Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T23:14:29.362Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Energy and nitrogen intake, expenditure and retention at 20° in growing fowl given diets with a wide range of energy and protein contents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

M. G. Macleod
M. G. Macleod
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Edinburgh Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Heat production (HP) and the intake and retention of energy and nitrogen were measured at 20° in growing female broiler fowl given diets with metabolizable energy (ME) contents ranging from 8 to 15 MJ/kg at each of two crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25; CP) contents (130 and 210 g/kg). ME intake was partially controlled by the birds, but increased by 30% over the range of dietary ME concentration. CP intake varied directly with dietary CP:ME ratio, indicating that control of energy intake took priority and that food intake did not increase in order to enhance amino acid intake on low-CP diets. Maintenance energy requirement and fasting HP were not affected by diet. Although the HP of fed birds was significantly affected by dietary energy source, there was no evidence for regulatory diet-induced thermogenesis as energy intake increased. Total energy retention doubled on the higher-energy diets as a result of increased intake and retention efficiency in the absence of any compensation by diet-induced thermogenesis. The proportion of energy retained as fat was negatively correlated with dietary CP:ME ratio. It was concluded that the growing female broiler fowl responded to large differences in energy intake and dietary CP concentration not by changes in rate of energy dissipation as heat but by changes in the quantity of energy retained and in the partition of retained energy between body protein and body fat.

Keywords

Energy intakeNitrogen metabolismThermogenesisBroiler fowl
Type
Energy and Protein Metabolism
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 64 , Issue 3 , November 1990 , pp. 625 - 637
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1990

References

Agricultural Research Council (1975). The Nutrient Requirements of Farm Livestock. No. 1. Poultry. London: Agricultural Research Council.Google Scholar
Barr, H. G. & McCracken, K. J. (1984). High efficiency of energy utilisation in ‘cafeteria’ and force-fed rats kept at 29°. British Journal of Nutrition 51, 379–387.Google Scholar
Bartov, I., Bornstein, S. & Lipstein, B. (1974). Effect of calorie to protein ratio on the degree of fatness in broilers fed on practical diets. British Poultry Science 15, 107–117.Google Scholar
Cherry, J. A. (1982). Non-caloric effects on dietary fat and cellulose on the voluntary feed consumption of White Leghorn chickens. Poultry Science 61, 345–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Close, W. H., Berschauer, F. & Heavens, R. P. (1983). The influence of protein: energy value of the ration and level of feed intake on the energy and nitrogen metabolism of the growing pig. 1. Energy metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition 49, 255–269.Google Scholar
Coyer, P. A., Rivers, J. P. W. & Millward, D. J. (1987). The effect of dietary protein and energy restriction on heat production and growth costs in the young rat. British Journal of Nutrition 58, 73–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, J., Hepburn, W. R., Mathieson, J. & Pullar, J. D. (1968). Comparisons of heat loss from young cockerels by direct measurement and by indirect assessment involving body analysis. British Poultry Science 9, 93–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, J., McDonald, I., Mathieson, J. & Williams, R. B. (1961). Utilisation of dietary energy by poultry. II. Effects of indigestible organic matter and protein on the utilisation of metabolisable energy for growth. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 12, 425–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, J., Mathieson, J., Williams, R. B. & Boyne, A. W. (1964). Effects of animal fat and low ratios of protein to metabolisable energy on the utilisation of dietary energy by medium- and fast-growing strains of poultry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 15, 316–325.Google Scholar
de Groote, G. (1974). Utilisation of metabolisable energy. In Energy Requirements of Poultry, pp. 113–134 [Morris, T. R. and Freeman, B. M., editors]. Edinburgh: British Poultry Science Ltd.Google Scholar
Duke, G. E., Eccleston, E., Kirkwood, S., Louis, C. F. & Bedbury, H. P. (1984). Cellulose digestion by domestic turkeys fed low or high fibre diets. Journal of Nutrition 114, 95–102.Google Scholar
Evans, R. M. & Scholz, R. W. (1971). Metabolic responses of chicks during adaptation to a high-protein ‘carbohydrate-free’ diet. Journal of Nutrition 101, 1127–1136.Google Scholar
Fisher, C. & Wilson, B. J. (1974). Response to dietary energy concentration by growing chickens. In Energy Requirements of Poultry, pp. 151–184 [Morris, T. R. and Freeman, B. M., editors]. Edinburgh: British Poultry Science Ltd.Google Scholar
Gurr, M. J., Mawson, R., Rothwell, N. J. & Stock, M. J. (1980). Effects of manipulating dietary protein and energy intake on energy balance and thermogenesis in the pig. Journal of Nutrition 110, 532–542.Google Scholar
Harris, R. B. S., Tobin, G. & Hervey, G. R. (1988). Voluntary food intake of lean and obese Zucker rats in relation to dietary energy and nitrogen content. Journal of Nutrition 118, 503–514.Google Scholar
Hervey, G. R. & Tobin, G. (1982). The part played by variation of energy expenditure in the regulation of energy balance. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 41, 137–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, F. W. & Dansky, L. M. (1954). Studies of the energy requirements of chickens. 1. The effect of dietary energy level on growth and feed consumption. Poultry Science 33, 112–119.Google Scholar
Johnston, D. W. (1971). The absence of brown adipose tissue in birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 40A, 1107–1108.Google Scholar
Keller, J. S. (1980). Fasting heat production as a function of growth rate in the chicken. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 44, 168–172.Google Scholar
Lundy, H., MacLeod, M. G. & Jewitt, T. R. (1978). An automated multi-calorimeter system: preliminary experiments on laying hens. British Poultry Science 19, 173–186.Google Scholar
McCracken, K. J. & McAllister, A. (1984). Energy metabolism and body composition of young pigs given low-protein diets. British Journal of Nutrition 51, 225–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLeod, M. G., Lundy, H. & Jewitt, T. R. (1985). Heat production by the mature male turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): preliminary measurements in an automated indirect open-circuit multi-calorimeter system. British Poultry Science 26, 325–333.Google Scholar
Miller, D. S. & Payne, P. R. (1962). Weight maintenance and food intake. Journal of Nutrition 78, 255–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millward, D. J., Garlick, P. J. & Reeds, P. J. (1976). The energy cost of growth. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 35, 339–349.Google Scholar
Petersen, C. B. (1970). Efficiency of protein and fat deposition in growing chickens determined by respiratory experiments. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals. Proceedings of the 5th European Association for Animal Production Symposium, pp. 205–208 [Schurch, A. and Wenk, C., editors]. Zurich: Juris.Google Scholar
Rothwell, N. J. & Stock, M. J. (1979). A role for brown adipose tissue in diet induced thermogenesis. Nature 281, 31–35.Google Scholar
Rothwell, N. J. & Stock, M. J. (1982). Energy expenditure of ‘cafeteria’-fed rats determined from measurements of energy balance and indirect calorimetry. Journal of Physiology 328, 371–377.Google Scholar
Roux, C. Z., Hofmeyr, H. S. & Meissner, M. M. (1976). The prediction and description of growth from the partitioning of energy for heat production and the synthesis of protein and fat. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals. Proceedings of the 7th European Association for Animal Production Symposium, pp. 157–160 [Vermorel, M., editor]. Clermont-FerrandG. de Bussac.Google Scholar
Sibbald, I. R. (1976). A bioassay for true metabolizable energy in feedingstuffs. Poultry Science 55, 303–308.Google Scholar
Znaniecka, G. (1967). Calorific value of protein and fat of the chicken's body. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals. Proceedings of the 4th European Association for Animal Production Symposium, pp. 407–408 [Blaxter, K. L., Kielanowski, J. and Thorbek, G., editors]. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Oriel Press.Google Scholar