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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 September 2015
The Italian Alessandro Gavazzi was a remarkable character. Priest, patriotic propagandist and preacher, he exercised considerable influence in mid-nineteenth century Scotland. Born to a diplomatic and legal family, he was the son of a professor of law in the University of Bologna. After entering the Barnabite order at fifteen, he subsequently proved a remarkably popular preacher in Naples, Leghorn and Northern Italy before serving four years in Parma, 1841–44. He claimed to have preached 4,000 sermons in fifteen years. Later when a prison chaplain-general supervising some 5,000 inmates, his reading of Beccaria turned him to penal reform and the abolition of capital punishment. In Perugia, he was alienated by the reactionary clerical domination of the university. After further service in Spoleto, Assisi, Ancona and Pieve he was silenced for his fiery liberal views until after the election of Pius IX in June 1846.
1 Obituary by Rev. John R. McDougall, from The Christian, Gavazzi Papers, Piazza Cavour Rome. Hereafter cited as GP. His mother only died in 1872, Church Record, 1 Dec. 1872.
2 If we believe his remarks about Cardinal Ambruschini in Perugia, Glasgow 1853, Clipping, GP.
3 See H., G. F. and Berkeley, J., Italy in the Making (Cambridge 1940) pp. 69, 153, 389 Google Scholar and King, Bolton, A History of Italian Unity, 2 vols (London 1924 ed.) I 181, 271, 280, 343 and II 390–9.Google Scholar
4 Rambler, 9 (1852) p. 236.
5 Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland (April 1851) p. 321. See Holmes, Derek, More Roman Than Rome: English Catholicism in the Nineteenth Century (London 1978) pp. 55–108.Google Scholar Fuller treatment is in Machin, G. I. T., Politics and the Churches in Great Britain, 1832 to 1868 (Oxford 1977).Google Scholar Its impact in Scotland is rather neglected.
6 (Capes, J. M.), ‘Father Gavazzi’, Rambler, 9 (1852) p. 236.Google Scholar
7 Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 10 August 1878. See also The Monthly Record, 1 Aug. 1869. The standard works on Gavazzi are Sylvain, R. S., Alessandro Gavazzi 2 vols (Quebec 1962);Google Scholar Hall, Basil, ‘Alessandro Gavazzi’, Studies in Church History, 12 (1975) pp. 303–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar On the background see Wolffe, John R., The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain, 1828–60 (Oxford 1991),Google Scholar Paz, D. G., Popular Anti-Catholicism in Mid-Victorian England (Stanford 1992)Google Scholar and Maltby, William S., The Black Legend: The development of anti-Spanish sentiment, 1558–1660 (Durham 1971).Google Scholar
8 Orthodox Journal, 15 Oct., 10, 24 Dec. 1836; Chiniquy, Pastor, Fifty Years in the Church of Rome (London 1909 ed.) pp. 571–72 (1861), p. 572 Google Scholar (1874). Wild even salacious speculation about convents abounded in Maria Monk, Rebecca Reed's Six Months in a Convent or Conventualism in Scotland; or a narrative of the personal history of some of the conventual experiences of the rescued inmate of a Scottish convent (Edinburgh 1859).
9 E.g. Mapei, Camillo, Essay on the Political, Religious and Moral State of Italy (London 1847);Google Scholar Ferretti, Salvatore, The Death Struggle of Popery in Italy and the Rise of Protestantism in that Country (London 1850);Google Scholar Newman's antagonist, Achilli, G., author of Dealing with the Inquisition or Papal Rome, her Priests and her Jesuits (London 1851).Google Scholar Also Rev. Checkemian, an Armenian in the 1890s, Bulwark, Sept. 1892, July 1893.
10 For a fuller statement of this view see Hickman, Mary J., Religion, Class and Identity: The State, the Catholic Church and the Education of the Irish in Britain (Aldershot 1995).Google Scholar Also Colley, Linda, Britons Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven 1992)Google Scholar and Ignatiev, Noel, How The Irish Became White (London 1995).Google Scholar
11 Aiton, William, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Ayrshire with Observations on the means of improvement (Glasgow 1811), pp. 74–5 and pp. 155–56.Google Scholar
12 Quoted in Hickman, Mary J., Religion…, pp. 27–8.Google Scholar
13 Quoted in Hickman, Mary J., Religion…, p. 47.Google Scholar
14 ‘Catholicity in England’, Dublin Review, 8 (1840) pp. 240–71,Google Scholar p. 242. See Lebow, R. N., White Britain and Black Ireland: The Influence of Stereotypes on Colonial Policy (Philadelphia 1996) pp. 35–70 Google Scholar for a general sample; Colquhoun, J. C., Ireland: Popery and Priestcraft the Cause of Her Misery and Crime (Glasgow 1836).Google Scholar
15 Both works significantly of American origin, appeared in Glasgow (1835). Rev. Bremner, J., The First of a Series of Pamphlets Addressed to Members of the Church of Scotland Clergy residing in Paisley (Paisley 1836) p. 1 Google Scholar and his Decisive Confirmation of the Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk (Paisley 1836).Google Scholar Rev. MacNaughten, John replied in A Letter to Rev. John Bremner, Popish Priest of Paisley (Paisley 1836).Google Scholar Rev. Brewster, Patrick, The Claims of the Church of Scotland (Paisley 1835)Google Scholar and Reply to the Attacks Made Upon Mr. P. Brewster for attending the dinner to O’Connell (Paisley 1835)Google Scholar are indicative of his ‘liberal but immovable convictions. Maria Monk s daughter later married a Scottish Episcopalian convert, Rev. Mr. Harper.
16 Quote from Finn, Margot, After Chartism: Class and Nationalism in English Radical Politics, 1848–74 (Cambridge 1993) pp. 166–67,Google Scholar also pp. 205–06. See also Grossman, N. J., ‘British Aid to Polish, Italian and Hungarian Exiles, 1830–1879’, South Atlantic Quarterly, 68 (1969) pp. 231–45.Google Scholar
17 Finn, Margot, After Chartism, p. 203, p. 208.Google Scholar Also see Machin, Ian, ‘Disestablishment and Democracy, c. 1840–1930’, pp. 120–47Google Scholar in Biagini, Eugenio, ed., Citizenship and Community: Liberals, Radicals and Collective Identities in the British Isles (Cambridge 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar for similar voluntarist social and political ideas.
18 Another Italian activist visitor to Glasgow is discussed by Adam Daniels, Elizabeth, Jessie White Mario: Risorgimento Revolutionary (Athens, Ohio, 1972).Google Scholar More politically and socially divisive Garibaldi had women swooning in Covent Garden, Scotsman, 19 April 1864.
19 (Capes, J. M.) Rambler, 9 (1852) p. 237 Google Scholar citing an Independent minister in Preston, Jan. 31 1852.
20 Carlyle, T. to Welsh Carlyle, Jane, 7 and 10 Sept. 1851, The Collected Letters of Thomas Carlyle, eds., Ryals, C. de L. and Fielding, K. (Durham, N.C. 1998), v 26, pp. 158, 163–3.Google Scholar
21 The Northern Warder, 25 Sept. 1851 and Stirling Observer, 25 Sept. 1851 GP reports hundreds from Doune, Bannockburn, Dunblane and further afield at St. John St. Church. Rev. Dr. Beith claimed Daily News reports of Gavazzi won an audience in Scotland when the English were uninterested.
22 See Porter, Bernard, The Refugee Question in Mid-Victoran Politics (Cambridge 1979)Google Scholar on poor Italian, Hungarian, Polish refugees and the 1853 Holburn riots between Irish and Italians. A Signor Assolari was on the Glasgow platform and a Polish refugee, Mr. Jazdowski, later editor of an Italian-English dictionary (London 1859) was at Aberdeen. Unattributed newspaper clipping. GP.
23 Tablet, 23 May 1846 and Reformers’ Gazette, 2 Feb. 1850.
24 Glasgow Herald, 13 Oct. 1854. Also Birmingham Mercury, 11 Mar. 1854, GP. See Proceedings of General Assembly of the Free Church, 1852, 182–93; 1853, 178–80 and Report Appendix X, 221–25 but after 1878–79 such passions were spent.
25 The apocalyptic Fleming mainly, Glasgow Constitutional, and Aberdeen Free Press, 14 Oct. 1854; unattributed Edinburgh report, 5 Nov. 1851, GP. Scotland gave considerable financial aid to Garibaldi thanks to him and others like White, Jessie M. who lectured around Scotland in 1857. See The Autobiography of John McAdam (1806–1883), ed. Fyfe, Janet (Edinburgh 1980) pp. 27–9, 196.Google Scholar The classic statement is Brion Davis, David, ‘Some Themes of Counter-Subversion in America; An Analysis of Anti-Masonic, Anti-Catholic and Anti-Mormon Literature’, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 67 (1960–1) pp. 205–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar James Pillans (1778–1864) Rector Edinburgh High School, 1810–20 and Professor at Edinburgh University, 1820–63, contributor to Edinburgh Review. DNB.
26 Scotland sent 46 delegates including three M.P.s, leading Baptists, Congregationalists and other dissenting ministers to the World’s Anti-slavery Convention in 1840, listed in Proceedings… (London 1841). One, Rev. James Hoby, Aberdeen Baptist had visited USA, meeting President Jackson and Henry Clay and saw anti-Catholic hysteria. See his and Rev. Cox, F. A., The Baptists in America (London 1836) pp. 290, 316, 497–98.Google Scholar See among others MacGregor, John, Our Brothers and Cousins: A Summer Tour in Canada and the States (London 1859) pp. xix,Google Scholar 76 and 93; Sir Simpson, George, Narrative of a Tour Round the World During the Years, 1841 and 1842, 2 vols. (London 1847) I. 317, 334–35;Google Scholar Johnston, James F. W., Notes on North America, 2 vols (Edinburgh 1851) I. 245, II. 379;Google Scholar Baxter, W. E., America and the Americans (London 1855) pp. 77, 116, 128, 155–56, 165–66.Google Scholar On Black visitors, Farrison, W. E., William Wells Brown, Author and Reformer (Chicago 1969) pp. 176–80, 237;Google Scholar Blackett, R. J. M., Building an Anti-Slavery Wall: Black Americans in the Atlantic Abolitionist Movement, 1830–60 (Baton Rouge 1983);Google Scholar Lee, Shiley J., Black Women Emancipationists: A Study in Actism, 1828–1860 (Knoxville, Tenn. 1992);Google Scholar LeBaron Bingham, R., ‘The Glasgow Emancipation Society’, M. Litt., Glasgow University 1973.Google Scholar
27 Rev. Dr. Dunmore Lang, John, Queensland, Australia: A Highly Eligible Field For Emigration and the Future Cotton Fields of Great Britain (London 1861) pp. vii, 233, 235.Google Scholar
28 Sketches of Protestantism…, p. v. Baird later invited Gavazzi to tour the USA in 1853.
29 Various newspaper clippings, 10 Sept., 12, 13, 15 Nov. 1851; 27 Feb.—Mar., 23 Nov. 1852; Glasgow Constitutional, 16 Feb. 1853; Glasgow Herald and Aberdeen Free Press 13 Oct. 1854 GP. Details of the ministers will be found in Fasti; Ewing, William, Annals of the Free Church of Scotland, 2 vols (Edinburgh 1914),Google Scholar and Small, Robert, History of the U.P. Church, 2 vols (Edinburgh 1904).Google Scholar Buchanan, R. (1802–75), The Present Aspects of Popery: Papal Aggression and Cardinal Wiseman’s Appeal. A lecture delivered in Hope St. Gaelic Church on Monday 27 January 1851 (Glasgow 1851).Google Scholar These and many others, some untraced, attended at least one of Gavazzi’s meetings.
30 Scottish Protestants, 6 Sept. 1851.
31 See Aberdeen Free Press, 13 Oct. 1854 and numerous other clippings GP. J. A. Campbell (1825–1908), later a Tory M.P., elder brother of Campbell-Bannerman, opposed Irish Home Rule and disestablishment. Henry Dunlop had been a delegate to the World s Anti-slavery Convention, 1840.
32 Letters to A Friend …, pp. 5, 7, 18. Also Caledonian Mercury, 14 Aug. 1851, GP. Religious Liberty in Tuscany in 1851, relative to the imprisonment of Count P. Guiccardini and others (London 1852). Glasgow Courier, 16, 19 Aug. 1851.
33 See Masson, David, Memories of Two Cities, Edinburgh and Aberdeen (London 1911);Google Scholar Ambrose, Mary, ‘An Italian Exile in Edinburgh, 1840–1848’ in Millar, Eileen A., Renaissance and Other Studies: Essays Presented to Peter M. Brown (Glasgow 1988), pp. 300–31.Google Scholar He was a friend of George Combe, William Allan, Robert Chambers, David Masson, founder of The Friends of Italy, John Hunter and others.
34 Life of Gavazzi (Edinburgh 1851). See Sylvain, R. S., Gavazzi, I. 266–67.Google Scholar See Religious Liberty in Tuscany in 1851, relative to the imprisonment of Count P. Guiccardini and others (London 1852).Google Scholar Glasgow Courier, 16, 19 Aug. 1851. Also his rare pamphlet To Christians interested in the spread of evangelical truth in Italy (London 1861).
35 See Bulwark, Oct. 1851.
36 Rev. Dr. Buchanan’s Home Mission Report on Spiritual Destitution in Towns, Large, Home and Foreign Record (June 1851) p. 420.Google Scholar Rev. Mr. McMenamy, an ex-seminarian, ran a mission to the Irish on these activities, Home and Foreign…, Nov. 1850 p. 135. Feb. 1851 p. 243, Mar. p. 284, May p. 359 reporting 180—books and pamphlets on Popish controversy; June 1851 p. 433; June 1852, p. 383.
37 Rambler, 26 June, 10, 17 July, 13 Nov., 18 Dec. 1852; Tablet, 16, 23, 30 Aug., 22 Nov. 1856; 6 Feb., 18 Feb. 1858. Millward, P., ‘The Stockport Riots of 1852: A Study of Anti-Catholic and Anti-Irish Sentiment’, in The Irish in the Victorian City (London 1985) Swift, R. and Gilley, S., eds., pp. 207–24.Google Scholar See also Ned Lebow, Richard, White Britain and Black Ireland. The Influence of Stereotypes on Colonial Policy (Philadelphia 1986) esp. pp. 35–70.Google Scholar
38 Bremner, David, The Industries of Scotland: Their Rise, Progress and Present Condition (Edinburgh 1869) p. 20.Google Scholar
39 E.g. ‘Italian Insurrections and Mr. Mazzini’, Dublin Review, 18 (1845) pp. 230–65.
40 Glasgow Free Press, 15 May 1852.
41 Glasgow Free Press, 17 April 1852. One of Brewster's daughters became a Catholic.
42 ibidem, 15 May and 14 Feb. 1852. The convert Episcopalian, Rev. W. Humphreys, S.J., had found his Perth parish filled with Orange Ulster emigrants and few Scots. Month, 85 (1895) pp. 229–43.
43 Glasgow Free Press, 28 June 1851.
44 Rev. Harper, S. B., Glasgow Free Press, 31 Jan. and 12, 19 June 1852.Google Scholar
45 Glasgow Free Press, 22 Feb., 8,22, 29 Mar., 19 April 1851, 24 April, 8 May, 25 Sept., 11 Dec. 1852 in Edinburgh, Leith, Glasgow, Rothesay and Paisley. James Walsh claimed that the 80,000 Glasgow Catholics would number 500 voters. ibidem, 25 Sept. 1852. ‘Catholicism in Scotland: The Association of St. Margaret’, Rambler, 3 (1849) pp. 597–99 and Glasgow Free Press, 3 Jan., 10, 24 April, 15 May, 25 Sept., 1 Dec. 1852.
46 Glasgow Free Press, 10, 24 July 1852. 400 parishioners from St. Mary's, Glasgow went to Bute and 700 from St. Mungo's went to Carstairs.
47 Cf. Capes, J. M., To Rome and Back (London 1873)Google Scholar especially pp. 166–67, 229, 259. He corresponded often with Bishop Kyle, Northern District. His magazine, Rambler, 2 (1849) p. 395; ibidem, 3 (1849) p. 316; 4 (1849) pp. 1–7. As Rambler, 3 (1849) p. 548 noted three Protestant clergy attended the funeral of Rev. William Grant (1821–49) who died from cholera serving Irish navvies at Fushie Bridge. Virulent bigotry was not the sole expression of Protestant attitudes. But old attitudes persisted. See Benson, R. H., Confessions of A Convert (London 1913) p. 144.Google Scholar
48 Glasgow Free Press, 27 Mar. 1852.
49 Glasgow Free Press, 16 August 1851. For the general background Marraro, Howard R., American Opinion on Italian Unification (New York 1932);Google Scholar Urban, Miriam B., British Opinion on policy of the Unification of Italy, 1836–61 (New York 1938);Google Scholar Grossman, N. J., ‘British Aid to Polish, Italian and Hungarian Exiles, 1830–70’, South Atlantic Quarterly, 68 (1969) pp. 231–45.Google Scholar
50 Glasgow Free Press 30 Aug. 1851.
51 Rev. Dr. Beith, in Stirling Observer, c. 25 Sept. 1851,Google Scholar G.P. Francis Sylvester Mahoney, wrote under the name ‘Father Prout’, was a former Irish Jesuit novice, associated with Fraser's Magazine and Roman correspondent of the Daily News.
52 Rambler, 9 (1852) p. 240,Google Scholar Capes's own and a Preston German Lutheran's experience at his meetings.
53 Quoted in Billington, R. A., The Protestant Crusade, p. 301.Google Scholar
54 Riots followed long after his visit. Glasgow Free Press, 19, 26 July, 2, 9 Aug. 1851 and 18 Dec. 1852. The Scottish Protestant, 2, 28 Aug., 6 Sept. 1851 claimed Rev. James Danaher had provoked the riots by his earlier lectures on the Reformation. Rev. John Scanlan allegedly abandoned a woman with two children to the Greenock Parochial Board, ibidem, 31 Jan. 1852 and Scottish Reformers’ Gazette, 3 Jan. 1852. I am grateful to Rev. Bernard Canning for the latter reference.
55 Tablet, 14, 21 April, 16 June, 25 Aug. 1855. The Glasgow Herald said Catholics were innocent of any provocation. Significantly the six rioters brought to trial were males, apprentice carpenters aged 17 to 20. One spoke only Gaelic. The Greenock Church had a sole priest, Rev. W. Gordon for 12,000 parishioners. Many Protestants subsequently attended the dedication of the church.
56 Billington, R. A., The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860 (New York 1938, 1964 ed.) pp. 305–6Google Scholar for his riotous behaviour in New York, Boston, Washington D.C., New Hampshire and Maine.
57 The Scottish Protestant, 6 Sept. 1851. Reports of his Irish campaign. Glasgow Free Press, 4 Oct. 1862.
58 E.g., Tablet, 5 Jan. 1856 reports two chapels bought and 6 new churches opened, others extended and several large schools opened in the last year. Between 500 and 800 including many prominent and ‘the most opulent’ Protestants were at the consecration of St. Mary's Saltcoats, Tablet, 8 March 1856. Many ‘respectable’ Protestants at Bishop Gillis’ confirmation in Hawick, Tablet, 28 June 1856. Glasgow disturbances amid good relations were a surprise, Tablet, 27 Sept. 1856. Hamilton claimed 166 Protestants baptised and 182 converts in seven years, Tablet, 16 July 1859.
59 Dod's Parliamentary Companion, 1847.
60 Glasgow Courier, 25, 27 Nov. 1851. He also acted as interpreter in Glasgow, Scottish Guardian, 29 Aug. 1851, Scottish Protestant, 6 Sept. 1851. A prominent abolitionist, delegate to World's Anti-Slavery Convention 1840 and a Glasgow Voluntary Church Society preacher, he published The Mass (Glasgow 1851). At Anderston and Calton Catholic Soirees several Catholic speakers attacked the vulgar politics, ‘false principles and unsound morals’ of the Protestant popular press and a recent convert addressed St. Mungo's Soiree at length, Tablet, 12, 19 Jan., 17 Feb., 8 March 1856.
61 ‘No Popery Novels’, Dublin Review, 31 (1857) pp, 144–72 p. 171.
62 ‘Romanism at Rome’, Princeton Review, 41 (1869) pp. 83–104,Google Scholar p. 95. The historian Macaulay was intrigued and repelled. See The Life and Letters, 2 vols, ed. Trevelyan, G. O. (Oxford 1961),Google Scholar passim.
63 Dublin Review, 31 (1857) p. 239.
64 ibidem, p. 236. See also Porter, Bernard, The Refugee Question in Mid-Victorian Politics (Cambridge 1979) p. 107.Google Scholar
65 Rambler,9(1852)p.238.
66 Rambler, March 1852, pp. 236–44; Dublin Review, 31 (1857) p. 236. Also see the numerous photographs in the Gavazzi Papers.
67 Quoting a Catholic reporter, Boston Pilot, 16 June 1853 in Billington, R. A., The Protestant Crusade, p. 301.Google Scholar
68 Quoted Connelly, James F., The Visit of Archbishop Gaetano Bedini to the United States of America (June 1853-February 1854) (Rome 1960), p. 84.Google Scholar
69 Gavazzi in Glasgow City Hall, Glasgow Herald, 26 Sept. 1851. Newcastle Journal, 13 Oct. 1851. Also his remarks in The Banner of Ulster and Belfast News Letter, n.d. 1854 where he opposes woman suffrage, preferring proper education in the ‘right’ vote and attacks Chartists. G.P. See also Brion Davis, David, ‘Some Themes of Counter-Subversion…’ Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 67 (1960–1) pp. 205–24.Google Scholar
70 Begg, J., Pauperism and the Poor Laws (Edinburgh 1849).Google Scholar
71 Elgin Courier, 10 Sept. 1852; Aberdeen Journal 15 Sept. 1852; Glasgow, 22 Nov., no date, clippings in G.P.
72 Fourth Address in Glasgow, 1851, p. 6. G.P. Most contemporaries agreed with these views.
73 Glasgow Free Press, 23 Aug. 1851 and Clipping, North British Daily Mail, Feb., 1852, G.P.
74 Clipping Edinburgh meeting, Caledonian Mercury, 14 Aug. 1851, G.P.
75 Clipping in G.P., Dumfries 12 Nov. 1851.
76 Clipping Preston 1852, G.P.
77 ibidem, Second evening oration in Preston, 1852. G.P.
78 ibidem, clipping unattributed on the Banff meeting, 1852. Also Stirling Observer, 25 Sept. 1851, G.P.
79 ibidem, Elgin Courier, 10 Sept. 1852. Similar remarks are in the Edinburgh and Glasgow reports 1851 G.P.
80 Glasgow Constitutional, 4 Oct. 1854 G.P..
81 Rev. Thom, W. quoted in Dundee, The Northern Warder, 18 Sept. 1851,Google Scholar and James Morrison, at the post address breakfast, even though few understood a word of his speech, Stirling Observer, 25 Sept. 1851. Also at Perth he was quoted as saying French mercenaries of Mary Stuart were defeated in Scotland but French mercenaries had defeated liberty in Rome. The Northern Warder, 25 Sept. 1851.
82 Marraro, Howard R., American Opinion, p. 174.Google Scholar
83 Glasgow Courier, 16, 19, 28 Aug., 13, 27 Sept., 4, 14, 28 Oct., 11, 13, 20 Nov. 1851; Bulwark, Sept. p. 76, Oct. pp. 83–4 with picture. Also Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 30 Nov. for two lectures in Glasgow; 27 Nov. 1858 citing Kossuth's lecture on ‘Nationalities’ in Stewarton. His departure 28 May 1859. Also The Witness, 10, 17 Nov. 1858.
84 Bulwark, July 1851, p. 1. My numerous attempts to gain information from or access to the records of the Protestant Reformation Society, Edinburgh proved fruitless.
85 Bailie Gourlay introduction, Glasgow, Scottish Guardian, 27 Feb. 1852, G.P.
86 Oration at Mechanics’ Institute, Aberdeen, 3 Sept. 1851, p. 36. He gave a further address on 19 Sept. 1851. G.P.
87 Clipping, Glasgow, North British Daily Mail, 1852,Google Scholar G.P.
88 Newspaper clippings, G.P. Also Glasgow Courier, 16, 19, 28 Aug., 11, 13, 27 Sept., 4 Oct., 20 Nov. 1851; Bulwark, Oct. 1851.
89 ibidem, A German Lutheran who had seen Gavazzi previously in Rome, complained in Preston Guardian, 31 Jan. 1851 that his addresses were ten times longer than the purported translation, quoted in Rambler, 9, 1852 p. 240. J. M. Capes agreed after hearing him. Rev. A. Gibson had published an anti-Catholic scare mongering pamphlet Bible Burning in Glasgow (n.p., circa 1836).
90 Clipping, Clasgow, 25 Nov. 1852 and The Edinburgh Witness, 21 Oct. 1854. G.P.
91 The Northern Warder, 25 Sept. 1851, G.P. Catholics replied with a Scottish tour by the Irish priest, Rev. Fr. Cahill. Glasgow Free Press, 11, 18, 25 Oct., 1 Nov. 1851. The paper subsequently published his open letters on his English and American tours, 10 Jan., 7 Feb. 1852 and meeting 20 Nov. 1852. The Dominican Fr. Burke continued that tradition with The Faith of the Irish People. A Lecture in the City Hall, 26th Oct. 1874 (Glasgow 1874) and The First Easter Sunday or Christian Ireland. A Lecture delivered in the City Hall, Glasgow on Wednesday 4th April 1877 (Glasgow 1877).
92 Clippings 14 Aug., 12 Nov. 1851; Falkirk Herald, 13 Nov. 1851; Dumfries and Galloway Standard and Advertiser, n.d., Nov. 1851 G.P. Glasgow Courier, 20 Nov. 1851.
93 Clipping 22 Nov., Edinburgh 1852. G.P.
94 ibidem, Newspaper clippings, 27 Feb.–Mar., 10 Oct., 22–25 Nov. 1852; Glasgow Constitutional 16 and n.d., February 1853; 2 Sept., 13–14 Oct. 1854; three other unattributed newspaper clippings for Mr. Inglis's chapel, Banff, Provost Kynoch presiding in the Assembly Rooms, Forres and the Free Church Keith, 1852; Grant, Provost, Elgin Courier, 10 Sept. 1852;Google Scholar Smith, Neil Jr., Aberdeen Journal, 15 Sept. 1852 Google Scholar G.P.
95 Clippings, Glasgow Herald, 13, 14 Oct. 1854. Also Aberdeen Free Press, 13 Oct. 1854, G.P.
96 See The Witness, 6 Jan., 1 Dec. 1858 for Brownlow and Gavazzi's tour in Ireland.
97 Marraro, H., American Opinion…, pp. 131, 140, 170.Google Scholar
98 Connelly, James F., The Visit of Archbishop Gaetano Bedini to the United States of America (June 1853–February 1854) (Rome 1960) pp. 33–6.Google Scholar Bedim went in fear of his life, p. 40. On Bedim, later Cardinal Archbishop of Viterbo (1806–1864) see pp. 288–90. Though Garibaldi had offered his troops to Pius IX and Italian nationalism in 1847, Bassi had joined Gavazzi and Nationalist forces at Ancona and was subsequently captured and summarily executed by the Austrians. Carrington, Evelyn, ‘Ugo Bassi’, British Quarterly Review, 73 (1881) pp. 12–36 Google Scholar is highly coloured. On the background, Marraro, Howard, American Opinion on the Unification of Italy, 1845–1861 (New York 1932).Google Scholar
99 Connelly, J. F., Bedini…, pp. 263,Google Scholar 130–44, 159–59 and 167–69 quoting Rev. Thomas Heyden, Bedford, Pennsylvania who wrote to Rome attributing the problems to the many young inexperienced Irish bishops in America!
100 ibidem, p. 78.
101 Billington, R. A., The Protestant Crusade, p. 304;Google Scholar Careless, J. A., Brown of the Globe, 2 vols (Toronto 1959) I. 173–75.Google Scholar Scottish editors and supporters abounded in Canada.
102 In Il Gesuita Moderna (1847) which was placed on the Index.
103 Clippings 14 August, 19 Sept. 1851 in Dundee, G.P.
104 Clipping, Edinburgh meeting, Caledonian Mercury, 14 Aug. 1851 G.P.
105 Clippings quoting his Recollections of the Last Four Popes, p. 146 G.P.
106 Clipping, address, Glasgow second farewell address, 1853 and Preston 1852, G.P.
107 Clipping, Edinburgh 22 Nov. 1852 and Glasgow Herald 26 Sept. 1851, G.P.
108 Clipping, Longer Report of Dundee Oration, n.d., Dundee, Sept. 1851, G.P.
109 Cf. Bulwark, Aug. 1851, pp. 1–2.
110 Lecture at the Free Church, Saltcoats, Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 8 Feb. 1879. Wylie was a prolific writer, lecturer and propagandist against Catholicism. Also Kilmarnock Standard, 20 July 1878 report of the Orange demonstration at Cumnock. Burns, William, ‘Scotland and Italy’, Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 22 Feb. 1868.Google Scholar
111 Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 11 Jan., 22 Feb., 1, 21 March, 11 April.
112 Bishop J. Cameron, Edinburgh to Rev. John Lingard, 15 Oct. 1819 quoted in Connell, Joan, The Roman Catholic Church in England, 1780–1859: A Study in Internal Politics (Philadelphia 1984) p. 149.Google Scholar Also Glasgow Examiner, 2 Sept. 1854. G.P. Quarante Ore held in Glasgow Lent 1870, SCD 1871.
113 Clipping, Gavazzi in Edinburgh, 1851 G.P.
114 Clipping, Gavazzi s Second Oration, Preston, Preston Pilot, 24 Jan. 1852 and Glasgow Oration 1851. G.P. The contemporary Duke of Norfolk's abjuration reinforced that impression.
115 Clipping, Glasgow, 1851.
116 Clipping, Gavazzi in Glasgow 1851 G.P., Times, 8 Mar. 1864, 12, 22 Jan. 1889.
117 Oration in Edinburgh, 21 Aug. 1851, p. 32, G.P.
118 Clipping, Second Farewell address, Glasgow Constitutional, n.d. Feb. 1853. G.P. The issue later crystallised around the Madiai imprisoned allegedly for reading the Bible and the baptism and subsequent removal of a Jewish child from his parents in the Papal States. His nurse baptised him when he was believed to be in danger of death. The minister of the London Scots Church, Rev. J. Cuming wrote two pamphlets on them in 1853. Also ‘The Madiai’, Dublin Review, 34 (1853) pp. 203–43; ‘Italy and the Papal States, ibidem, 41 (1856) pp. 171–226; ‘Italy and India, ibidem, 42(1857) pp. 206–34 esp. p. 207 ‘John Bull's Protestant loyalty consists, first in contempt or hatred of every sovereign except his own and secondly, in an execration of every religion except his own do-little and believe less system; ‘The Mortara Case and the Murphy Case’, ibidem, 46 (1859) pp. 19–42 and Kertzer, David I., The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara (New York 1997).Google Scholar
119 Comments in his Preston speech Preston Pilot, 24 Jan. 1852. G.P.
120 Newcastle Journal, 11 Oct. 1851, G.P.
121 Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 2 Feb. 1878.
122 Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 4, 11 Jan., 17 Oct. 1868; 1 Feb. 1879.
123 E.g. Saltcoats and Ardrossan Herald, 24 April, 2 May 1868.
124 Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 11 April, 10 Oct. 1868. Michael Barrett, the Glasgow Fenian and last man to be hanged in public was languishing in jail awaiting execution. See McFarland, Elaine W., ‘A Reality Yet Impalpable: the Fenian Panic in Mid-Victorian Scotland’, S.H.R., 77 (1990) pp. 199–223 Google Scholar and Rafferty, Oliver P., The Church, the State and the Fenian Threat, 1861–75 (Basingstoke 1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
125 Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 9 Feb. 1878.
126 Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 19 Nov. 1868.
127 Clipping, Glasgow Constitutional, 14 Oct. 1854, G.P.
128 Clipping, Birmingham Mercury, 11 Mar. 1854 reporting two addresses, G.P. Kossuth arrived in 1851, Glasgow Courier, 28 Oct. 1851, Mt. Turher of Thrushgrove supported both. ibidem, 14 Oct. 1851.
129 See Fyfe, Janet, ‘Aid to Garibaldi from John McAdam and the City of Glasgow’, pp. 69–88 and her ‘Scottish Volunteers with Garibaldi’. Scottish Historical Review, 57 (1978) pp. 168–81.Google Scholar Allegedly he made numbers of religious converts to his cause. 1852 G.P. Also The Witness, 16 Nov. 1858 on the Garibaldi Rifle Fund.
130 Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 10 Aug. 1878. On well informed Free Church enthusiasm see Rev. R. M. Hanna (1821–57) Ewing, I. 181 in articles from Florence in North British Review, 14 (1850) pp. 319–49; 15 (1851) pp. 597–528; 18 (1852–53) pp. 78–105; 20 (1853–54) pp. 37–80.
131 (Lord John Acton) Rambler, 1858 p. 428. Also see (J. M. Capes, 1812–89) Sept. 1848, pp. 6–9; Oct. 1848, pp. 81–89; Feb. 1849, pp. 391–97; April 1849, pp. 557–64; May 1849, pp. 1–7; May 1851, pp. 371–82; (R. Simpson) Jan. 1854, p. 59 and Sept. 1856, pp. 161–68; (J. M. Capes) Mar. 1857, p. 383; (Acton and Simpson) Jan. 1860, pp. 291–323; (Acton) Mar. 1860, pp. 291–323; (Simpson) Nov. 1860, pp. 1–27.
132 (Capes, J.M.) Rambler, Aug. 1849, p. 237 Google Scholar and Mar. 1856, p. 176. See (Acton) Nov. 1861, pp. 1–62 and (Simpson) pp. 106–09 refuting Manning's exaggerated claims for the Temporal Power.
133 Montalembert toured Scotland in summer 1862. See his correspondence with J. Pope-Hennessy (1834–91) in the Montalembert Papers, La Roche-en-Breny, France. Montalembert guided and encouraged his speeches in Parliament in 1862–63. Also Kutolowski, John F., ‘Mid-Victorian Public Opinion, Polish Propaganda and the Uprising of 1863’, Journal of British Studies, 7–8 (1967–69) pp. 87–110 Google Scholar and his ‘English Radicals and the Polish Insurrection of 1863–64, Polish Review, 11 (1966) pp. 3–28. The Glasgow-born poet, Thomas Campbell had begun The Friends of Poland in 1832.
134 Tablet, 3 March 1860 for collections in his Lanark church and Carstairs home. On the background see Beales, Derek, England and Italy, 1859–60 (London 1961).Google Scholar
135 Capes, J. M., Reasons For Returning to the Church of England (London 1871 ed.) p. 161.Google Scholar Hisbookisa typical liberal Catholic statement. Capes returned to Catholicism in 1886 until his death in 1889. See Rambler, 1 (4 Mar., 22 July, 5 Aug. 1848), weekly then a monthly Sept. 1848: 3 (Oct. 1848) pp. 81–9; (Feb. 1849) pp. 391–97; (April 1849) pp. 557–64; 7 (1851) pp. 371–82. However much John Henry Newman urged restraint, his successors Richard Simpson and John later Lord Acton abandoned his caution for more outspoken views as in ‘The Roman Question (Jan. 1860) pp. 137–54 and (Nov. 1860) pp. 1–27. The journal argued for divorce laws, the end of the Maynooth grant and alienated the hierarchy over education, ibidem, 6 (Sept. 1856) N.S., pp. 161–68. See Altholz, J. L., The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The Rambler and Its Contributors, 1848–1864 (London 1960), pp. 98–171.Google Scholar
136 McCorry, John S., Panegyric on St. Patrick (Edinburgh 1851) p. 19.Google Scholar
137 Tablet, 3 March 1854. The SVP distributed some 7,000 tracts in Glasgow at that period. There are similarities to North American experience. Scherzer, Kenneth A., The Unbounded Community: Neighbourhood Life and Social Structure in New York, 1830–1875 (Durham, N.C., 1992) esp. p. 189 Google Scholar and Clarke, Brian P., Piety and Nationalism: Lay Voluntary Associations and the Creation ofan Irish Catholic Community in Toronto, 1850–1875 (Toronto 1993).Google Scholar
138 Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland (1862) p. 50, p. 57.Google Scholar
139 E.g. lectures by Derrick, T., Glasgow Free Press, 11 July, 19 Sept. 1863.Google Scholar Also see The Irish Republic, 12 Mar. 1864. The radical nationalist republican journal had a Glasgow distributor. A. H. Keane tried to deny J. McCorry acted as a Glasgow Free Press sub-editor in The Irish Republic. 21, 28 May 1864. The paper was read at McManus Branch meetings in Glasgow, ibidem, 21 Jan. 1865.
140 See The Irish Republic, 21 Jan., 25 Feb., 25 Mar. 1865 and especially a letter on containment in Greenock, ibidem, 16 Sept. 1865 the last issue before its suppression by the British government.
141 Glasgow Free Press, 18 Oct. 1862.
142 Glasgow Free Press, 7 Feb. 1863. See ‘Garibaldi in England, Dublin Review, 54, 3rd ser. (1864) pp. 132–55 and Gilley, Sheridan, ‘The Garibaldi Riots of 1862’, Historical Journal, 16 (1973) pp. 697–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Fyfe, Janet, ‘Aid to Garibaldi from Glasgow’, in Campanella, A. P., ed., Pages from the Garibaldian Epic (Sarasota, 1984) pp. 70–88.Google Scholar John McAdam, Secretary, Friends of Italy, Glasgow had invited him, Epistolario Garibaldi, ed. Mazegnio, C., v. 9 (Rome 1992) pp. 41, 43, 46, 48, 81, 119 Google Scholar and v. 8 (Rome 1991) and in vols. 8, 11, 12, 14. With Monteith, the Urquhartite working men s movement opposed Garibaldi enlisting volunteers. Ridley, Jasper, Garibaldi (London 1974) pp. 460–61.Google Scholar Monteith sent funds to the Papacy. Letter to Bishop Dupanloup, 11 May 1864, Dupanloup Papers, St. Sulpice, Paris. I am grateful to the archivist Irenee Noyes for this reference.
143 Newspaper clippings, 22 Sept., 24 Oct. 1864; Stirling, 9 Nov. 1865 and report of SRS meeting at Corn Exchange Hall; Edinburgh, 24 Oct. 1865, G.P.
144 Free Church Record 1872, pp. 207; 1875, pp. 217, 225; 1876, pp.22–29, 239. AlsoTimes, 12 Jan. 1889.
145 Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald, 23, 30 Aug. 1873; Church Record, 1875 p. 225 and 1 Jan. 1876.
146 Church Record, 1877, pp. 265–66. Also Rev. Henderson, John in Report of Proceedings of the First General Presbyterian Council, July 1877 (Edinburgh 1877) pp. 300–1.Google Scholar
147 Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland (1873) p. 249.Google Scholar He claimed three chapels, two schools and Sunday schools. Plymouth Brethren were then making initial inroads into Ayrshire.
148 Church Record, 1 Oct. 1879, pp. 330–31.
149 Church Record,1880, p. 333. Report of Lord Overton presiding at the Annual Meeting of the Friends and the Glasgow Committee of the … and not infrequently Free Italian Church gathering in New York.
150 Church Record, 1881, pp. 375, 378–81, 398–401 in Perth, Edinburgh and Dumfries. See Report of the Second General Assembly of the General Presbyterian Council, held in Philadelphia, September 1880 (Philadelphia 1880) p.776.
151 Gavazzi, A., Discourse Delivered at the Opening of the Association of the Italian Free Church (Florence 1884)Google Scholar and Statement of the Evangelistic Work in Italy conducted by the Free Italian Church (1886).
152 Gavazzi, A., A Discourse …, pp. 11 and 14.Google Scholar
153 See his Recollections of the Four Last Popes (London 1858) p. 119.Google Scholar Cardinal Wiseman had written a work with the same title.
154 Times, 12, 22 Jan. 1889 obituary notices and memories.
155 Tablet, 1 May 1886, report of Good Friday attack on St. Mary s, Glasgow by 2,000 Orangemen.
156 Begg had toured USA in the 1850s. e.g. ‘While the reaction of Romanism in Catholic countries is infidelity, the reaction of Protestants is Ritualism and Romanism. The drift is perceptible in both England and America’. Princeton Review, 41 (1869) pp. 102–03.Google Scholar The Free Church General Assembly move abandoned his annual Popery Committee. See Palmer, Howard, Patterns of Prejudice: A History of Nativism in Alberta (Toronto 1982).Google Scholar
157 Lucas, E., ‘The Conversion of England’, Month, 3 ser. 35 (1885) pp. 305–17,Google Scholar esp. 31–11, 313. To Rev. Faber, F. W. revolution meant only ‘mortal sin’. Dublin Review, 50 (1861) p. 232.Google Scholar
