικόνιση αρμάτων αποτέλεσε μέρος του «διεθνούς» πνεύματος της Ύστερης Εποχής του Χαλκού και είχε νόημα για τους λαούς ολόκληρης της Ανατολικής Μεσογείου. Κατόπιν της συζήτησης γύρω από τη χρονολογική και γεωγραφική κατανομή των κρατήρων και των αλλαγών του σχηματολογίου τους, ακολουθεί η ενδελεχής εξέταση χαρακτηριστικών παραστάσεων αρμάτων. Αυτή η λεπτομερής ανάλυση, η οποία συμπληρώνεται από άλλα δεδομένα, όπως τα οστεολογικά κατάλοιπα, η Γραμμική B και άλλα εικονιστικά τεκμήρια, καθώς και η σύγχρονη γνώση περί των ιπποειδών, μάς επιτρέπει την κατανόηση κάποιων από τις πολυπλοκότητες της σχέσης ίππων και ανθρώπων στην αρχαία Ελλάδα και την Κύπρο. Μέσα από την προσέγγιση αυτήν, είμαστε σε θέση να αντιληφθούμε καλύτερα τη συνύπαρξη και «συνεκπαίδευση» αλόγων και ανθρώπων στη διαδικασία ανάδειξής τους σε μία επιτυχημένη ομάδα άρματος, ενώ παράλληλα μπορούμε να αναγνωρίσουμε στοιχεία της αρχαίας επίγνωσης της προσωπικότητας των ίππων. Ίπποι και άνθρωποι συνυπάρχουν, συνδιαλέγονται και συνεκπαιδεύονται. Οι εικονιστικές παραστάσεις αρμάτων αντικατοπτρίζουν τόσο την αρχαία γνώση των ίππων και της συμπεριφοράς τους, όσο και τις σχετικές καλλιτεχνικές συμβάσεις και εξελίξεις. Τέλος, η εκτροφή, αναπαραγωγή και εκπαίδευση των ίππων (μαζί με τον σχετιζόμενο εξοπλισμό τους) υπήρξαν ιδιαίτερα δαπανηρές δραστηριότητες, ως εκ τούτου, η άμεση φυσική επαφή με την κατηγορία αυτή των ζώων ήταν μάλλον πλεονέκτημα των λίγων και ευνοούμενων. Οι κρατήρες με παραστάσεις αρμάτων επέτρεπαν, κατά κάποιον τρόπο, σε όλες τις πληθυσμιακές ομάδες την εξοικείωση με ίππους και άρματα, έστω και με έμμεσο τρόπο.

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Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 116 , December 2021 , pp. 95 - 132
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Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens, 2021

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