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BRITISH LANCASTRIAN SCHOOLS OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY KYTHERA1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 November 2011

Deborah Harlan
Deborah Harlan*
Affiliation:
Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield
*
d.harlan@sheffield.ac.uk
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Abstract

The island of Kythera (Cerigo) has many well-preserved structures dating from the British protectorate (1815–64): the most striking of these are several stone-built school buildings constructed in 1825–6. Education in these schools was based on a British system, informed by evangelical religious principles that had gained popularity in England in the late eighteenth century, and known as the Lancastrian system after its founder, Joseph Lancaster. Using unpublished archival sources in both Britain and Kythera, this article focuses primarily on the colonial educational system on Cerigo, as embodied in the school buildings. The Cerigo schools are set in the context of socio-political events and ideas in the early nineteenth century: the phenomenon of the Lancastrian school movement, the impact of Protestant missions in the Mediterranean and the colonial initiative of public education in the Ionian Islands. The relationship between the British (officials and missionaries) and the islanders in the establishment and the initial operation of the schools is illustrated by a detailed discussion of teachers, schoolbooks, the number of schools and students, and data regarding the construction of the school buildings. The manifestation of that relationship is shown in the physical form of the British-built school buildings and their placement in the landscape. While the creation of the Cerigo schools may be viewed as a microcosm of British colonial and missionary involvement in the Ionian Islands, it can be demonstrated that subsequent changes in the function of the schools in the Colonial period reflected an increasing alignment with the ideologies of the developing nation-state of Greece.

Βρετανικά ‘Λανκάστρια’ σχολεία στα Κύθηρα τον 19ο αιώνα

Τα Κύθηρα (ιστορικό Τσιρίγο) αριθμούν αρκετά καλά διατηρημένα κτίρια της περιόδου του Βρετανικού Προτεκτοράτου (1815–64), τα εντυπωσιακότερα από τα οποία είναι καλοχτισμένα πέτρινα σχολεία της περιόδου 1825–6. Η εκπαίδευση σε αυτά τα σχολεία βασίστηκε αρχικά στο βρετανικό σύστημα, γνωστό στη Βρετανία ως ‘Λανκάστριο’, από τον ιδρυτή του Joseph Lancaster, και εμπνευσμένο από ευαγγελικές θρησκευτικές ιδέες, οι οποίες είχαν μεγάλη απήχηση στην Βρετανία κατά τα τέλη του 18ου αιώνα. Με βάση τη μελέτη από τη συγγραφέα αδημοσίευτων αρχειακών πηγών στη Βρετανία και τα Κύθηρα, το παρόν άρθρο εστιάζει στο αποικιακό εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα στο Τσιρίγο, όπως αυτό αντικατοπτρίζεται στα σχολικά κτίρια του νησιού. Τα σχολεία τοποθετούνται στο πλαίσιο κοινωνικο-πολιτικών γεγονότων και ιδεολογικών ρευμάτων των αρχών του 19ου αιώνα: το φαινόμενο του κινήματος της ‘Λανκάστριας’ εκπαίδευσης, τον αντίκτυπο των προτεσταντικών ιεραποστολών στη Μεσόγειο και τις πρωτοβουλίες της αποικιακής διοίκησης στον τομέα της δημόσιας εκπαίδευσης στα Ιόνια νησιά. Η σχέση μεταξύ Βρετανών (κρατικών διοικητικών υπαλλήλων και ιεραποστόλων) και νησιωτών, κατά την ίδρυση και την αρχική λειτουργία των σχολείων, φωτίζεται από λεπτομερή συζήτηση σχετικά με τους δασκάλους, τα σχολικά εγχειρίδια, στατιστικά στοιχεία για τον αριθμό σχολείων και μαθητών και δεδομένα σχετικά με την κατασκευή των σχολικών κτιρίων. Η σχέση αυτή εκδηλώνεται στη φυσική μορφή των σχολικών κτιρίων που χτίστηκαν από τους Βρετανούς και τη θέση τους στο φυσικό τοπίο. Λεπτομερής μελέτη δείχνει πως τα Κυθηραϊκά σχολεία, αρχικά ένας μικρόκοσμος της βρετανικής αποικιοκρατικής και ιεραποστολικής ανάμειξης στα Ιόνια νησιά, σταδιακά συμπλέουν όλο και περισσότερο με τις ιδεολογίες του εξελισσόμενου ελληνικού κράτους.

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Articles
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 106 , November 2011 , pp. 325 - 374
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2011

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Footnotes

1

I would like to thank the staff of the Local Archives of Kythera – Mrs Karolina Aslani, Diana Semitekolou and Kostas Tsaltas-Konstantinos – for their helpfulness in providing access to material. I owe a special thanks to Mrs Eleni Harou who, over the years, has patiently answered questions about the Cerigo schools and generously provided me with copies of her newspaper articles, though any errors introduced here are entirely my own. Cyprian Broodbank and Evangelia Kiriatzi, directors of the Kythera Island Project (KIP), provided support and encouragement for this project. Work presented here is part of the KIP research on the historical geography of the island co-ordinated by John Bennet, who has corrected my translations of the Greek and Venetian Italian documents and helped me with the technical details of the KIP Geographical Information System. Thanks also to Jack Davis, Siriol Davies, Valasia Isaakidou and others, including the anonymous referees, who offered many helpful suggestions. Special abbreviations used in the text are as follows: TAK = Τοπικό Αρχείο Κυθήρων (Local Archive of Kythera); TNA = The National Archives (CO = Colonial Office, MFQ = Maps and plans extracted from the Privy Office, MPH = Maps and plans extracted from the War Office); SOAS CWM = School of Oriental and African Studies Special Collections, Council for World Missions (London Missionary Society); LMS = London Missionary Society; BFSS = British and Foreign School Society (AR = Annual Report, QE = Quarterly Extracts). 19th-century magazines (see Wolff, North and Deering 1976) are referenced by title unless an author has been identified.

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