¹ David ARMITAGE, Foundations of Modern International Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013) at 26.

² These authors were Giovanni da Legnano, Francisco Vitoria, Balthasar Ayala, Pierino Belli, Francisco Suarez, Alberico Gentili, Hugo Grotius, Samuel Rachel, Richard Zouche, Cornelius van Bynkershoek, Johann Wolfgang Textor, Samuel von Pufendorf, Christian von Wolff, Emer de Vattel, and Henry Wheaton. James Brown SCOTT, ed., The Classics of International Law (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1911–1950).

³ Martine Julia VAN ITTERSUM, “Hugo Grotius: The Making of a Founding Father of International Law” in Anne ORFORD and Florian HOFFMANN, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the Theory of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 82 at 82.

⁴ Paolo AMOROSA, Rewriting the History of the Law of Nations: How James Brown Scott Made Francisco de Vitoria the Founder of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).

⁵ COETZEE, J. M., “What is a Classic?” (1993) 5 Current Writing 7CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 19.

⁶ The term “classic” is used throughout the article as a synonym of “classic author”.

⁷ See, for example, Charles Augustin SAINTE-BEUVE, “Qu'est-ce qu'un Classique? [What Is a Classic?]” Causeries du lundi Volume 3 (1850); Charles Augustin SAINTE-BEUVE, “What Is a Classic?” in Charles W. ELIOT, ed., The Harvard Classics Volume 32: Literary and Philosophical Essays (French, German, and Italian) (New York: PF Collier & Son Company, 1909); Harold BLOOM, The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994).

⁸ Sainte-Beuve, supra note 8.

⁹ LAUTERPACHT, Hersch, “The Grotian Tradition in International Law” (1946) 23 British Yearbook of International Law 1Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Eric HOBSBAWN and Terence RANGER, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).

¹¹ Luciano PEREÑA, “La tesis de la paz dinámica” in Luciano PEREÑA, ed., Corpus Hispanorum de Pace, vol VI (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1981), 29 at 65.

¹² SCARFI, Juan Pablo, “Camilo Barcia Trelles on the Meaning of the Monroe Doctrine and the Legacy of Vitoria in the Americas” (2020) 31 European Journal of International Law 1463CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³ Van Ittersum, supra note 3.

¹⁴ Stephane BEAULAC, The Power of Language in the Making of International Law, The Word Sovereignty in Bodin and Vattel and the Myth of Westphalia (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2004).

¹⁵ Martti KOSKENNIEMI, To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth: Legal Imagination and International Power 1300–1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021) at 1.

¹⁶ See, forthcoming, Randall LESAFFER, ed., The Cambridge History of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023–2030).

¹⁷ This ten-fold list is loosely inspired by Italo CALVINO's (1986) fourteen-fold list of attributes of a classic in his “Why Read the Classics?” The New York Review of Books (9 October 1986), online: The New York Review <https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1986/10/09/why-read-the-classics/>.

¹⁸ Martin WIGHT, International Theory: The Three Traditions (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1991) at 113.

¹⁹ C. H. ALEXANDROWICZ, The Law of Nations in Global History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).

²⁰ KOSKENNIEMI, Martti, “Empire and International Law: The Real Spanish Contribution” (2011) 61 University of Toronto Law Journal 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 4.

²¹ Andrew FITZMAURICE, “The Problem of Eurocentrism in the Thought of Francisco de Vitoria” in José María BENEYTO and Justo Corti VARELA, eds., At the Origins of Modernity: Francisco de Vitoria and the Discovery of International Law (Cham: Springer, 2017), 77.

²² See for example, Robert John S. J. ARAUJO, “Our Debt to de Vitoria: A Catholic Foundation of Human Rights” (2011–2012) 10 Ave Maria Law Review 313.

²³ Antony ANGHIE, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

²⁴ Ignacio DE LA RASILLA, “The History of International Law 1550–1700” Oxford Bibliographies in International Law (22 February 2018), online: Oxford Bibliographies <https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199796953/obo-9780199796953-0036.xml>.

²⁵ Carl SCHMITT, The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum (New York: Telos Press, 2003) at 83. Originally published as Carl SCHMITT, Der Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europaeum (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1950).

²⁶ Ibid, at 39.

²⁷ Oliver DIGGELMANN, “The Periodization of the History of International Law” in Bardo FASSBENDER and Anne PETERS, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 997.

²⁸ DE LA RASILLA, Ignacio, “The Problem of Periodization in the History of International Law” (2019) 37 Law and History Review 275CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁹ Chris BROWN, Terry NARDIN, and Nicholas RENGGER, eds., International Relations in Political Thought: Texts from the Ancient Greeks to the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

³⁰ Anthony PAGDEN and Jeremy LAWRANCE, eds., Vitoria: Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

³¹ Ramón SORIANO, Historia Tematica de los Derechos Humanos (Madrid: Editorial Mad, 2009).

³² Armitage, supra note 1.

³³ Thomas DUVE, José Luis EGÍO, and Christiane BIRR, eds., The School of Salamanca: A Case of Global Knowledge Production (Leiden: Brill, 2021).

³⁴ Randall LESAFFER and Janne E. NIJMAN, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Hugo Grotius (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021).

³⁵ Wight, supra note 18.

³⁶ Koskenniemi, supra note 15 at 5.

³⁷ Annabel BRETT, Megan DONALDSON, and Martti KOSKENNIEMI, “Introduction” in Annabel BRETT, Megan DONALDSON, and Martti KOSKENNIEMI, eds., History, Politics, Law: Thinking Through the International (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 1 at 1.

³⁸ Emmanuelle JOUANNET, Vattel and the Emergence of Classic International Law (Oxford: Hart, 2009).

³⁹ Lauterpacht, supra note 9.

⁴⁰ Ibid., at 51.

⁴¹ Hersch LAUTERPACHT, An International Bill of the Rights of Man (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945).

⁴² Ignacio DE LA RASILLA, “Grotian Revivals in the History and Theory of International Law” in Randall LESAFFER and Janne E. NIJMAN, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Hugo Grotius (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 578.

⁴³ Lauterpacht, supra note 9 at 51.

⁴⁴ See for example, PARRY, John T., “What is the Grotian Tradition in International Law?” (2014) 35 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 299Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ See, more recently, Tom SPARKS and Mark SOMOS, “Grotian Moments: An Introduction” (2021) 42 Grotiana 179, introducing a symposium on the concept of “Grotian moments”.

⁴⁶ Hersch LAUTERPACHT, The Function of Law in the International Community (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933) at 91.

⁴⁷ See for example, ROBLEDO, Antonio GÓMEZ, “Le ius cogens international: sa genèse, sa nature, ses fonctions” (1981) 172 Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law 2Google Scholar, at 23–5.

⁴⁸ Calvino, supra note 17.

⁴⁹ KENNEDY, David W., “Primitive Legal Scholarship” (1986) 27 Harvard International Law Journal 1Google Scholar at 2.

⁵⁰ Jan KLABBERS, Anna PETERS, and Geir ULFSTEIN, The Constitutionalization of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

⁵¹ See for example, Rafael DOMINGO and John WITTE, Jr., eds., Christianity and Global Law (London and New York: Routledge, 2020).

⁵² Peter HAGGENMACHER, Grotius et la doctrine de la guerre juste (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1983).

⁵³ VIEIRA, Mónica BRITO, “Mare Liberum vs. Mare Clausum: Grotius, Freitas, and Selden's Debate on Dominion Over the Sea” (2003) 64 Journal of the History of Ideas 361Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ Cornelis VAN VOLLENHOVEN, De Drie Treden van het Volkenrecht (Uitgever: Martinus Nijhoff, 1918).

⁵⁵ Van Ittersum, supra note 3.

⁵⁶ For example, the Grotiana foundation, with a journal specifically devoted to Grotius's themes, online: <https://grotiana.eu>.

⁵⁷ For example, the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies at Leiden University: Leiden University, “Grotius Centre”, online: Universiteit Leiden <https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/law/institute-of-public-law/grotius-centre>.

⁵⁸ This was built with funds from the Carnegie institution, later the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, of which J. B. Scott, the series-editor of The Classics, became a highly influential figure. See Amorosa, supra note 4.

⁵⁹ The Hague Academy of International Law was also initially bankrolled by J. B. Scott through the Carnegie Endowment. See Amorosa, supra note 4.

⁶⁰ For instance, the Asociacion Francisco de Vitoria established in 1926. See for example, Ignacio DE LA RASILLA, “Francisco de Vitoria's Unexpected Transformations and Reinterpretations for International Law” (2013) 15 International Community Law Review 287.

⁶¹ Association Internationale Vitoria-Suarez, ed., Vitoria y Suarez: Contribution des théologiens au droit international moderne (Paris: A. Pedone, 1939).

⁶² For a recent analysis Julia BÜHNER, “Histories Hidden in the Shadow: Vitoria and the International Ostracism of Francoist Spain” (2020) 22 Journal of the History of International Law 421.

⁶³ For example, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria in Madrid (est 1993): http://www.ufvinternational.com/en/.

⁶⁴ A sentence that was then commuted to life imprisonment in the Loevestein Castle prison, from which Grotius, furthermore, famously escaped inside a book chest in 1621, an event which was even celebrated in its fourth centenary in 2021. See for example, Otto VERVAART, “Grotius Through Students’ Eyes” (11 October 2021), online: Rechtsgeschiedenis Blog <https://rechtsgeschiedenis.wordpress.com/tag/hugo-grotius/>.

⁶⁵ Martine VAN ITTERSUM, Profit and Principle: Hugo Grotius, Natural Rights Theories and the Rise of Dutch Power in the East Indies (1595–1615) (Leiden: Brill, 2006).

⁶⁶ Ignacio DE LA RASILLA, In the Shadow of Vitoria: A History of International Law in Spain 1770–1953 (Leiden: Brill, 2017).

⁶⁷ Schmitt, supra note 25 at 125.

⁶⁸ Ibid., at 115.

⁶⁹ David ARMITAGE, “In Defence of Presentism” in Darrin M. MCMAHON, ed., History and Human Flourishing (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022, forthcoming), online: Harvard University <https://scholar.harvard.edu/armitage/publications/defense-presentism>.

⁷⁰ James Brown SCOTT, The Spanish Origin of International Law: Francisco de Vitoria and His Law of Nations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934) at 10a.

⁷¹ Juan Pablo SCARFI, “The Latin American Politics of International Law: Latin American Countries’ Engagements with International Law and Their Contradictory Impact on the Liberal International Order” (article forthcoming, 2022) Cambridge Review of International Affairs, at 2, online: Taylor Francis <https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2021.1920887>.

⁷² Anghie, supra note 23 at 28.

⁷³ Anghie, supra note 23 at 15.

⁷⁴ De la Rasilla, supra note 42. See also Luis ESLAVA, Michael FAKHRI, and Vasuki NESIAH, eds., Bandung, Global History, and International Law: Critical Pasts and Pending Futures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).

⁷⁵ See for example, CAVALLAR, Georg, “Vitoria, Grotius, Pufendorf, Wolff and Vattel: Accomplices of European Colonialism and Exploitation or True Cosmopolitans?” (2008) 10 Journal of the History of International Law 181CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁶ KOSKENNIEMI, Martti, “Vitoria and Us: Thoughts on Critical Histories of International Law” (2014) 22 Rechtsgeschichte 119Google Scholar; Anne ORFORD, International Law and the Politics of History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021).

⁷⁷ Van Ittersum, supra note 3 at 99.

⁷⁸ Richard J. SMITH, The I Ching: A Biography (Lives of Great Religious Books) (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012) at 5.

⁷⁹ Ibid.

⁸⁰ Arnulf BECKER LORCA, Mestizo International Law: A Global Intellectual History 1842–1933 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).

⁸¹ See for example, Maria Adele CARRAI, Sovereignty in China: A Genealogy of a Concept since 1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019). Also, Anne PETERS, “Treaties, Unequal” Max Planck Encyclopaedia of Public International Law (February 2018), online: Oxford Public International Law <https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1495>.

⁸² Van Vollenhoven, supra note 54.

⁸³ Camilo BARCIA TRELLES, “Francisco de Vitoria et l’école moderne du droit international” (1927) 17 Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law 109; James Brown SCOTT, The Catholic Conception of International Law: Francisco de Vitoria, Founder of the Modern Law of Nations; Francisco Suárez, Founder of the Modern Philosophy of Law in General and in Particular of the Law of Nations: A Critical Examination and a Justified Appreciation (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1934).

⁸⁴ Lauterpacht, supra note 9.

⁸⁵ Schmitt, supra note 25.

⁸⁶ Ignacio DE LA RASILLA “The Three Revivals of Francisco de Vitoria in the History of International Law” in José María BENEYTO, ed., Empire, Humanism and Rights. Collected Essays on Francisco de Vitoria (Cham: Springer Nature 2022), 73. Also, De la Rasilla, supra note 42.

⁸⁷ Amorosa, supra note 4.

⁸⁸ Van Ittersum, supra note 65; De la Rasilla, supra note 66.

⁸⁹ See for example, Lesaffer and Nijman (2021), supra note 34; José María BENEYTO, ed., Empire, Humanism and Rights. Collected Essays on Francisco de Vitoria (Cham: Springer Nature 2022); Sparks and Somos, supra note 45; Koskenniemi, supra note 15. For recent bibliographical overviews, see: Pablo Antonio FERNÁNDEZ-SÁNCHEZ, “Spanish School of International Law (c. 16th and 17th Centuries)” Oxford Bibliographies in International Law (6 February 2017), online: Oxford Bibliographies <https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199796953/obo-9780199796953-0082.xml>; John HASKELL, “Hugo Grotius” Oxford Bibliographies in International Law (30 August 2016), online: Oxford Bibliographies <https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199796953/obo-9780199796953-0139.xml>.

⁹⁰ Coetzee, supra note 5 at 19.

⁹¹ Koskenniemi, supra note 15.

⁹² See for example, Joaquín MARÍN Y MENDOZA, Historia del Derecho Natural y de Gentes (Madrid: Manuel Martín, 1776); D.H.L. VON OMPTEDA, Litteratur des gesammten sowohl natürlichen als positiven Völkerrechts (Regensburg: Montags Erben, 1785); G.F. VON MARTENS, Summary of the Law of Nations: Founded on the Treaties and Customs of the Modern Nations of Europe (Philadelphia: Thomas Bradford, 1795). In English, Robert P. WARD, An Enquiry into the Foundation and History of the Law of Nations in Europe, From the Time of the Greeks and Romans, to the Age of Grotius (Dublin: P. Wogan, P. Byrne, W. Jones, and J. Rice, 1795).

⁹³ See for example, H. WHEATON, Histoire du progrès des droits de gens depuis la Paix de Westphalie jusqu'au congrès de Vienne (Leipzig: Brokhaus, 1841); C. Kaltenborn VON STACHAU, Vorläufer des Hugo Grotius auf dem Gebiete des ius naturae et gentium (Leipzig: G Mayer, 1848).

⁹⁴ Thomas SKOUTERIS, “The Turn to History in International Law” Oxford Bibliographies in International Law (27 June 2017), online: Oxford Bibliographies <https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199796953/obo-9780199796953-0154.xml>.

⁹⁵ Ignacio DE LA RASILLA, “A Very Short History of International Law Journals (1869–2018)” (2018) 29 European Journal of International Law 137.

⁹⁶ Martti KOSKENNIEMI, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law (1870–1960) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

⁹⁷ For example, Carlos CALVO, Le droit international théorique et pratique précédé d'un exposé historique des progrès de la science du droit des gens (Paris: A. Rousseau, 1887–1896).

⁹⁸ J. BARTHÉLEMY, “Francois de Vitoria” in Antoine PILLET, ed., Les fondateurs du droit international (Paris: V. Giard & E. Brière, 1904), 1.

⁹⁹ For example, Ernest NYS, Les origines de droit international (Bruxelles: A Castaigne, 1894).

¹⁰⁰ Jean D'ASPREMONT, “Critical Histories of International Law and the Repression of Disciplinary Imagination” (2019) 7 London Review of International Law 89 at 98–99.

¹⁰¹ Martti KOSKENNIEMI, “Carl Schmitt and International Law” in Jens MEIERHENRICH and Oliver SIMONS, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 592 at 599.

¹⁰² Peter LANGFORD and Ian BRYAN, “From Wolff to Kelsen: The Transformation of the Notion of Civitas Maxima” in Peter LANGFORD, Ian BRYAN, and John MCGARRY, eds., Hans Kelsen and the Natural Law Tradition (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2019), 161.

¹⁰³ Barcia Trelles, supra note 83.

¹⁰⁴ Van Vollenhoven, supra note 54.

¹⁰⁵ Arthur NUSSBAUM, A Concise History of the Law of Nations, 2nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1954).

¹⁰⁶ Wilhelm G. GREWE, Epochen des Völkerrechtsgeschichte (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1984), (Michael BYERS, tr., The Epochs of International Law (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2000). Originally completed in 1944, the core of the book's main findings and methodology was presented in abridged form in academic journals and later also privately distributed to some libraries. However, the manuscript version was only published in an updated second edition in 1984. Its updated English version is from 2000.

¹⁰⁷ Ibid., at 2.

¹⁰⁸ Ibid.

¹⁰⁹ Lauterpacht, supra note 9.

¹¹⁰ Jens MEIERHENRICH and Oliver SIMONS, “’A Fanatic of Order in an Epoch of Confusing Turmoil’: The Political, Legal, and Cultural Thought of Carl Schmitt” in Jens MEIERHENRICH and Oliver SIMONS, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 3 at 4.

¹¹¹ Schmitt, supra note 25 at 83.

¹¹² Ibid., at 83

¹¹³ Ibid., at 39.

¹¹⁴ Ibid., at 39. According to Schmitt, “The Greek word for the first measure of all subsequent measures, for the first land-appropriation understood as the first partition and classification of space, for the primeval division and distribution, is nomos”: ibid, at 67.

¹¹⁵ Koskenniemi, supra note 101 at 594.

¹¹⁶ William H. MCNEILL, The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963).

¹¹⁷ Ignacio DE LA RASILLA, International Law and History: Modern Interfaces (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021) at 165.

¹¹⁸ Carlos CALVO, Una página de Derecho internacional: la América del Sur ante la ciencia del Derecho de gentes moderno (Paris: A. Durand, 1864).

¹¹⁹ Alejandro ÁLVAREZ, Le droit international Américain: son fondement, sa nature: d'après l'histoire diplomatique des états du nouveau monde et leur vie politique et économique (Paris: A. Pedone, 1910).

¹²⁰ TAKAHASHI Susumu, “Le droit international dans l'histoire du Japon” (1901) 3 Revue de droit international et de la législation comparée 188.

¹²¹ See for example, Pramathanath BANDYOPADHYAY, International Law and Custom in Ancient India (Calcutta: University of Calcutta Press, 1920). See more references in LANDAUER, Carl, “Passage from India: Nagendra Singh's India and International Law” (2016) 56 Indian Journal of International Law 265CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹²² Ahmed RECHID, “L'Islam et le droit des gens” (1937) 60 Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law 371.

¹²³ De la Rasilla, supra note 117 at 152: providing a survey of The Hague Academy courses devoted to the history of international law in the interwar period.

¹²⁴ Alexandrowicz, supra note 19.

¹²⁵ Charles H. ALEXANDROWICZ, “The Grotian Society” (1967) 61 American Journal of International Law 1058.

¹²⁶ Including, for example, Ram Prakash Anand, Nagendra Singh, S. P. Sinha, J. J. G. Syatauw, Taslim O. Elias, Georges Abi-Saab, Mohammed Bedjaoui, or Christopher Gregory Weeramantry. See for example, works by Nagendra SINGH, India and International Law (Delhi: S. Chand, 1969). Ram P. ANAND, Origin and Development of the Law of the Sea: History of International Law Revisited (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1983). See recently Carl LANDAUER, “Taslim Olawale Elias: From British Colonial Law to Modern International Law” in Jochen VON BERNSTORFF and Philipp DANN, eds., The Battle for International Law: South-North Perspectives on the Decolonization Era (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).

¹²⁷ Also, for example, Charles H. ALEXANDROWICZ, “The Afro-Asian World and the Law of Nations (Historical Aspects)” (1968) 123 Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law 117.

¹²⁸ For example, T. O. ELIAS, Africa and the Development of International Law (Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff, 1972).

¹²⁹ For example, Chirakaikaran Joseph CHACKO, “India's Contribution to the Field of International Law Concepts” (1958) 93 Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law 121.

¹³⁰ This accounts for the centrality in their work of reassertions of the post-colonial states’ “hard-won prize of sovereignty”, through their defence of certain international legal doctrines such as the principle of “self-determination of peoples”, the “right to development”, the “prohibition of racial discrimination”, “sovereign control over natural resources”, the “new international economic order”, or NIEO and discussions on the principle of uti possidetis iuris. See for example, Georges ABI-SAAB, “The Newly Independent States and the Rules of International Law: An Outline’ (1962) 8 Howard Law Journal 95.

¹³¹ Stephan VEROSTA, “Regionen und Perioden der Geschichte des Völkerrechts” (1979) 30 Osterreichische Zeitschrift für Offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht 1.

¹³² W. PREISER, Frühe völkerrechtliche Ordnungen der aussereuropäischen Welt: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Völkerrechts (Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1976).

¹³³ Koskenniemi, supra note 96.

¹³⁴ With contributions among others by David Kennedy, Nathaniel Berman, Antony Anghie and others. See for example, Nathaniel BERMAN, “’But the Alternative Is Despair’: European Nationalism and the Modernist Renewal of International Law” (1993) 106 Harvard Law Review 1792. On this early critical trend, see further, for example, De la Rasilla, supra note 117 at 115.

¹³⁵ Koskenniemi, supra note 96.

¹³⁶ Becker Lorca, supra note 80.

¹³⁷ See for example, Lesaffer, supra note 16. Martti KOSKENNIEMI, “A History of International Law Histories” in Bardo FASSBENDER and Anne PETERS, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 943.

¹³⁸ Skouteris, supra note 94.

¹³⁹ Valentina VADI, War and Peace: Alberico Gentili and the Early Modern Law of Nations (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2020).

¹⁴⁰ Walter RECH, Enemies of Mankind: Vattel's Theory of Collective Security (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2013).

¹⁴¹ James LORIMER, The Institutes of the Law of Nations: A Treatise of the Jural Relations of Separate Political Communities (London/Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1883). See, further, Stephen TIERNEY and Neil WALKER, “Through a Glass, Darkly: Reflections on James Lorimer's International Law” (2016) 27 European Journal of International Law 409.

¹⁴² See for example, Onuma YASUAKI, “When Was the Law of International Society Born? - An Inquiry of the History of International Law from an Intercivilizational Perspective” (2000) 2 Journal of the History of International Law 1; B.S. CHIMNI, International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).

¹⁴³ See for example, James Thuo GATHII, “Africa” in Bardo FASSBENDER and Anne PETERS, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 407. See for example, Mamadou HEBIÉ, Souveraineté territoriale par traité: Une étude des accords entre puissances coloniales et entités politiques locales (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2015).

¹⁴⁴ For example, OBREGON, Liliana, “Noted for Dissent: The International Life of Alejandro Álvarez” (2006) 19 Leiden Journal of International Law 983CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴⁵ For example, GALINDO, George R. B., “Splitting TWAIL?” (2016) 33 Windsor Yearbook Book of Access to Justice 37Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁶ For example, Liliana OBREGÓN, “Peripheral Histories of International Law” (2019) 15 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 437.

¹⁴⁷ Sebastian CONRAD, What Is Global History? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017).

¹⁴⁸ Bardo FASSBENDER and Anne PETERS, “Introduction: Towards a Global History of International Law” in Bardo FASSBENDER and Anne PETERS, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 1 at 2.

¹⁴⁹ Lesaffer, supra note 16 (General Outline of series proposal (on file with the author), at 1.

¹⁵⁰ Ibid., at 6.

¹⁵¹ Lauren BENTON and Lisa FORD, Rage for Order: The British Empire and the Origins of International Law, 1800–1850 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016).

¹⁵² Armitage, supra note 1; Brett, Donaldson, and Koskenniemi, supra note 37.

¹⁵³ Jennifer PITTS, Boundaries of the International: Law and Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018).

¹⁵⁴ Miloš VEC and Luigi NUZZO, eds., Constructing International Law: The Birth of a Discipline (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 2012).

¹⁵⁵ Orford, supra note 76.

¹⁵⁶ Gerry SIMPSON, “After Method: International Law and the Problems of History” in Annabel BRETT, Megan DONALDSON, and Martti KOSKENNIEMI, eds., History, Politics, Law: Thinking Through the International (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 96 at 96.

¹⁵⁷ KOSKENNIEMI, Martti, “Law of Nations and the “Conflict of the Faculties”” (2018) 8 History of the Present 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵⁸ See for example, Andrea BIANCHI, International Law Theories: An Inquiry into Different Ways of Thinking (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).

¹⁵⁹ Patricia OWENS and Katharina RIETZLER, Women's International Thought: A New History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021).

¹⁶⁰ See for example, Nijman, Janne E., “Marked Absences: Locating Gender and Race in International Legal History” (2020) 31 European Journal of International Law 1025CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Immi TALLGREN, ed., Portraits of Women in International Law: New Names and Forgotten Faces? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022).

¹⁶¹ Koskenniemi, supra note 15 at 1.

¹⁶² Taking its cue from the Kantian idea of the “contest of faculties”. Ibid., at 8.

¹⁶³ Martti KOSKENNIEMI, “‘Stuck in Salamanca’: A Response” (2021) 32 European Journal of International Law 1043 at 1044.

¹⁶⁴ Koskenniemi, supra note 15 at 12.

¹⁶⁵ In this sense, it is relevant to highlight the unprecedented extraordinary academic attention that Koskenniemi's To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth (Koskenniemi, supra note 15) has received immediately after – and, even before – its publication. By the time of writing, within barely four months since its publication, a three-book review symposia, containing thirty-three scholarly commentaries on Koskenniemi's book plus three responses by the author and another separate book review had already been published. See in order of appearance, Völkerrechtsblog, “Symposium on Martti Koskenniemi's To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth: Legal Imagination and International Power 1300–1870” (August 2021), online: Völkerrechtsblog <https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/symposium/to-the-uttermost-parts-of-the-earth/>, as well as the introductions to the respective book review symposia by Nehal BHUTA, “‘Let us suppose that universals do not exist’: Bricoleur and Bricolage in Martti Koskenniemi's To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth” (2021) 32 European Journal of International Law 943; Thomas DUVE, “‘This is not a history of international law’: A Brief Introduction into the Debate on Martti Koskenniemi's To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth” (2021) 29 Rechtsgeschichte – Legal History 258. Also, Jean D'ASPREMONT, “Legal Imagination and the Thinking of the Impossible” (2021) Leiden Journal of International Law (First View) 1.

¹⁶⁶ Hersch LAUTERPACHT, “The Problem of the Revision of the Law of War” (1952) 29 British Yearbook of International Law 360 at 382.

¹⁶⁷ An illustration of this traditional tendency is that the already mentioned The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (Fassbender and Peters, supra note 148) which was presented in 2012 by its two eminent German co-editors as a contribution to the “global history” of international law roughly up to the Second World War, ignored African, Asian, Latin-American and female authors almost altogether in the twenty-three short bio-intellectual “portraits” section included in it. Indeed, the eighth century author Muhammad al-Shaybani, who, in fact, only became known to Western erudite legal historians under the title of “the Islamic Grotius”, and Bertha von Suttner, who was the first woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905, remain the only concessions to racial, gender, and geographical diversity in the section devoted to providing an intellectual gallery of eminent international law scholars contained in the multi-authored volume that was awarded the certificate of merit of the American Society of International Law “in a specialized area of international law” in 2014. Of the other twenty-one “portraits” of Western authors, perhaps unsurprisingly nine of them are among the thirteen in the same period covered in Scott's The Classics, which chronologically ends with Henry Wheaton on account of his Elements of International Law of 1832 (Scott, supra note 2).

¹⁶⁸ Fitzmaurice, supra note 21 at 88.

¹⁶⁹ Barry BUZAN and Amitav ACHARYA, Re-imagining International Relations: World Orders in the Thought and Practice of Indian, Chinese, and Islamic Civilizations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022).

¹⁷⁰ David KENNEDY, “The Context for Context: International Legal History in Struggle” in Annabel BRETT, Megan DONALDSON, and Martti KOSKENNIEMI, eds., History, Politics, Law: Thinking Through the International (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 69 at 73.

¹⁷¹ See Antony ANGHIE, “Asia in the History and Theory of International Law” in Simon CHESTERMAN, Hisashi OWADA, and Ben SAUL, eds., The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Asia and the Pacific (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 68.