Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-02T19:11:22.865Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Intentional damage to metal artefacts in burials and hoards in the south Caucasus, 2000–550 BC

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 February 2024

Giorgi Bedianashvili*
Affiliation:
O. Lordkipanidze Archaeological Research Center, Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia
Abby Robinson
Affiliation:
School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne, Australia
*
*Author for correspondence ✉ gbedianashvili@museum.ge

Abstract

The deposition of intentionally damaged metal artefacts within burials and hoards is a phenomenon attested in areas as disparate as Ireland and the Caucasus during the Bronze and Iron Ages. While ritual significance is often attributed to such damage in burial contexts, the intentions behind the inclusion of damaged objects in hoards remain enigmatic. This article synthesises evidence for the intentional destruction of metal artefacts from 70 sites in the territory of modern Georgia and analyses patterns of deliberate damage over time and space. The study of these damaged artefacts enhances our understanding of ritual practice at a local level and locates the south Caucasus within the wider networks of this phenomenon.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Antiquity Publications Ltd

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramishvili, M. 2010. In search of the origins of metallurgy – an overview of South Caucasian evidence, in Hansen, S., Hauptmann, A., Motzenbäcker, I. & Pernicka, E. (ed.) Von Majkop bis Trialeti. Gewinnung und Verbreitung von Metallen und Obsidian in Kaukasien im 4.-2. Jt. v. Chr: 167–78. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Akhvlediani, N. 2005. Problems of the chronology of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age sites in eastern Georgia (Kvemo Sasireti hoard). Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 11: 257–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apakidze, J. & Hanssen, S.. 2020. Two Bronze Age hoards with shaft-hole axes from west Georgia. Materials for communication between central and eastern Europe. Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology) 68 (suppl. 1): 3951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedianashvili, G. & Robinson, A.. 2022. Litoni Riot'uali da Ganadgureba. Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum (in Georgian).Google Scholar
Boyd, M. 2015. Destruction and other material acts of transformation in Mycenaean funerary practice, in Harrell, K. & Driessen, J. (ed.) THRAVSMA Contextualising the international destruction of objects in the Bronze Age Aegean and Cyprus: 155–65. Louvain: Presses Universitaires de Louvain.Google Scholar
Brileva, O.A. 2011. Gamdlistskaroiskii klad i problemy ego interpretatsii, in Albegova, E. Kh., Bagaev, M. Kh. & Mamaev, Kh. M. (ed.) Boprosy drevnei i srednevekovoi archeologii Kavkaza: 111–18. Moscow: Institute Archeologii RAN (in Russian).Google Scholar
Brück, J. 2006. Fragmentation, personhood and the social construction of technology in Middle and Late Bronze Age Britain. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 16: 297315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774306000187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, J. 2000. Fragmentation in archaeology: people, places, and broken objects in the prehistory of south-eastern Europe. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. 2008. Object fragmentation and past landscapes, in David, B. & Thomas, J. (ed.) Handbook of landscape archaeology: 187201. Walnut Creek (CA): Left Coast.Google Scholar
Dietrich, O. 2014. Learning from ‘scrap’ about Late Bronze Age hoarding practices: a biographical approach to individual acts of dedication in large metal hoards of the Carpathian Basin. European Journal of Archaeology 17: 468–86. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000061CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desborough, V.R. d'A. 1972. The Greek dark ages. London: Benn.Google Scholar
Fontijn, D. 2002. Sacrificial landscapes: cultural biographies of persons, objects and ‘natural’ places in the Bronze Age of the southern Netherlands, c. 2300–600 BC (Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 33/34). Leiden: Sidestone.Google Scholar
Fontijn, D. 2020. Economies of destruction: how the systematic destruction of valuables created value in Bronze Age Europe, c. 2300–500 BC. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gambashidze, O. & Gambashidze, Ir.. 1986. Raboti Meskhet-Javakhetskoy arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii, in Lordkipanidze, O. (ed.) Polevyye Arkheologicheskiye Issledovaniye v 1984-85: 2126. Tbilisi: Metsniereba (in Russian).Google Scholar
Gambashidze, O. & Gambashidze, Ir.. 1995. Raboti Meskhet-Javakhetskoy arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii, in Lordkipanidze, O. (ed.) Polevyye Arkheologicheskiye Issledovaniye v 1988: 4854. Tbilisi: Metsniereba (in Russian).Google Scholar
Gambashidze, O., Kvijinadze, E. & Gambashidze, Ir.. 1991. Osnovnie rezultati rabot Meskhet-Javakhetskoy arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii, in Lordkipanidze, O. (ed.) Polevyye Arkheologicheskiye Issledovaniye v 1986: 2734. Tbilisi: Metsniereba (in Russian).Google Scholar
Hansen, S. 1994. Studien zu den Metalldeponierungen während der älteren Urnenfelderzeit zwischen Rhônetal und Karpatenbecken. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Hansen, S. 2016. A short history of fragments in hoards in the Bronze Age, in Baitinger, H. (ed.) Materielle Kultur und Identität im Spannungsfeld zwischen mediterraner Welt und Mitteleuropa: 185208. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner.Google Scholar
Harrell, K. 2015. The social life of Θραύσματα, in Harrell, K. & Driessen, J. (ed.) THRAVSMA Contextualising the international destruction of objects in the Bronze Age Aegean and Cyprus : 2124. Louvain: Presses Universitaires de Louvain.Google Scholar
Japaridze, O. 1969. Arkeologiuri gatkhrebi Trialetshi. Tbilisi: Sabchota Sakartvelo (in Georgian).Google Scholar
Japaridze, O. 1982. Dasavlet saqartvelo brinjaos khanashi. Matsne, 2: 4162 (in Georgian).Google Scholar
Jibladze, L. & Kvirkvaia, R.. 2019. Artifacts found in the rivers of Colchis: contingency or demonstration of a sacrificing ritual? ArchaeoSpectrum 2: 7277.Google Scholar
Jorjikashvili, L. & Gogadze, E.. 1974. Pamiatniki Trieleti epokhi ranei i srednei bronzy. Tbilisi: Metsniereba (in Russian).Google Scholar
Kakhiani, K. & Ghlighvashvili, E.. 2008. Bronze Age barrows in southeast Georgia, in Sagona, A. & Abramishvili, M. (ed.) Archaeology in southern Caucasus: perspectives from Georgia: 229–47. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Knight, M.G. 2019. Going to pieces: investigating the deliberate destruction of Late Bronze Age swords and spearheads. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 85: 251–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2019.3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, M.G. 2021. There's method in the fragments: a damage ranking system for Bronze Age metalwork. European Journal of Archaeology 24: 4867. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2020.21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koridze, D. 1968. Davicvat da gadavarchinot shemtkhvevit agmochenili arqeologiuri dzeglebi (Tiriphonis velze shemtkhvevit agmochenil archeologiuri dzeglis gamo). Dzeglis megobari 15: 3240 (in Georgian).Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K. 1978. The consumption of wealth in Bronze Age Denmark, in Kristiansen, K. & Paludan-Müller, C. (ed.) New directions in Scandinavian archaeology: studies in Scandinavian prehistory and early history: 158–90. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.Google Scholar
Kuftin, B. 1949. Materialy k arkheologii Kolkhidy, volume I. Tbilisi: Tekhnika da shroma (in Russian).Google Scholar
Kuijpers, M.H. & Popa, C.N.. 2021. The origins of money: calculation of similarity indexes demonstrates the earliest development of commodity money in prehistoric central Europe. PLoS ONE 16: e0240462. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240462CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, M. 2015. Death of a swordsman, death of a sword: the killing of swords in the Early Iron Age Aegean (ca. 1050 to ca. 690 BCE), in Lee, G., Whittaker, H. & Wrightson, G. (ed.) Ancient Warfare: Introducing Current Research: 1431. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Lordkipanidze, O. 2001. Gandzebi kolkhur brinjaos kulturashi (funcciis definiciisa da kulturul-sociologiuri interpretaciis cda) [Hoards in Colchian Bronze culture: their role and purpose]. Dziebani: The Journal of the Centre for Archaeological Studies of the Georgian Academy of Sciences, Supplement 6: 178–94 (in Georgian).Google Scholar
Maraszek, R. 2000. Late Bronze Age axe hoards in western and northern Europe, in Pare, C. (ed.) Metal makes the world go round: the supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age Europe: 209–24. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Mörtz, T. 2018. Violence and ritual in Late Bronze Age Britain: weapon depositions and their interpretation, in Horn, C. & Kristiansen, K. (ed.) Warfare in Bronze Age society: 166–88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316884522.012Google Scholar
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent asunder: ritual violence in Late Bronze Age hoards, in Pare, C. (ed.) Metal makes the world go round: the supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age Europe: 160–75. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Needham, S. 2001. When expediency broaches ritual intention: the flow of metal between systemic and buried domains. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 7: 275–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00063CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Primas, M. 1981. Erntemesser der jüngeren und späten Bronzezeit, in Lorenz, H. (ed.) Studien zur Bronzezeit: 363–74. Mainz: Zabern.Google Scholar
Quilliec, T. 2008. Use, wear and damage: treatment of bronze swords before deposition, in Hamon, C. & Quilliec, B. (ed.) Hoards from the Neolithic to the Metal Ages: technical and codified practices : 6778. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Ramishvili, A. 1998. Shida Kartlis Brinjaos khanis phinaluri stadiebis archeologiis problemebi. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Centre of Archaeological Studies, Georgia (in Georgian).Google Scholar
Ramishvili, A. 2001. K'olkhuri da shida (shida) kartlis k'ult’urebis urtiertobis sak'itkhebi natsargoras samarovnis mikhedvit, in Lordkipanidze, O. (ed.) Neolit-brinjaos khanis arkeologiis sak'itkhebi : 156–70 (in Georgian).Google Scholar
Ramishvili, R. et al. 2004. Agmosavlet saqartvelos mtienetis eqspedicia, in Ramishvili, R. (ed.) Savele-archeologiuri kveva-dzieba 1989–1992: 95103. Tbilisi: Centre of Archaeological Studies (in Georgian).Google Scholar
Reinhold, S. 2005. Vom Ende Europas? Zu den Depotfunden im Kaukasus, in Horjes, B., Junge, R., Kaiser, E. & Teržan, B. (ed.) Interpretationsraum Bronzezeit: 345–73. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Reinhold, S. 2007. Die Spätbronze- und frühe Eisenzeit im Kaukasus: materielle Kultur, Chronologie und überregionale Beziehungen (Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 144). Bonn: R. Habelt.Google Scholar
Rezi, B. 2011. Voluntary destruction and fragmentation in Late Bronze Age hoards from central Transylvania, in Berecki, S., Nemeth, R.E. & Rezi, B. (ed.) Bronze Age rites and rituals in the Carpathian Basin: 303–34. Târgu Mureș: Editura MEGA.Google Scholar
Sadradze, V., Khokhobashvili, T., Ghlighvashvili, E. & Dzneladze, M.. 2018. Shua da gviani brinjaos khanis nat'akht’aris samarovani. Tbilisi: National Academy of Georgia (in Georgian).Google Scholar
Sakharova, L. 2003. Samushao iaragebi kolkhetis da Kobanis kulturashi. Dziebani 9: 4147 (in Georgian).Google Scholar
Sommerfeld, C. 1994. Gerätegeld Sichel: studien zur monetären Struktur bronzezeitlicher Horte im nördlichen Mitteleuropa. Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trapsh, M. 1969. Trudy, vol. 2. Sokhumi: Alashara (in Russian).Google Scholar
Trapsh, M. 1970. Trudy, vol. 1. Sokhumi: Alashara (in Russian).Google Scholar
Verlaeckt, K. 2000. Hoarding and the circulation of metalwork in Late Bronze Age Denmark: quantification and beyond, in Pare, C. (ed.) Metal makes the world go round: the supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age Europe: 194208. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Webb, J. & Frankel, D.. 2015. Coincident biographies: bent and broken blades in Bronze Age Cyprus, in Harrell, K. & Driessen, J. (ed.) THRAVSMA Contextualising the intentional destruction of objects in the Bronze Age Aegean and Cyprus: 117–42. Louvain: Presses Universitaires de Louvain.Google Scholar
Williams, H. 2001. Death, memory and time: a consideration of the mortuary practices at Sutton Hoo, in Humphrey, C. & W.Ormrod, M. (ed.) Time in the medieval world: 3571. Woodbridge: Boydell.Google Scholar
Wiseman, R. 2018. Random accumulation and breaking: the formation of Bronze Age scrap hoards in England and Wales. Journal of Archaeological Science 90: 3949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.12.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmermann, T. 2010. Verbogen, zerschlagen, zerhackt – Spuren ekstatischer Inszenierungen in frühbronzezeitlichen Gräbern Anatoliens. Colloquium Anatolicum 9: 367–80.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Bedianashvili and Robinson supplementary material

Bedianashvili and Robinson supplementary material
Download Bedianashvili and Robinson supplementary material(File)
File 59 KB