We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
In 1925 P. Pelliot drew a very interesting comparison between the Mongol and the Tungus names for the four cardinal points. This comparison was followed by S. M. ShirokogorofFs detailed study of the Northern Tungus terms of orientation, to which W. Kotwicz added a short note on the Mongol terms. Later in 1928 the latter scholar touched on the same subject in nis article entitled “Sur les modes d'orientation en Asie Centrale”, in which the Turkish names for the four cardinal points are discussed. These noteworthy studies show clearly how in the above-mentioned languages the four cardinal points are expressed by various words signifying “right” and “left” and “front” and “back”, as well as “upward” and “downward”.
page 91 note 1 Pelliot, P., “Les mots à H initiale, aujourd'hui amuie, dans le mongol des XIIIe et XIVe siécles,” JA., avril-juin, 1925, pp. 193–263; cf. pp. 230–4.
page 91 note 2 Shirokogoroff, S. M., “Northern Tungus terms of orientation,” RO., torn IV (1926). Lwow, 1933, pp. 167–187.
page 91 note 3 Kotwicz, W., “Mongol terms of orientation,” RO., torn IV (1926). Lwow, 1933, pp. 188–9.
page 91 note 4 Kotwicz, W., “Sur les modes d'orientation en Asie Centrale,” RO., torn V. Lwow, 1933, pp. 68–91.
page 91 note 5 Cf. Ifa, F., Koryūkyū, Tōkyō, 1922, pp. 59–62; Andō, M., Kodai Kokugo no Kenkyū, Tokyo, 1924, pp. 128–9.
page 92 note 1 Matsuoka, S., Kogo Daijiten, Tōkyō, 1930, pp. 501, 1064–5.
page 92 note 2 Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., p. 90.
page 92 note 3 Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., pp. 9–10, 489.
page 93 note 1 Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., pp. 651–2; Matsuoka, S., Nihon Gengogaku, Tōkyō, 1933, p. 61.
page 93 note 5 Shimmura, I., Tōa Gogenshi, Tōkyō, 1930, p. 237.
page 94 note 1 Nikon Oengogaka, op. cit., p. 4.
page 94 note 2 Sur les modes d'orientation, op. cit., pp. 84–5.
page 95 note 1 Sur les modes d'orientation, op. cit., pp. 85–8.
page 95 note 2 Ramstedt, G. J., “Über die Zahlwörter der altaischen Sprachen,” JSFOu., xxiv, 1. Helsingissa, 1907, p. 5; cf. also Kotwicz, W., “Contributions aux études altaïques,” RO., torn VII (1929–1930). Lwow, 1931, pp. 159–160, 216–17.
page 96 note 1 B. Y. Vladimirtsov, 
1929, pp. 151–7.
page 96 note 2 Matsuoka derives this word from mu- “body” + *na (suffix), stating that the earlier meaning of the word is “body” (Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., p. 1236).
page 96 note 3 Sur les modes d'orientation, op. eit., p. 87, n. 68; also Contributions aux études altaīques, op. cit., p. 161, n. 35.
page 96 note 4 Cf. Yoshizawa, Y., Kokugoshi Gaisetsu, Tōkyō, 1931, p. 18.
page 97 note 1 Cf. Sur hs modes d'orientation, op. cit., pp. 88–9.
page 97 note 2 Cf. Kiyono, K., “Minzokuron,” Kōkogaku Kōza, vol. x, Tōkyō, 1929, p. 31.
page 97 note 3 As an example of Turk. -ä- ∽ Jap. -a-, -i- may be cited kirn (stem ki < *kiyi-) “to put on, wear”; Turk. *käδ Orkh., Uig. käδ- “to put on, wear”, Koib. kes “id.,” Osm. giy- “id.,” Yak. kät- “id.,” etc. The words kata “shoulder” and kadzuku (stem *kad-uk) “to put on one's head” seem also to have come from the Turkish *käδ.
page 98 note 1 Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., p. 501. Matsuoka does not explain the function of the -no- in kinovu. For the preterite suffix -ki see my article entitled “An Analytical Study of the Conjugations of Japanese Verbs and Adjectives”, BSOS., vol. vi, part 3, 1931, pp. 657–8.
page 98 note 2 Matsuoka connects these words with koyu “to cross over” (Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., pp. 570, 596).
page 98 note 3 According to Matsuoka the ka- of this word is of the same origin as the Chinese tšia (< ka, 
“to add to, join”, 
“good, admirable”, 
“good, beautiful”), whilst -tsu is a suffix (Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., p. 424). Thus he identifies this word with katsu “to add to” (pp. 432–3). However, the word katsu (stem kate) “to add to”, together with kata “side”, katsu “in addition”, etc., seems to be related to Osm. etc. qat “side, layer, -fold”, qat- “to add, join, mix”; Chuv., xut “side, layer, a time”, XUDÏŠ- “to be mixed”; Yak. Kïtar- “to unite, join”, etc., all derived from *qat.
page 99 note 1 Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., pp. 1048, 961.
page 99 note 2 Cf. my article, op. cit., pp. 642, 646.
page 100 note 1 Kotwicz, , Mongol terms of orientation, op. cit., p. 188.
page 100 note 2 Although Andō believes (Kodai Kokugo, op. cit., pp. 202–4) that homu and hogu have been derived from ho (< *fo) by the addition of the “formative suffixes” *-mu and *-gu, they, together with hafuri, may provide an example of the alternation *fom ∽ *fog ∽ *fav as here conjectured. M. Ueda quotes two current explanations of the word hafuri: (1) hafuru “to exorcize (evils)”, (2) hafuri (∽ haberi) “to attend on (gods)” (Dainihon Kokugo Jiten, vol. iv, Tōkyō, 1929, p. 334).
page 101 note 1 Yoshizawa thinks (Kolcugoshi, op. cit., p. 55) that the character 
came to represent m towards the end of the Kara period and denies the existence of the syllabic η in the Japanese language. Cf., however, Andō, , Kodai Kokvgo, op. cit., pp. 146–162; Matsuoka, , Nihon Gengogaku, op. cit., p. 289.
page 101 note 1 Cf. Matsuoka, , Kogo Daijiten, op. cit., pp. 652, 833.
Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.
