Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T06:56:43.266Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Factorial Validity of the Perceived Empathic and Social Self-Efficacy Scale for Adults with Serious Mental Illness: A Brief Report

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2016

Jennifer Sánchez ,
Joseph S. Pfaller ,
Kanako Iwanaga ,
Fong Chan ,
Connie Sung ,
Jill L. Bezyak  and
Shu-Mei Chen
Jennifer Sánchez*
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Joseph S. Pfaller
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Kanako Iwanaga
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Fong Chan
Affiliation:
Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Connie Sung
Affiliation:
Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Special Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
Jill L. Bezyak
Affiliation:
Rehabilitation Counseling and Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
Shu-Mei Chen
Affiliation:
Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Tsaotun, Taiwan, China
*
Address for correspondence: Jennifer Sánchez, Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA E-mail: jennifer-sanchez-1@uiowa.edu
Get access

Abstract

The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the measurement structure of the Perceived Empathic and Social Self-Efficacy Scale amongst 194 individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) and (2) to establish construct validity for the Perceived Empathic and Social Self-Efficacy Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a two-factor measurement structure of the Perceived Empathic and Social Self-Efficacy Scale, which was positively associated with insight, social support, and life satisfaction. The Perceived Empathic and Social Self-Efficacy Scale is a useful measure to assess social skills amongst individuals with SMI in rehabilitation counselling.

Keywords

empathysocial functioningserious mental illnessconfirmatory factor analysis
Type
Articles
Information
The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , December 2016 , pp. 135 - 146
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akin, A., & Başören, M. (2015). Algılanan empatik Öz-Yeterlik ve sosyal Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği [The validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Perceived Empathic and Social Self-Efficacy scale]. Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4, 603–610.Google Scholar
Aldersey, H.M., & Whitley, R. (2015). Family influence in recovery from severe mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 51, 467–476.Google Scholar
Alessandri, G., Caprara, G.V., Eisenberg, N., & Steca, P. (2009). Reciprocal relations among self-efficacy beliefs and prosociality across time. Journal of Personality, 77, 1229–1259.Google Scholar
Atkinson, M., Zibin, S., & Chuang, H. (1997). Characterizing quality of life among patients with chronic mental illness: A critical examination of the self-report methodology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 99–105.Google Scholar
Baker, F., & Intagliata, J. (1982). Quality of life in the evaluation of community support systems. Evaluation and Program Planning, 5, 69–79.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. London: Worth Publishers.Google Scholar
Bandura, A., Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., Gerbino, M., & Pastorelli, C. (2003). Role of affective self-regulatory efficacy in diverse spheres of psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 74, 769–782.Google Scholar
Bathini, D.R., & Vohra, N. (2014). Volunteering: The role of individual-level psychological variables. Vikalpa, 39, 113–126.Google Scholar
Batson, C.D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In Gilbert, D.T., Fiske, S.T., & Lindzey, G. (eds.). Handbook of Social Psychology. (vol. 2, pp. 282–316). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Becker, D.R., Drake, R.E., Bond, G.R., Xie, H., Dain, B.J., & Harrison, K. (1998). Job terminations among persons with severe mental illness participating in supported employment. Community Mental Health Journal, 34, 71–82.Google Scholar
Bengtsson-Tops, A., & Hansson, L. (1999). Subjective quality of life in schizophrenic patients living in the community. Relationship to clinical and social characteristics. European Psychiatry, 14, 256–263.Google Scholar
Birchwood, M., Smith, J., Drury, V., Healy, J., Macmillan, F., & Slade, M. (1994). A self-report insight scale for psychosis: Reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 62–67.Google Scholar
Byrne, B. (2001). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Çakar, F.S. (2012). The relationship between self-efficacy and life satisfaction of young adults. International Education Studies, 5, 123–130.Google Scholar
Calsyn, R.J., Morse, G.A., Tempelhoff, B., Smith, R., & Allen, G. (1995). Homeless mentally ill clients and the quality of life. Evaluation and Program Planning, 18, 219–225.Google Scholar
Caprara, G.V., Alessandri, G., & Eisenberg, N. (2012). Prosociality: The contribution of traits, values, and self-efficacy beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1289–1303.Google Scholar
Caprara, G.V., Luengo Kanacri, B.P., Gerbino, M., Zuffiano, A., Alessandri, G., Vecchio, G., . . . Bridglall, B. (2014). Positive effects of promoting prosocial behavior in early adolescence: Evidence from a school-based intervention. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38, 386–396.Google Scholar
Caprara, G.V., Luengo Kanacri, B.P., Zuffiano, A., Gerbino, M., & Pastorelli, C. (2015). Why and how to promote adolescents’ prosocial behaviors: Direct, mediated and moderated effects of the CEPIDEA school-based program. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 2211–2229.Google Scholar
Caprara, G.V., & Steca, P. (2005). Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of prosocial behavior conducive to life satisfaction across ages. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 191–217.Google Scholar
Chan, F., Leahy, M.J., Chan, C., Lam, C.S., Hilburger, J., Jones, J., & Kamnetz, B. (1998). Training needs of rehabilitation counselors in the emerging mental health/managed care environment. Rehabilitation Education, 12, 333–345.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., Sherrod, D.R., & Clark, M.S. (1986). Social skills and the stress-protective role of social support. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 963–973.Google Scholar
Corrigan, P.W., Angell, B., Davidson, L., Marcus, S.C., Salzer, M.S., Kottsieper, P., & Stanhope, V. (2012). From adherence to self-determination: Evolution of a treatment paradigm for people with serious mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services, 63, 169–173.Google Scholar
Dickerson, F.B., Boronow, J.J., Ringel, N., & Parente, F. (1997). Lack of insight among outpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 48, 195–199.Google Scholar
Didehbani, N., Shad, M.U., Tamminga, C.A., Kandalaft, M.R., Allen, T.T., Chapman, S.B., & Krawczyk, D.C. (2012). Insight and empathy in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 142, 246–247.Google Scholar
Di Giunta, L., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Tramontano, C., & Caprara, G.V. (2010). Assessing perceived empathic and social self-efficacy across countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 77–86.Google Scholar
Dilk, M.N., & Bond, G.R. (1996). Meta-analytic evaluation of skills training research for individuals with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1337–1346.Google Scholar
Eisen, S.V., Bottonari, K.A., Glickman, M.E., Spiro, A. III, Schultz, M.R., Herz, L., . . . Rofman, E.S. (2011). The incremental value of self-reported mental health measures in predicting functional outcomes of veterans. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 38, 170–190.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Smith, M., & Maszk, P. (1996). The relations of children's dispositional empathy-related responding to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 32, 195–209.Google Scholar
Eklund, J., Loeb, C., Hansen, E.M., & Andersson-Wallin, A.-C. (2012). Who cares about others? Empathic self-efficacy as an antecedent to prosocial behavior. Current Research in Social Psychology, 20 (3), 31–41.Google Scholar
Francis, J.L., & Penn, D.L. (2001). The relationship between insight and social skill in persons with severe mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 822–829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, P.B., & Waghorn, G. (2007). Supported employment for people with severe mental illness. Lancet, 370, 1108–1109.Google Scholar
Heaney, C.A., Price, R.H., & Rafferty, J. (1995). Increasing coping resources at work: A field experiment to increase social support, improve work team functioning, and enhance employee mental health. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 335–352.Google Scholar
Heinssen, R.K., Liberman, R.P., & Kopelowicz, A. (2000). Psychosocial skills training for schizophrenia: Lessons from the laboratory. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 21–46.Google Scholar
Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55.Google Scholar
Ingraham, K., Rahimi, M., Tsang, H., Chan, F., & Oulvey, E. (2001). Work support groups in state vocational rehabilitation agency settings: A case study. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 5, 6–21.Google Scholar
Kaiser, S.L., Snyder, J.A., Corcoran, R., & Drake, R.J. (2006). The relationships among insight, social support, and depression in psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 905–908.Google Scholar
Klein, A., Cnaan, R., & Whitecraft, J. (1998). Significance of peer social support for dually diagnosed clients: Findings from a pilot study. Research on Social Work Practice, 8, 529–551.Google Scholar
Kleinberg, J.L. (2000). Beyond emotional intelligence at work: Adding insight to injury through group psychotherapy. Group, 24, 261–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopelowicz, A., Liberman, R.P., & Zarate, R. (2006). Recent advances in social skills training for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, S12–S23.Google Scholar
Kurtz, M.M., Olfson, R.H., & Rose, J. (2013). Self-efficacy and functional status in schizophrenia: Relationship to insight, cognition and negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Research, 145, 69–74.Google Scholar
Lawton, L., Silverstein, M., & Bengtson, V. (1994). Affection, social contact, and geographic distance between adult children and their parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 56, 57–68.Google Scholar
Le Boutillier, C., Leamy, M., Bird, V.J., Davidson, L., Williams, J., & Slade, M. (2014). What does recovery mean in practice? A qualitative analysis of international recovery-oriented practice guidance. Psychiatric Services, 62, 1470–1476.Google Scholar
Lemay, R. (2006). Social role valorization insights into the social integration conundrum. Mental Retardation, 44, 1–12.Google Scholar
Liberman, R.P., DeRisi, W.J., & Mueser, K.T. (1989). Social Skills Training with Psychiatric Patients. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Loeb, C., Stempel, C., & Isaksson, K. (2016). Social and emotional self-efficacy at work. Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 152–161.Google Scholar
Lorenzo, G.L. (2014). Great Expectations? Self-Expansion Motivation, Social Self-Efficacy, and Interaction Expectations Affect Interest in Cross-Group Interactions(Unpublished masters theses). Canada: University of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Lysaker, P.H., Bell, M.D., Bryson, G.J., & Kaplan, E. (1998). Insight and interpersonal function in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 432–436.Google Scholar
Lysaker, P.H., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Kravetz, S., Kent, J.S., & Roe, D. (2013). Self perception of empathy in schizophrenia: Emotion recognition, insight, and symptoms predict degree of self and interviewer agreement. Psychiatry Research, 206, 146–150.Google Scholar
McFarlane, A.H., Bellissimo, A., & Norman, G.R. (1995). The role of family and peers in social self-efficacy: Links to depression in adolescence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 402–410.Google Scholar
Meehl, P.E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827–838.Google Scholar
Mental Health Council of Australia. (2007). Let's Get to Work: A National Mental Health Employment Strategy for Australia. Melbourne, AU: Author.Google Scholar
Mueser, K.T. (1998). Social Skill and Problem Solving. In Bellack, A.S. & Hersen, M. (eds.). Comprehensive Clinical Psychology. (vol. 6, pp. 183–201). New York, NY: Pergamon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, N.D., Ahn, S., & Jin, Y. (2011). Sample size and power estimates for a confirmatory factor analytic model in exercise and sport: A Monte Carlo approach. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82, 412–423.Google Scholar
National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2015). Mental health conditions. Retrieved March 13, 2015 from http://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions.Google Scholar
National Institute of Mental Health. (2015). Health and education. Retrieved March 13, 2015 from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/index.shtml.Google Scholar
Pang, S.M.C., Yeung, F.K.K., Cheung, E.F.C., Mui, J., Chien, W.T., Leung, S.F., & Thompson, D. (2015). Health outcomes, community resources for health, and support strategies 12 months after discharge in patients with severe mental illness. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 21 (Suppl. 2), 32–36.Google Scholar
Pinfold, V. (2000). ‘Building up safe havens. . .all around the world’: Users’ experiences of living in the community with mental health problems. Health & Place, 6, 201–212.Google Scholar
Resnick, B., Orwig, D., Magaziner, J., & Wynne, C. (2002). The effect of social support on exercise behavior in older adults. Clinical Nursing Research, 11, 52–70.Google Scholar
Rollins, A.L. (2002). Predictors of interpersonal relationships in the workplace for people with severe mental illness (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3105016).Google Scholar
Rollins, A.L., Bond, G.R., Jones, A.M., Kukla, M., & Collins, L.A. (2011). Workplace social networks and their relationship with job outcomes and other employment characteristics for people with severe mental illness. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 35, 243–252.Google Scholar
Rössler, W. (2006). Psychiatric rehabilitation today: An overview. World Psychiatry, 5, 151–157.Google Scholar
Sánchez, J., Rosenthal, D.A., Chan, F., Brooks, J., & Bezyak, J.L. (2016a). Relationships between world health organization international classification of functioning, disability and health constructs and participation in adults with severe mental illness. Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education, 30, 286–304.Google Scholar
Sánchez, J., Rosenthal, D.A., Tansey, T.N., Frain, M.P., & Bezyak, J.L. (2016b). Predicting quality of life in adults with severe mental illness: Extending the international classification of functioning, disability and health. Rehabilitation Psychology, 61, 19–31.Google Scholar
Sangiorgi, S. (2013). Networking: The “making of” social networks. A closer look at the process and antecedents of some resourcing-oriented behaviors in organizations (Doctoral dissertation). Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna. Dottorato di ricerca in Psicologia sociale, dello sviluppo e delle organizzazioni, 25 Ciclo. doi:10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/5735.Google Scholar
Shumaker, S.A., & Brownell, A. (1984). Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps. Journal of Social Issues, 40, 11–36.Google Scholar
Smith, T.E., Bellack, A.S., & Liberman, R.P. (1996). Social skills training for schizophrenia: Review and future directions. Clinical Psychology Review, 16, 599–617.Google Scholar
Smith, T.E., Hull, J.W., Goodman, M., Hedayat-Harris, A., Willson, D.F., Israel, L.M., & Munich, R.L. (1999). The relative influences of symptoms, insight, and neurocognition on social adjustment in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 102–108.Google Scholar
Suzuki, M., Amagai, M., Shibata, F., & Tsai, J. (2011). Factors related to self-efficacy for social participation of people with mental illness. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 25, 359–365.Google Scholar
Tansey, T.N., Chan, F., Chou, C.-C., & Cardoso, E. (2004). Perspectives of rehabilitation counselors in psychiatric settings: Critical issues and training needs. Rehabilitation Education, 18, 39–47.Google Scholar
Tschopp, M.K., & Frain, M. (2009). Psychiatric rehabilitation. In Chan, F., Cardoso, E.D. & Chronister, J.A. (eds.). Understanding Psychosocial Adjustment to Chronic Illness and Disability: A Handbook for Evidence-Based Practitioners in Rehabilitation. (pp. 371–398). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.Google Scholar
van Vugt, M.D., Kroon, H., Delespaul, P.A., & Mulder, C.L. (2012). Consumer-providers in assertive community treatment programs: associations with client outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 63, 477–481.Google Scholar
Van Willigen, M. (2000). Differential benefits of volunteering across the life course. Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55, P308–P318.Google Scholar
Waghorn, G., & Lloyd, C. (2005). The employment of people with mental illness. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4 (Suppl. 2), 1–43.Google Scholar
Weston, R., Gore, P.A., Chan, F., & Catalano, D. (2008). An introduction to using structural equation models in rehabilitation psychology. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53, 340–356.Google Scholar
White, R., Bebbington, P., Pearson, J., Johnson, S., & Ellis, D. (2000). The social context of insight in schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35, 500–507.Google Scholar
Zimet, G.D., Dahlem, N.W., Zimet, S.G., & Farley, G.K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar