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KRS 1976: Excavations at a Shrine of Glaukos, Knossos

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2013

P. J. Callaghan
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Extract

The site lies on the sloping ground east of the Acropolis, about 300 m. west of the central court of the Minoan palace and 200 m. south of the Unexplored Mansion. In Classical antiquity it must have been on the southern edge of the built-up city; more recently a small olive grove stood there, but this has been increasingly encroached upon by the southward extension of Knossos village. In 1974 house-building operations on the plot of Mr. C. Vlachakis revealed traces of ancient habitation and a cache of Roman sculpture. In the summer of 1976 the sinking of a bothros behind the new Vlachakis house brought to light a stretch of ancient walling and Hellenistic sherds in some quantity. A new excavation was undertaken by the B.S.A. at the request of Dr. St. Alexiou, Ephor of Antiquities in Iraklion and work continued for approximately six weeks. The trenches were then filled in and, later, covered over by a concrete terrace. The present paper contains a detailed study of all the stratigraphy and architectural phases together with a description and interpretation of the Classical and Hellenistic assemblage and occupation. Future papers will deal with the terracottas of this phase and with the earlier and later material.

Type
Research Article
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 73 , November 1978 , pp. 1 - 30
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1978

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References

1 AR (1976–7) 3 fig. 1 no. 5.

2 BSA lxxii (1977) 85–106.

3 BSA lv (1960) 146–8 fig. 10.

4 BSA lxxii (1977) 89.

5 Forteisa. Short-necked: nos. 822, 1025, 1321,1379, 1452, 1465. Also in Arkades: 273, fig. 341; 420, fig. 556. Highnecked: Fortetsa, nos. 843, 939, 1198, 1226, 1460, 1546–7. Also in Arkades: 243, fig. 286; 245, fig. 290; 265, fig. 321; 420, figs. 554–5.

6 Tocra I: no. 264 fig. 17; nos. 927–8, pl. 56, fig. 39. Tocra II: no. 2104 pl. 20, fig. 16.

7 BSA lxviii (1973), for the cup forms.: 55 f., fig. 10.

8 The term ‘Dropped-Floor’ was coined by Cook, B. F. in Papers of the Metropolitan Museum 12 (1966) 9.Google Scholar We may now add the many pre-Hellenistic examples presented in this paper.

9 KDS B17–18.

10 BSA xlv (1950) 171 fig. 5b.

11 Arkades 531, 3 and 4. Rizza, G., Il santuario sull'Acropoli di Gortina (1968) 145Google Scholar. Much of the pottery in the Chania Museum has a similar pale fabric.

12 Cf. n. 5.

13 BSA lxviii (1973) 56 fig. 10, L53–7.

14 BSA lxxii (1977) 102 P8 and PLATE 2 in this report.

15 BSA xlv (1950) 171 fig. 5 and pl. 13a, b-c.

16 For a later version of the base cf. AAA 5 (1972) 238 fig. 9; AD 27 (1972) Chron. B2, pl. 580. For the identification of Aghia Pelagia with Apollonia cf. AR 1975–6 30.

17 Fortetsa, nos. 57, 471, 1305. This shape appears not to have been popular in the Geometric period at Knossos, and was not found at Arkades.

18 BSA xlv (1950) pl. 13a, b. Fragments of several others were found, and were used in the reconstruction.

19 KDS E11, F1–8.

20 Ibid. 22.

21 There is a probable seventh century B.C. precursor in Arkades 132, fig. 118. An early fifth century B.C. example is illustrated in BSA lxviii (1973) 52 fig. 7 no. L24.

22 BSA lxxii (1977) 99 ff.

23 BSA lxviii (1973), pl. 18; 50 fig. 5 nos. L6–11.

24 Cf. n. 16 in this report.

25 Fortetsa, nos. 45, 207, 221, 1467, 1484.

26 BSA lxviii (1973) 50 fig. 5 nos. L6–11.

27 BSA xlv (1950) pl. 12d–e; lii (1957) 229 fig. 2 and pl. 45d, where the short neck dates it to the fourth century B.C.

28 The literature on Hadras is extensive cf. B. F. Cook, Metrop. Mus. of Art Papers 12 (1966) and Ann. Brooklyn Mus. 10 (1968–9).

29 None of the pots from the destruction deposit published in AD 26 (1971) Chron. B2 pl. 513 has a triangular handle. I am grateful to Miss A. Lembesis for allowing me to see all the material from this deposit.

30 BSA xlv (1950) 181 fig. 20 left. This deposit dates to the second half of the second century B.C. BSA lxvi (1971) 260 fig. 10 no. 37.

31 Cf. n. 29.

32 BSA xlv (1950) 181 fig. 20 centre and right.

33 KDS pl. 15 E21–3.

34 BSA xlv (1950) 183 fig. 23 left. For even more advanced types cf. BSA lxvi (1971) 260 fig. 10 no. 28; fig. 16 no. 36.

35 AR 1976–7 21 fig. 50.

36 Besques, S., Catalogue raisonné des Figurines et Reliefs, III (1972) pls. 140–1Google Scholar; Burr-Thompson, D., Troy, Suppl. III 108 n. 220Google Scholar; Dufková, M. in Kyme I, The Anatolian Collection of Charles University (Prague 1974) pl. 36Google Scholar; Hesp. 11 (1942) no fig. 3; 148, fig. 7; BSA xlv (1950) 189 and pl. 16a.

37 Troy, Suppl. III 109; Hesp. II (1942) 132 f. The type is probably descended from earlier fully modelled rider figurines like those in BSA xlviii (1953) pl. 23, from the Agamemnoneion at Mycenae. Cf. Troy, Suppl. III 108.

38 Hesp. 11 (1942) 150.

39 Ibid. 149.

40 Troy, Suppl. III 9f. and 56.

41 Ibid. 8–9. Such associations between hero and god were relatively common: Paully-Wissowa, RE Suppl. 3, 1131; Hesp. 11 (1942) 149; M. P. Foucart, Le culte des Héros chez les Grecs (1918) 102.

42 Troy, Suppl. III 57.

43 BSA xii (1905–6) 288–94; xi (1904–5) 81–90.

44 Hesp. 11 (1942) 134 f.

45 Ibid. 133. For more recent bibliography cf. E. Mitropoulou, Horses’ Heads and Snakes in Banquet Reliefs and their Meaning. (1976) 133.

46 As in the hymn from Palaikastro, R. F. Willetts, CCF 212 f.

47 Hesp. 11 (1942) 150.

48 Troy, Suppl. III 109.

49 For example, cf. above n. 43 and BSA xlviii (1953) 34.

50 Hesp. 31 (1962) 4–7.

51 PoM ii. 7.

52 KDS B12–15; C19–21; D19; E27; F36–42.

53 Ibid. 183. Coldstream sees them as individual versions of the cups on kernoi from elsewhere. We might now note the kernoi from a Demeter sanctuary near Chania (Zoïs, A., Vrysson Kydonias I (1976) pls. 27–8Google Scholar). The containers here are like the miniature hydriai from KDS rather than the krateriskoi.

54 Hesp. 34 (1965) 23 pl. IIc, d.

55 BSA xi (1904–5) 85 fig. 6 no. 16.

56 JHS 23 (1903) 314 fr.; Ant. Kunst 19 (1976) 101–14.

57 JHS 23 (1903) 293, 313 ff.

58 Hesp. 34 (1965) 23 f. pl. IIe, g.

59 JHS 23 (1903) 314.

60 Ibid. 313, 322 fig. 18.

61 White, K. D., Farm Equipment of the Roman World (1975) 73 fig. 24.Google Scholar

62 Paully-Wissowa RE X2 1862 ff.; Ant Kunst 19 (1976) pl. 17, 2.

63 KDS E17–22, pl. 17; pl. 60.

64 BSA lix (1964) 67 and 71, n. 25. The Knossian examples do not have seams.

65 Willetts, ASAC 120 f., describes other formal changes such as the throwing off of boyhood clothes.

66 For this ceremony cf. JHS 23 (1903) 314.

67 Nilsson, M. P., A History of Greek Religion (1925) 235.Google Scholar

68 Guthrie, W. K. C., The Greeks and their Gods (1950) 219.Google Scholar

69 L. R. Farnell, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality (1921) Ch. II; W. K. C. Guthrie, op. cit. 218.

70 M. P. Nilsson, op. cit. 233 ff.

71 As Kimon at Kition cf. Plutarch, , Kimon 19, 4.Google Scholar

72 Farnell, op. cit. Ch. XIII. Diod. Sic. 11, 66, 4 and Herod. 6, 38, both imply that this was the usual practice.

73 As Battos in Plndar Pyth. 5, 88.

74 For a detailed description of the system cf. Willetts, , ASAC 13–17, 120 f.Google Scholar

75 Strabo 10, 483.

76 Willetts, ASAC 14.

77 Willetts, CCF 116.

78 Ibid. 116 and 205. It was then eaten at a feast.

79 ICI ix, 1; xvi, 5; xix, 1. Willetts, CCF 200 f.

80 Ant. Lib. Met. 17. Willetts, ASAC 120 f.; CCF 175 f.

81 Hyginus Fab. 136.

82 Apollod. Bibliotheca 3. 3 f.

83 Willetts, CCF 59–67, with bibliography.

84 Willetts, ASAC 121 ff.

85 Willetts, CCF Ch. 7 and esp. 204.

86 Ibid.

87 Callim. h. Zeus 46 ff.

88 Cf. n. 78 and n. 95.

89 ICI, viii, 13; Willetts, CCF 204.

90 Willetts, CCF 200.

91 Ennius, Sacr. Hist. fr. 526 ap Lact. div. inst. I, 11.

92 BSA lxvi (1971) 283–95; Svoronos, J., Numismatique de la Crète Anciénne (1890) 59 ff.Google Scholar

93 Parke, H. W., Festivals of the Athenians (1977) 75 f.Google Scholar

94 Yavis, C. G., Greek Altars (1949) passim, esp. 54, 91 ff.Google Scholar

95 The ox sacrificed youths after their ‘exile’ in the country and before their initiation into citizenship was eaten at a feast attended by themselves and their friends. (Willetts, CCF 116 and 205). Feasting also took place at other heroa, cf. Eretria III, 65; M. Launey, Le sanctuaire et le culte d'Héraklès à Thasos, 131 f.; H. W. Parke, op. cit. 77 f.

96 C. G. Yavis op. cit. 208 ff.

97 The pots in the table group which appear in this report are as follows: nos. 1–14, 16, 18–19, 21–3, 26–30, 34, 37–41, 43, 56, 61, 79. Their dates are listed in the catalogue.

98 Hesp. 31 (1962) 6 f.

99 BSA lxxii (1977) 85–106.

100 KDS E12, F9–10, G2–4, 10, 12 and many other fragments.

101 KDS. Examples in all Hellenistic deposits.

102 Ibid. 86 f.

103 Troy, Suppl. III 57.