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Silverstein, Adam J.
2009.
Geography and Ethnography.
p.
273.
Article contents
Japanese Names for the Four Cardinal Points
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009
Extract
In 1925 P. Pelliot drew a very interesting comparison between the Mongol and the Tungus names for the four cardinal points. This comparison was followed by S. M. ShirokogorofFs detailed study of the Northern Tungus terms of orientation, to which W. Kotwicz added a short note on the Mongol terms. Later in 1928 the latter scholar touched on the same subject in nis article entitled “Sur les modes d'orientation en Asie Centrale”, in which the Turkish names for the four cardinal points are discussed. These noteworthy studies show clearly how in the above-mentioned languages the four cardinal points are expressed by various words signifying “right” and “left” and “front” and “back”, as well as “upward” and “downward”.
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- Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , February 1933 , pp. 91 - 103
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- Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies 1933
References
page 91 note 1 Pelliot, P., “Les mots à H initiale, aujourd'hui amuie, dans le mongol des XIIIe et XIVe siécles,” JA., avril-juin, 1925, pp. 193–263; cf. pp. 230–4.Google Scholar
page 91 note 2 Shirokogoroff, S. M., “Northern Tungus terms of orientation,” RO., torn IV (1926). Lwow, 1933, pp. 167–187.Google Scholar
page 91 note 3 Kotwicz, W., “Mongol terms of orientation,” RO., torn IV (1926). Lwow, 1933, pp. 188–9.Google Scholar
page 91 note 4 Kotwicz, W., “Sur les modes d'orientation en Asie Centrale,” RO., torn V. Lwow, 1933, pp. 68–91.Google Scholar
page 91 note 5 Cf. Ifa, F., Koryūkyū, Tōkyō, 1922, pp. 59–62Google Scholar; Andō, M., Kodai Kokugo no Kenkyū, Tokyo, 1924, pp. 128–9.Google Scholar
page 92 note 1 Matsuoka, S., Kogo Daijiten, Tōkyō, 1930, pp. 501, 1064–5.Google Scholar
page 92 note 2 Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., p. 90.Google Scholar
page 92 note 3 Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., pp. 9–10, 489.Google Scholar
page 93 note 1 Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., pp. 651–2Google Scholar; Matsuoka, S., Nihon Gengogaku, Tōkyō, 1933, p. 61.Google Scholar
page 93 note 5 Shimmura, I., Tōa Gogenshi, Tōkyō, 1930, p. 237.Google Scholar
page 94 note 1 Nikon Oengogaka, op. cit., p. 4.Google Scholar
page 94 note 2 Sur les modes d'orientation, op. cit., pp. 84–5.Google Scholar
page 95 note 1 Sur les modes d'orientation, op. cit., pp. 85–8.Google Scholar
page 95 note 2 Ramstedt, G. J., “Über die Zahlwörter der altaischen Sprachen,” JSFOu., xxiv, 1. Helsingissa, 1907, p. 5Google Scholar; cf. also Kotwicz, W., “Contributions aux études altaïques,” RO., torn VII (1929–1930). Lwow, 1931, pp. 159–160, 216–17.Google Scholar
page 96 note 1 B. Y. Vladimirtsov, 
1929, pp. 151–7.
page 96 note 2 Matsuoka derives this word from mu- “body” + *na (suffix), stating that the earlier meaning of the word is “body” (Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., p. 1236).Google Scholar
page 96 note 3 Sur les modes d'orientation, op. eit., p. 87, n. 68Google Scholar; also Contributions aux études altaīques, op. cit., p. 161, n. 35.Google Scholar
page 96 note 4 Cf. Yoshizawa, Y., Kokugoshi Gaisetsu, Tōkyō, 1931, p. 18.Google Scholar
page 97 note 1 Cf. Sur hs modes d'orientation, op. cit., pp. 88–9.Google Scholar
page 97 note 2 Cf. Kiyono, K., “Minzokuron,” Kōkogaku Kōza, vol. x, Tōkyō, 1929, p. 31.Google Scholar
page 97 note 3 As an example of Turk. -ä- ∽ Jap. -a-, -i- may be cited kirn (stem ki < *kiyi-) “to put on, wear”; Turk. *käδ Orkh., Uig. käδ- “to put on, wear”, Koib. kes “id.,” Osm. giy- “id.,” Yak. kät- “id.,” etc. The words kata “shoulder” and kadzuku (stem *kad-uk) “to put on one's head” seem also to have come from the Turkish *käδ.
page 98 note 1 Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., p. 501.Google Scholar Matsuoka does not explain the function of the -no- in kinovu. For the preterite suffix -ki see my article entitled “An Analytical Study of the Conjugations of Japanese Verbs and Adjectives”, BSOS., vol. vi, part 3, 1931, pp. 657–8.Google Scholar
page 98 note 2 Matsuoka connects these words with koyu “to cross over” (Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., pp. 570, 596).Google Scholar
page 98 note 3 According to Matsuoka the ka- of this word is of the same origin as the Chinese tšia (< ka, 
“to add to, join”, 
“good, admirable”, 
“good, beautiful”), whilst -tsu is a suffix (Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., p. 424). Thus he identifies this word with katsu “to add to” (pp. 432–3). However, the word katsu (stem kate) “to add to”, together with kata “side”, katsu “in addition”, etc., seems to be related to Osm. etc. qat “side, layer, -fold”, qat- “to add, join, mix”; Chuv., xut “side, layer, a time”, XUDÏŠ- “to be mixed”; Yak. Kïtar- “to unite, join”, etc., all derived from *qat.Google Scholar
page 99 note 1 Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., pp. 1048, 961.Google Scholar
page 99 note 2 Cf. my article, op. cit., pp. 642, 646.Google Scholar
page 100 note 1 Kotwicz, , Mongol terms of orientation, op. cit., p. 188.Google Scholar
page 100 note 2 Although Andō believes (Kodai Kokugo, op. cit., pp. 202–4)Google Scholar that homu and hogu have been derived from ho (< *fo) by the addition of the “formative suffixes” *-mu and *-gu, they, together with hafuri, may provide an example of the alternation *fom ∽ *fog ∽ *fav as here conjectured. M. Ueda quotes two current explanations of the word hafuri: (1) hafuru “to exorcize (evils)”, (2) hafuri (∽ haberi) “to attend on (gods)” (Dainihon Kokugo Jiten, vol. iv, Tōkyō, 1929, p. 334).Google Scholar
page 101 note 1 Yoshizawa thinks (Kolcugoshi, op. cit., p. 55)Google Scholar that the character 
came to represent m towards the end of the Kara period and denies the existence of the syllabic η in the Japanese language. Cf., however, Andō, , Kodai Kokvgo, op. cit., pp. 146–162Google Scholar; Matsuoka, , Nihon Gengogaku, op. cit., p. 289.Google Scholar
page 101 note 1 Cf. Matsuoka, , Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., pp. 652, 833.Google Scholar
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