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Adebayo, Folasade A. Itkonen, Suvi T. Öhman, Taina Skaffari, Essi Saarnio, Elisa M. Erkkola, Maijaliisa Cashman, Kevin D. and Lamberg-Allardt, Christel 2018. Vitamin D intake, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and response to moderate vitamin D3 supplementation: a randomised controlled trial in East African and Finnish women. British Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 119, Issue. 04, p. 431.
O'Callaghan, Karen M. and Kiely, Mairead E. 2018. Ethnic disparities in the dietary requirement for vitamin D during pregnancy: considerations for nutrition policy and research. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Vol. 77, Issue. 02, p. 164.
Irandoust, Khadijeh and Taheri, Morteza 2017. The Effect of Vitamin D supplement and Indoor Vs Outdoor Physical Activity on Depression of Obese Depressed Women. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. In Press, Issue. In Press,
Madar, Ahmed A Gundersen, Thomas E Haug, Anne M and Meyer, Haakon E 2017. Vitamin D supplementation and vitamin D status in children of immigrant background in Norway. Public Health Nutrition, Vol. 20, Issue. 16, p. 2887.
Riaz, H. Finlayson, A.E. Bashir, S. Hussain, S. Mahmood, S. Malik, F. and Godman, B. 2016. Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in Pakistan and implications for the future. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 9, Issue. 2, p. 329.
Bruns, Juergen Werner, Mathias and Soyka, Matthias 2016. Is vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency related to the development of osteochondritis dissecans?. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, Vol. 24, Issue. 5, p. 1575.
Martin, Catherine A. Gowda, Usha and Renzaho, Andre M.N. 2016. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among dark-skinned populations according to their stage of migration and region of birth: A meta-analysis. Nutrition, Vol. 32, Issue. 1, p. 21.
Thacher, Tom D. Pludowski, Pawel Shaw, Nick J. Mughal, M. Zulf Munns, Craig F. and Högler, Wolfgang 2016. Nutritional rickets in immigrant and refugee children. Public Health Reviews, Vol. 37, Issue. 1,
Kovacs, Christopher S. 2016. Maternal Mineral and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Post-Weaning Recovery. Physiological Reviews, Vol. 96, Issue. 2, p. 449.
Grewal, Navnit Andersen, Lene Kolve, Cathrine Kverndalen, Ingrid and Torheim, Liv 2016. Food and Nutrient Intake among 12-Month-Old Norwegian-Somali and Norwegian-Iraqi Infants. Nutrients, Vol. 8, Issue. 10, p. 602.
Wandel, Margareta Terragni, Laura Nguyen, Camilla Lyngstad, Julianne Amundsen, Marlen and de Paoli, Marina 2016. Breastfeeding among Somali mothers living in Norway: Attitudes, practices and challenges. Women and Birth, Vol. 29, Issue. 6, p. 487.
Green, Tim J. Li, Wangyang Barr, Susan I. Jahani, Mitra and Chapman, Gwen E. 2015. Vitamin D supplementation is associated with higher serum 25OHD in Asian and White infants living in Vancouver, Canada. Maternal & Child Nutrition, Vol. 11, Issue. 2, p. 253.
Madar, Ahmed A. Knutsen, Kirsten V. Stene, Lars C. Brekke, Mette Lagerløv, Per Meyer, Haakon E. and Macdonald, Helen M. 2015. Effect of vitamin D3-supplementation on bone markers (serum P1NP and CTX): A randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled trial among healthy immigrants living in Norway. Bone Reports, Vol. 2, p. 82.
Berg-Hansen, Pål Moen, Stine M Sandvik, Leiv Harbo, Hanne F Bakken, Inger J Stoltenberg, Camilla and Celius, Elisabeth G 2015. Prevalence of multiple sclerosis among immigrants in Norway. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Vol. 21, Issue. 6, p. 695.
Karras, S N Anagnostis, P Paschou, S A Kandaraki, E and Goulis, D G 2015. Vitamin D status during pregnancy: time for a more unified approach beyond borders?. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 69, Issue. 8, p. 874.
Fernell, Elisabeth Bejerot, Susanne Westerlund, Joakim Miniscalco, Carmela Simila, Henry Eyles, Darryl Gillberg, Christopher and Humble, Mats B 2015. Autism spectrum disorder and low vitamin D at birth: a sibling control study. Molecular Autism, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, p. 3.
Ji, Hye-Mi and Cho, Geum Joon 2015. The Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Perinatal Outcomes of Pregnancy. Korean Journal of Perinatology, Vol. 26, Issue. 3, p. 174.
Madar, Ahmed A. Stene, Lars C. Meyer, Haakon E. Brekke, Mette Lagerløv, Per and Knutsen, Kirsten V. 2015. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on iron status: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among ethnic minorities living in Norway. Nutrition Journal, Vol. 15, Issue. 1,
High prevalences of vitamin D deficiency have been reported in non-Western immigrants moving to Western countries, including Norway, but there is limited information on vitamin D status in infants born to immigrant mothers. We aimed to describe the vitamin D status and potentially correlated factors among infants aged 6 weeks and their mothers with Pakistani, Turkish or Somali background attending child health clinics in Norway. Eighty-six healthy infants and their mothers with immigrant background were recruited at the routine 6-week check-up at nine centres between 2004 and 2006. Venous or capillary blood was collected at the clinics from the mother and infant, and serum separated for analysis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D) and intact parathyroid hormone (s-iPTH). The mean maternal s-25(OH)D was 25·8 nmol/l, with 57 % below 25 nmol/l and 15 % below 12·5 nmol/l. Of the mothers, 26 % had s-iPTH>5·7 pmol/l. For infants, mean s-25(OH)D was 41·7 nmol/l, with 47 % below 25 nmol/l and 34 % below 12·5 nmol/l. s-25(OH)D was considerably lower in the thirty-one exclusively breast-fed infants (mean 11·1 nmol/l; P < 0·0001). Use of vitamin D supplements and education showed a positive association with maternal s-25(OH)D. There was no significant association between mother's and child's s-25(OH)D, and no significant ethnic or seasonal variation in s-25(OH)D for mothers or infants. In conclusion, there is widespread vitamin D deficiency in immigrant mothers and their infants living in Norway. Exclusively breast-fed infants who did not receive vitamin D supplements had particularly severe vitamin D deficiency.
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