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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 September 2013
The long stoa at the Amphiaraion, Oropos, was excavated by the Greek Archaeological Society in 1884, 1886, and 1887, and received a preliminary description in PAE 1884, 93–4, pl. E. by Doerpfeld and in PAE 1887, 59–62 by Leonardos. A much fuller publication of the stoa by F. Versace appeared in AM xxxiii (1908) 247–72, since when no detailed study of the building has been published. In view of the interest presented by certain features of the plan and orders of the building a close reconsideration of its original appearance and its stylistic affiliations seems worthwhile. For Versace's publication, though in many ways excellent, is insufficiently illustrated and does not treat satisfactorily some of the problems presented by the stoa. The present study, which attempts to shed further light on these problems and to supplement the description of Versace, is based, except where mentioned, on new drawings, plans, and measurements.
Acknowledgements: A number of scholars have kindly helped me in my study of this building, and it is a pleasure to express my gratitude to them. I must thank V. G. Kallipolitis and N. Verdelis, successive Ephors of Antiquities for Attica, for permission to study the stoa, and to the Greek Archaeological Service for allowing me to publish this paper. B. Chr. Petrakos kindly read an early draft and his very useful suggestions have been incorporated in the present version. Dr. W. H. Plommer, who also read through my work at various stages, has corrected many errors and I have benefited from numerous discussions with him. I am very grateful also to A. H. S. Megaw for his careful revision of my text and particularly for his help with the section on the roof of the stoa.
Abbreviations: In addition to the normally accepted abbreviations, the following are used below:
Anaktoro. M. Andronikos, G. Bakalakis, C. Makaronas, N. Moutsopoulos, Τὸ Ἀνάκτορο τῆς Βεργίνας
Assos J. Bacon, F. Clark, R. Koldewey, Investigations at Assos.
Corinth Corinth: Results of Excavations conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
Délos École française d'Athènes, Exploration archéologique de Délos.
Doerpfeld PAE 1884, 93–4.
F. de D. École française d'Athènes, Fouilles de Delphes
Heuzey-Daumet L. Heuzey, H. Daumet, Mission archéologique de Macédoine.
Leonardos PAE 1887, 59–62.
Megalopolis E. A. Gardner et al., Excavations at Megalopolis, 1890–1.
Milet T. Wiegand, Milet: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen seit dem Jahre 1899.
Olympia E. Curtius, F. Adler, Olympia: die Ergebnisse der vom Deutschen Reich veranstalteten Ausgrabungen.
Priene T. Wiegand, M. Schrader, Priene: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1895–98.
Roux G. Roux, L'Architecture de l'Argolide aux iv et iii siècles avant J-C.
Shoe L. T. Shoe, The Profiles of Greek Mouldings.
Thasos, L'Agora I R. Martin, Études thasiennes VI, L'Agora I.
Versace AM xxxiii (1908) 247–72.
1 This contains a discussion of previous literature. There is little more to add; R. Martin mentions the stoa in the general study of the Greek stoa at the end of his Recherches sur l'agora grècque, 451, and G. Roux discusses some of the peculiarities of its Doric and Ionic orders in L'Architecture de l'argolide aux IV et III siècles av. J-C. 325, 335, 383, 384, 386.
2 108·67 m. according to Versace (269). The two end walls are 0·66 to 0·67 m. wide and the stylobate projected c. 0·02 m. beyond them at each end.
3 Doerpfeld, Leonardos, and Versace refer to the ends of the stoa as east and west, but it seems preferable to use the more accurate terms north-east and south-west.
4 e.g. in the Market of Trajan (partly visible in MacDonald, W. L., The Architecture of the Roman Empire i, pls. 85, 90, 92Google Scholar) and at Pompeii ( Mau, A., Pompeii in Leben und Kunst ed. 2 (1908) 287 Google Scholar, figs. 147, 148, 157), and Ostia.
5 Assos 103.
6 Priene 191–2.
7 Assos 45.
8 Thasos, L'Agora I, 19–20, Plan C.
9 Milet I. vi. 6.
10 Priene 191–2.
11 Thasos, L'Agora I, 23.
12 Recognized by Doerpfeld, 93.
13 Olympia, Plates, Architecture pl. li; Olympia Bericht ii, 33, fig. 19.
14 The figure given by Doerpfeld (93) is 5·71 m; this is followed by Leonardos (56) and Versace (269). Since Versace's figure for the total length of the stoa is very close to mine, he has to place the end columns of the central colonnade much closer to the end walls (pl. xii. 2). My measurements for the intercolumniation varied from 5·59 to 5·68 m. with an average of 5·66 m.
15 Where the wall returns along the front of the stoa, its inner face was probably set back c. 0·04 m. from the rear edge of the stylobate, thus making the axis of the central colonnade coincide exactly with the long axis of the stoa.
16 This is the figure which Versace gives (269). Doerpeld (93) and Leonardos (59) give 2·28 m.
17 Versace, pl, xii. 2, xiii. 2.
18 e.g. South Stoa, Argive Heraion; Stoa Basileios, Athens; South Stoa, Corinth; Stoa of Antigonos, Delos; Stoa of Attalos, Athens, etc.
19 It is ironic that with Versace's figure of 5·71 m. this relationship could be made exact, while my figure of 5·66m. suits the irregularity shown in his plan (pl. xii. 2).
20 For further discussion of this feature of the plan, see pp. 179–80.
21 Bouras, Ch., Ἡ Ἀναστήλωσις τῆς Στοᾶς τῆς Βραυρῶνος 32–3.Google Scholar
22 Corinth I. iv. 91–2.
23 Thasos, L'Agora I. 17–19.
24 Not noticed by Versace, 269.
25 BSA lix (1964) 106. Drum no. 1 (in situ) has a lower diameter of 0·59 m. in the flutes but drum no. 2, with a lower diameter of 0·58 m. is also a bottom drum for its lower face, revealed only recently when the drum was knocked over, has no dowel hole. Ch. Bouras, op. cit., 35.
26 Varying from 0·89 to 1·21 m. but only six fall outside the group 1·05 to 1·15 m.
27 This, as all subsequent proportions involving the lower column diameter, is based on a lower diameter of 0·626 m. in the flutes. Versace 269, pl. xii assumes a lower diameter of 0·65 and a height of 3·90 m.
28 I date the stoa to the mid fourth century B.C. (see below). The slenderest temple columns of the fourth century are those of the Temple of Zeus at Nemea, but those of the Tholoi at Delphi and Epidauros were taller (6·82 lower diameters, BCH Ixiv–lxv (1940–1) 121–7; 6·92 lower diameters, Roux 140).
29 Because of difficulties in measurement, my figures may sometimes have been a few millimetres out. But the variation in diminution, even between drums which appear to have occupied the same position in the column, is much more than this (minimum diminution: 0·006 m. in 1·095 m., maximum diminution: 0·035 m. in 1·47 m.). The stone used for the columns is a soft and easily damaged poros which was originally covered with stucco now largely lost, so that little weight can be put on the figures obtained for the diminution.
30 Versace 268, gives capital height: 0·266 m., abacus height: 0·105 m., height of echinus, annulets, and neck: 0·16 m., abacus width: 0·675 m.
31 One of the inscribed frieze blocks consists of two metopes and two triglyphs.
32 The shape of the triglyph groove tops and of the small ears is wrongly shown by Versace, pl. xiv. 5.
33 Leonardos (60) records only Γ, Ο and Ν, Versace (26) only Γ Ο and Ο Ι. All five can now be seen in the Amphiaraion Museum.
34 AE 1925–6, 21–2. I owe this reference to the kindness of B. Chr. Petrakos.
35 Cf. AE 1885, 154.
36 My terms for describing mouldings are taken from Lucy Shoe. For the receding corona see L. Shoe 106, pl. iv. 1–7.
37 L. Shoe, pl. lv. 4–6.
38 Compare the block from the north corner of the north-east end of the stoa, shown in Versace, pl. xiv. 4.
39 Conze, A., Hauser, A., Untersuchungen auf Samothrake II. 50 Google Scholar, pl. LVI. iii; Vallois, R., L'architecture hellénique et hellénistique à Délos ii. 213–15.Google Scholar
40 Olympia, Plates I, pl. xxxvii.
41 Versace 262, pl. xiv. I gives the lower diameter as 0·61 m. and since he omits the apophyge, the whole proportions of the Ionic base are wrongly shown.
42 Contrast Versace, pl. xiv. 1.
43 One of these is obviously a late copy. Its abacus is merely bevelled instead of being a cyma reversa; the eyes of the volutes are hemispherical, while on all the other capitals of Group I they are flat with square holes to take an inset eye; and its workmanship is inferior. The following remarks about Group I do not apply to this capital.
44 Versace 262 gives the height as 88 cm., presumably a misprint for 28 cm.
45 p. 262. He does not otherwise differentiate the two groups.
46 There is no known instance of unfluted columns in the cella of a temple of the fourth century or earlier. The unfluted Doric columns inside the Metroon at Olympia are late reworkings of originally fluted columns, and in any case they may belong rather to the Echo Stoa (Olympia, Text II, 38, fig. 1θ).
47 Versace 262; in his pl. xiv. 2, the volutes are drawn too big and the crowning moulding is shown as a straight bevel instead of a cyma reversa.
48 Versace does not mention these peculiarities or the resultant problems.
49 The actual dimensions given below to roof timbers are therefore all hypothetical, and so are not discussed in detail.
50 Versace, pl. xiii. He does not discuss the problems in his text.
51 Megalopolis 64–5.
52 Délos v. 35–6.
53 Jdi xxxi (1916) 306–9.
54 Humann, C., Magnesia am Maeander 133–4.Google Scholar
55 Hesperia vi (1937) 36.
56 Dinsmoor, W. B., The Architecture of Ancient Greece, ed. 2 339.Google Scholar
57 Hesperia xxix (1960) 351–4. The two column heights are equivalent to 7·12 and 7·81 times their respective lower diameters.
58 Cf. Waldstein, C., The Argive Heraeum i, pl. xxii.Google Scholar
59 Hodge, A. T., The Woodwork of Greek Roofs 92–3.Google Scholar
60 e.g. those from the Tholos and the Stoa Basileios, Athens (Hesperia Supp. iv. 65, Hesperia vi (1937) 36–7), and those from the Dema House (BSA lvii (1962) 84).Google Scholar
61 Shown in Shoe, pl. xix. 12, and discussed briefly ibid. 36.
62 Versace 264–6 gives a satisfactory description of the bench.
63 R. Koldewey, O. Puchstein, Die Griechischen Tempel in Unteritalien und Sicilien, fig. 148.
64 BSA xlv (1950) 81.
65 The Temple of Poseidon at Sounion, the Nike Temple in Athens, the Stoa at Brauron ( Bouras, Ch., Ἡ ἀναστήλωσις τῆς Στοᾶς τῆς Βραυρῶνος 28 Google Scholar), the West Stoa of the Asklepieion at Athens (BCH lxiii (1949) 345, fig. 13)Google Scholar and the Portico of Philo at Eleusis. In all these cases there is just a single groove.
66 BCH lxiii (1949) 327, fig. 7.
67 Versace, pl. xi.
68 AA liii (1938), col. 39, fig. 4.
69 Except Temple A in Kos ( Herzog, R., Kos i, pl. 3, 4Google Scholar).
70 I use the word Peloponnesian to describe the distinctive school of architecture discussed by G. Roux in L'Architecture de l'Argolide aux iv et iii siècles av. J-C. Besides the Peloponnese, this school includes Delphi, Aetolia, and Acarnania. Roux contrasts this mainly with Attic and Ionian architecture, but that of Macedonia should perhaps also be distinguished. In the body of the present discussion the architecture of Oropos is not presumed to belong to any of these schools.
71 It is true that the risers at Oropos have stippled panels surrounded by a smooth margin, but both panel and margin are in the same plane so that the effect is much less emphatic than that normal in the Peloponnese.
72 F. de D., Le Sanctuaìre d'Athéna Pronaia ii, pl. iii.
73 F. de D., Le Trésor de Cyrène, pl. viii, ix.
74 Roux 92, fig. 16.
75 Blouet, A., Expédition scientifique de Morée iii, pl. 74.Google Scholar
76 Courby, F., Picard, C., Recherches archéologiques à Stratos d'Acarnanie, 28, fig. 11.Google Scholar
77 BCH lxxxvi (1962) 297, fig. 25.
78 Unedited Antiquities of Attica, chap. ix, pl. 3.
79 BCH lxxxvi (1962) 297.
80 Roux 293, fig. 89.
81 Noack, F., Eleusis 126 Google Scholar, fig. 56.
82 Anaktoro, pl. 21. 2.
83 Délos VII. i. 36, fig. 38.
84 BCH lxxxvi (1962) 295, fig. 23; 297, fig. 25.
85 Délos v, fig. 24, 25.
86 The Oropos capital gives the following figures for the proportions used by Roux in his Annexe I (Roux 410–11): Ech.H./Cap.H. 0·288; Ab.H./Ech.H. 1·39; Cap.H./Neck D. 0·495; Ab.L./Ech.H. 9·32; Ab.L./D. below Ech. 1·175; D. below Ech./Ech.H. 7·92. These figures mostly fall near the bottom of their tables, i.e. towards the mid fourth century.
87 e.g. the Portico of Philo at Eleusis, where the frieze and architrave have equal heights to match the hall behind, constructed in the fifth century. Cf. Roux 412–13.
88 Wiegand, T., Porosarchitektur der Akropolis zu Athen 12 Google Scholar, fig. 9, 14a: metope taenia c. 0·005 m. lower than triglyph taenia.
89 Ibid. 149, fig. 133, pl. xii, xiii, 2: triglyph taenia = c. 0·055 m., metope taenia = c. 0·05 m.
90 Assos 153–7.
91 T. Wiegand, op. cit., figs. 118, 119; triglyph taenia = 0·186 m., metope taenia = 0·167 m.
92 F. de D., Le Tenace du Temple, pl. xi.
93 R. Koldewey, O. Puchstein, Die Griechische Tempel in Unteritalien und Sicilien, passim.
94 Milet i. 6, fig. 10, 12. For date, 91.
95 Megalopolis, fig. 57. For the probable restoration, 66.
96 Olympia, Plates, Architecture, pl. 1.
97 AJA 2 xv (1911) 37, fig. 1.
98 Heuzey–Daumet, pl. 9 shows the triglyph taenia higher than the metope taenia, but in Anaktoro, pl. 21. 1 the two taenias appear to be equal.
99 AJA 2 x (1906) 302 ff.
100 A single earlier example in Sicily, in the temple at Segesta, need hardly be considered in this context since it is unlikely to have affected the architects of mainland Greece.
101 de Mire, G., de la Coste-Messelière, P., Delphes, pl. 232.Google Scholar
102 Also the otherwise undated fourth-century temple at the Ptoan sanctuary. All these have a bevelled lip to the groove top, while those of the Oropos stoa are unbevelled.
103 Cf. Versace 258, not a very accurate drawing.
104 e.g. North-west Stoa, Thasos (Thasos, L'Agora I, Plan H) Stoa, Lindos ( Blinkenberg, C., Kinch, K. F., Dyggve, E., Lindos; Fouilles et Recherches, 1902–14, 1952, iii. i, pl. VI. E. ii–iiiGoogle Scholar), Temple of Artemis, Epidauros (Roux, pl. 55).
105 The earliest buildings on the Acropolis do not have this ear, neither does the Treasury of the Athenians at Delphi. The use of it appears to date from the early fifth century as in Buildings B and C on the Acropolis, and thereafter all the Doric buildings have it.
106 Not many buildings of the fourth century have survived; but the East Stoa of the Asklepieion at Athens, the Portico of Philo at Eleusis, and the Choregic monument of Nikias all have the ear.
107 At Bassai the ear is shown by Cockerell and Robertson but omitted by von Hallerstein and Blouet.
108 Built with the spoils of the battle of Leuktra (Paus. xii. 11. 5), so probably dated 370–365. For the details of the frieze, see Roux 324, fig. 101.
109 Dated c. 310 by Orlandos, , AD 1915, 108–110.Google Scholar
110 Dated by Doerpfeld to early Hellenistic times. Doerpfeld, W., Das Kabirenheiligtum bei Theben i. 16.Google Scholar But the form of the triglyph tops and the use of H-clamps suggest a midfourth-century date.
111 The half-grooves of the Leuktra monument unfortunately have damaged tops: BCH lxxxiii (1959) 677, fig. 8.
112 BCH lxxxvi (1962) 808, fig. 21; P. M. Petsas, Ὁ τάφος τῶν Λευκαδίων, fig. 19, pl. 31a.
113 Anaktoro, pl. xxi. 1. Heuzey–Daumet, pl. 9.
114 BCH lxxxv (1961) 799, fig. 2.
115 Milet i. 6, fig. 11.
116 Shoe 41, pl. xx. 31.
117 Temple of Artemis, Ephesos; Temple of Athena, Priene; Temple of Asklepios, Priene. Shoe 41–2, pl. xx. 32–5.
118 Shoe 42, pl. xx. 37, 38.
119 P. M. Petsas, Ὁ Τάφος τῶν Λευκαδίων, figs. 21–3.
120 Shoe 113, pl. lv. 3–6.
121 Shoe 105, whence I take my terms. The mouldings quoted can be seen in her pl. lv.
122 F. Noack, Eleusis, fig. 61, but note the groove shown in fig. 62.
123 Shoe 71, 73, 85, etc.; Roux 415.
124 BCH lxxxvi (1962) 302–4.
125 This curtailment of a moulding is paralleled by the use of an ovolo for a cyma reversa on the cornice soffit.
126 The earliest are those of the South Stoa at Corinth, which, if Broneer is right (Corinth I. iv. 98), is of Macedonian rather than purely Peloponnesian origin, and the Tholos at Epidauros, which was considerably influenced by Athens (in the twenty-four-fluted columns and the shape of the rosette on the metopes, Roux 179–82).
127 Olympia, Plates I, pl. lv. 15.
128 Corinth xiv. 76, fig. 22; said to be wrongly drawn (P. M. Petsas, Ὁ Τάφος τῶν Λευκαδίων, 74 n. 2).
129 Even in Athens, the base with a scotia between two tori may not have been standard in the early fourth century.
130 Figures in brackets give the proportions
131 T = Height of Lower Torus, S=Height of Scotia, t = Height of Upper Torus.
132 Roux 334–6, 417–19.
133 Hesperia xxix (1960) 354.
134 PAE 1905, 82–4, figg. 23–7; Roux 346–7, pl. 92.
135 Roux, fig. 54 and fig. 69.
136 Roux, fig. 103.
137 Corinth I. iv, fig. 22.
138 BCH lxxviii (1954) 35, fig. 15.
139 47 Winckelmannsprogramm, 1887.
140 An Ionic capital from Athens, (AM lv (1933) 191–200)Google Scholar has a fascia above the abacus and an echinus consisting of a taenia above an ovolo.
141 Hesperia xxix (1960) 354–6, pl. 77 (also AD (Chron.) 1960 pl. 13). A slightly different capital from the same place is shown in The Athenian Agora: a Guide …, ed2., pl. x.
142 But an ovolo forms the abacus of the capitals from the Agora.
143 Hesperia xxix (1960), pl. 77.
144 Bassai; Abaton, Epidauros; Palace, Vergina; Stoa, Perachora. This form was taken from the votive capitals on the Athenian Akropolis. Puchstein, nos. 2–6.
145 Bassai; the Abaton, Epidauros; the Stoa, Perachora. There are palmettes on the Macedonian capitals, even the Propylaia to the Palace, Vergina, which has a two-element echinus.
146 AE 1917, 184.
147 Roux, pl. 94. 1.
148 Welter, G., Troizen und Kalaureia, pl. 42.Google Scholar
149 Gerkan, A. V. and Müller-Wiener, W., Das Theater von Epidauros, pl. 19.Google Scholar
150 The capital probably from the West Stoa at the Asklepieion, Athenian. (BCH lxviii–lxix (1944–1945) 343–5, 349–52.Google Scholar)
151 The Temple of Apollo, Bassai, probably by an Athenian architect. The date is still debated. Dinsmoor suggests c. 420 for the interior (Metropolitan Museum Studies iv. 2 (1933) 225) but Roux would put it some twenty to thirty years later (Roux 55–6).
152 But the capitals from the Stoa IV, Kalauria, and from the Stoa at Perachora, both have a well curved canalis.
153 BCH lxxxiii (1959) 704, fig. 21; AD 1960, pl. 66.
154 Discussed by Fiechter, in JdI xxxiii (1819) 209–18.Google Scholar The list is brought up to date in Roux 383 n. 2. A fragment from Vergina (Anaktoro, pl. xxiii. 2) should be added.
155 Jdl xxxiii (1918) 209–11, fig. 56, 56a.
156 Brea, Barnabo, Akrai 138 Google Scholar, no. 8, pl. xxvi. 2.
157 BCH lxxxiii (1959) 704, fig. 22. AD 1960, pl. 66.
158 Corinth I. iv, pl. 21. 1.
159 Roux 383–6.
160 Except for a very late capital from Rhamnous of a much more vertical type ( Pouilloux, J., La Forteresse de Rhamnonte, pl. 52. 2Google Scholar).
161 Roux, G. and Pouilloux, J., Enigmes à Delphes 12–14.Google Scholar
162 The earliest building with a pi-clamps, variously dated from the last quarter of the fifth century ( Charbonneaux, J., F. de D., Le Sanctuaire d'Athéna Pronaia ii. 31–2Google Scholar) to c. 370 (Roux 415, 418).
163 AJA 2 xiv (1910) 459 ff. They are also used in the fourth-century temple at the Ptoan Sanctuary which Orlandos dates to c. 310 (AD 1915, 108–10).
164 Roux 184.
165 Megalopolis 60.
166 Courby, F., Picard, C., Recherches archéologiques à Stratos d'Acarnanie 83.Google Scholar
167 e.g. the use of two rectangular metal dowels with a square wooden one between as in the Temple of Athena at Tegea, in the Tholos at Epidauros and in the Leonidaion at Olympia.
168 e.g. Temple of Athena at Tegea; the Tholos at Epidauros and the Echo Stoa at Olympia.
169 e.g. the Stoa of Philip in Delos; the Stoa of Kotys at Epidauros, etc.
170 Scranton, R. L., Greek Walls 85.Google Scholar Cf. Martin, R., Manuel d'architecture grecque i. 382–4.Google Scholar
171 Hesperia xxiii (1954) 40.
172 Paus. ii. 27. 6.
173 BCH lxxvii (1953) 252.
174 Unpublished.
175 Mileti i. 6. 13.
176 Priene 202.
177 Assos 33.
178 PAE 1955, 182–6.
179 AD ix (1924–5), parart. 63.
180 Unpublished.
181 BCH lxxviii (1954) 27–36.
182 Zancani-Montuoro, P., Zanotti-Bianco, U., Heraion alla Foce del Sele i. 41–6Google Scholar (dated to the archaic period and the fifth to fourth century B.C.). A similar division is to be seen in the Temple of Artemis (Room K) on the Hellenistic Agora at Messene, (Ergon 1963, fig. 98).Google Scholar
183 Waldstein, C., The Argive Heraeum i, pl. xxi.Google Scholar
184 Hesperia vi (1937), p. 11. Probably also the South Stoa at Athens, (Hesperia xxiii (1954), 40).Google Scholar
185 Corinth I. iii. 164, Plan K. For the date, ibid. 174.
186 Dyggve, E., Das Laphrion 73 Google Scholar, fig. 267.
187 Kunze, K., Schleif, H., Olympia Bericht ii. 36–8Google Scholar: iii. 37–66.
188 Roux 184.
189 Shoe, esp. 110, 113.
190 Versace 268.
191 Versace 270; but the date given for the relevant inscription by Dittenberger, (IG vii. 4255)Google Scholar is much later in the century.
192 The history of Oropos is summarized in PWK, s.v. Oropos, where the relevant references are given.
193 Roux 335.
194 Anaktoro, pl. 22. 1, 2. Heuzey–Daumet, pl. 10.
195 Anaktoro, pl. 21. 3, 22. 3. Heuzey–Daumet, pl. 12.
196 K. Rhomaios, Ὁ Μακεδονικὸς Τάφος τῆς Βεργίνας fig. 13.
197 AD 1960, pl. 48 (lower storey), pl. 49 (upper storey).
198 AD 1960, pl. 59b, BCH lxxxv (1961) 810, fig. 13.
199 AD 1960, pl. 66a, BCH lxxxiii (1959) 704, fig. 21.
200 Olympische Forschungen i, pl. 7, 8.
201 e.g. in the capitals from the Propylaia of the Palace, Vergina, (see n. 194) and from the angles of the peristyle of the house in Section I, Pella (see n. 197).
202 Roux 383 n. 2.
203 IG vii. 4250 = Tod, M. N., A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, 164B Google Scholar; IG vii. 4251 = Tod, op. cit. 164A. My attention was kindly drawn to these two inscriptions by B. Chr. Petrakos, and I have been much helped by discussion of the historical situation with J. R. Ellis.
204 Tod, op. cit. ii. 187.
205 Arrian i. 17. 9.
206 Justin vii. 5. 8–10.
207 Arrian, , Hist. Succ. Alex. i. 22.Google Scholar
208 IG vii. 3055. 8.
209 The Oropian inscription refers to him merely as Άμύνταν Περδίκκα Μακεδόνα, but the word Μακεδόνα is written over an erasure, and it has been suggested that Βασιλέα was the original word (e.g. Dittenberger, W., IG vii. 4250).Google Scholar
210 Hermes xxiv (1889) 640–3.
211 The fact that only two of these proxeny decrees were found does not mean that there were originally no more.
212 Compare the inscriptions on the Stoa of Antigonos at Delos (Délos V. 37–9), the Stoa of Philip, at Delos, (Délos VII. i. 17–22, 48)Google Scholar, the Stoa of Attalos at Athens (The Stoa of Attalos II in Athens, Agora Pict. Bk. no. 2, fig. 33), etc.
213 Petsas, P. M., Pella (Studies in Medit. Archaeol. xiv) 5.Google Scholar
214 A stoa had been erected in the agora at Thebes out of the spoils of the battle of Delion, 424 B.C. (Diod. Sic. xii. 70. 5), but it is not clear why this present stoa should have been set up at Oropos rather than at Thebes. Other stoas built as victory memorials were the Stoa Persike at Sparta (Paus. iii. 11. 3), the Stoa of Cleisthenes at Sikyon (Paus. ii. 9.6), the Corcyraean Stoa at Elis (Paus. viii. 30.6); possibly also the Stoa Poikile at Athens which had pictures celebrating the victory of Marathon.
215 Hardly victorious, since his main aim was the release of Pelopidas rather than the defeat of Alexander of Pherai. Plutarch, , Pelopidas 29.Google Scholar
216 Xen. Hell. vii. i. 41–3; Diod. Sic. xv. 75, 2.
217 The Stoa of the Athenians at Delphi, which was built to house battle spoils, has a monumental inscription on the stylobate ( Amandry, P., F.deD., La colonne des Naxiens et le portique des Atheniens, pl. xxiii Google Scholar). The Treasury of the Cnidians at Delphi, which has an inscribed architrave, may also have been erected from the spoils of war (Paus. ix. 11. 5, Roux, G., Pouilloux, J., Enigmes à Delphes 67–8).Google Scholar
218 BCH lxxx (1956) 384, fig. 38–9, 391.
219 Gerkan, A. v., Müller-Wiener, W., Das Theater von Epidauros, pl. 10 Google Scholar; for date, 77–80.
220 Defrasse, , Lechat, , Epidaure 136 Google Scholar; Cavvadias, P., Fouilles d'Epidaure, pl. vii. 10 Google Scholar; for date, Shoe 124–75; PAE 1905, 87; (BCHlxviii–lxix (1944–5) 349 n. 1).
221 Dyggve, E., Poulsen, F., Rhomaios, K., Das Heroon von Kalydon, 68–71 Google Scholar; for date, 109–18.
222 Herzog, R., Kos i. 43 Google Scholar, pl. 27. 7–9.
223 Dittenberger, , Syll. 3 841 Google Scholar; 852. 30–45; 898. 1–14; IG xii. 3, 324. 7–10; IG xii. 8, 73; IOSPE i. 2, 184.
