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The Compulsory Exchange of Populations: Greek-Turkish Peacemaking, 1922–1930

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2016

John A. Petropulos
John A. Petropulos*
Affiliation:
Amherst College, Massachusetts
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Extract

As a precedent in the resolution of Middle Eastern crises, the settlement of the embittered Greek-Turkish conflict of 1919-1922 constitutes a landmark. The swiftness and comprehensiveness of the settlement was hailed from the moment it was formally achieved by the Lausanne Peace Treaty of 23 July 1923. It has been rendered even more impressive since World War II by what, until recently at least, has seemed like the intractable Arab-Israeli dispute.

Type
Research Article
Information
Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies , Volume 2 , 1976 , pp. 135 - 160
Copyright
Copyright © The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 1976

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References

1. For a complete English text of the Convention, see Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers, Turkey No. 1 (1923), Lausanne Conference on Near Eastern Affairs, 1922-11) 23, Records of Proceedings and Draft Terms of Peace (cm. 1814) (London, 1923), pp. 817–27 Google Scholar; Psomiades, H.J., The Eastern Question: The Last Phase (Thessaloniki, 1968), appendix II, pp. 120–6 Google Scholar; or Pentzopoulos, D., The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and its Impact upon Greece (The Hague, 1962), appendix I, pp. 257–63 Google Scholar. Psomiades also includes the text of the Lausanne Peace Treaty (op. cit., appendix I, pp. 111-19).

2. The two categories are emphatically distinguished by Pentzopoulos (op. cit., p. 68) in what is the best concise work in English on the refugee settlement. A comparable work in Greek is Zampadlas, Ch., [The Greek Orthodox Refugees of Asia Minor] (Adiens, 1969)Google Scholar, a University of Adiens dissertation, adds very little new information on the subject. The most detailed and still most basic work on the subject remains Ladas, S. P., The Exchange of Minorities. Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey (New York, 1932)Google Scholar. For the figures cited above, see Ladas, op. cit., pp. 16, 643, 711, and Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 68-9. The 388, 145 figure, cited by Ladas as that of the Mixed Commission for the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, is rendered 354, 647 by Pentzopoulos, op. cit., p. 69, on the basis of Eddy, C. B., Greece and the Greek Refugees (London, 1931), p. 202 Google Scholar. Eddy was diird and last chairman of the Refugee Settlement Commission, which operated from 1923-1930.

3. The most detailed account of the disputes generated by the general problem of implementation is presented by Ladas, op. cit., pp. 377-566. A concise overview of the same subject appears in Psomiades, op. cit., pp. 73-81.

4. The official text of the Ankara Convention of 10 June 1930 appears in French in Ladas, op. cit., appendix VIII, pp. 817-30. For an analysis and evaluation of its terms, see Ladas, op. cit., pp. 567-83; Pentzopouios, op. cit., pp. 117-19; and Psomiades, op. cit., pp. 81-3.

5. Daphnes, G., 1923-1940 [Greece between the Two Wars] (Adiens, 1955), I, pp. 21–4, 60 Google Scholar.

6. Ibid., I, pp. 38, 41-60, where it is revealed that, when negotiations at Lausanne dragged because of differences between the Turks and the great powers, the Greek leadership seriously considered concluding a separate peace with Turkey.

7. Psomiades, op. cit., pp. 42-3, 45, 51-3, 58, 87-91, and Daphnes, op. cit., I, pp. 42-7.

8. Ladas, op. cit., p. 465.

9. Telegram from Venizelos to Nansen, dated 13 October 1922: ibid., p. 336. Also Pentzopoulos, op. cit., p. 104.

10. Morgenthau, , I Was Sent to Athens (New York 1929), pp. 263, 277 Google Scholar, and Eddy, op. cit., pp. 90-1.

11. Ladas, op. cit., pp. 336, 340.

12. Ibid., pp. 340-1.

13. Ibid., pp. 336, 341.

14. Ibid., p. 725.

15. Great Britain, Lausanne Conference, op. cit., p. 114, and quoted by Ladas, op. cit., p. 338.

16. See footnote 7 above.

17. Ladas, op. cit., pp. 639-40, 653, 700-2, and Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 31-2, 132-6 with accompanying tables and maps.

18. Leon, G. B., Greece and the Great Powers 1914-1917 (Thessaloniki, 1974), especially p. 14 Google Scholar, and chs. II, IV-VIII passim.

19. Kinross, Lord, Ataturk (New York, 1965), pp. 382–3 Google Scholar.

20. Ladas, op. cit., pp. 714-15, 728-9.

21. Ibid., pp. 20-2. Also Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 54-7, and Psomiades, op. cit., pp. 61-2.

22. Ladas, op. cit., pp. 28-9.

23. Papers relating to the Foreign Policy of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (Washington, 1943), III, pp. 863-75, as quoted by Psomiades, op. cit., pp. 63-4.

24. On the Convention of Neuilly and the voluntary Bulgarian-Greek exchange of populations, Ladas devotes a substantial part of his book (op. cit., all of part I, pp. 27-331, and part III, ch. XXXI, pp. 591-617) and provides a full text, together with two basic and related official documents, all in the French original (op. cit., appendices I–III, pp. 739-86). See also Psomiades, op. cit., p. 64.

25. Mitrany, D., The Effect of the War in Southeastern Europe (New Haven, 1936), pp. 249–50 Google Scholar. Also Eddy, op. cit., p. 51.

26. Eddy, op. cit., and Ladas, op. cit., p. 26.

27. Ladas, op. cit., pp. 107-8.

28. Dakin, , The Unification of Greece 1770-1923 (London, 1972), pp. 193–5 Google Scholar.

29. Eddy, op. cit., p. 58, and Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 77-8.

30. Eddy, op. cit., pp. 53-6, and Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 75-9.

31. Ibid., pp. 79-88. Also Morgenthau, op. cit., p. 115.

32. Eddy, op. cit., p. 56, and Ladas, op. cit., p. 622.

33. The text of both documents appears in Eddy, op. cit., appendix E, pp. 253-62, and in Pentzopoulos, op. cit., appendix II, pp. 264-72. For an account of their provisions, see Eddy, op. cit., pp. 58-60, Ladas, op. cit., pp. 623-8, and Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 82-6.

34. Eddy, op. cit., pp. 62-3, Ladas, op. cit., pp. 633-6, and Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 87-90.

35. Morgenthau, op. cit., eh. XI, pp. 175-205.

36. Eddy, op. cit., pp. 63-8. Ladas, op. cit., pp. 636-9, and Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 90-2. Also Andreades, A., ‘Les finances publiques’, in Les Effets Economiques et Sociaux de la Guerre en Grèce (New Haven, 1929), pp. 92–102 Google Scholar.

37. Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 151-4, 159, and Royal Institute of International Affairs, World Agriculture—An International Survey (London, 1932), p. 149. In addition, A. A. Pallis, ‘Les effets de la guerre sur la population de la Grèce and Simonide, M. B., ‘L’économie rurale grecque et la crise de la guerre mondiale’ in Les Effets Economiques, op. cit., pp. 156–7 Google Scholar and 168-74 respectively. See also Dakin, op. cit., pp. 187, 251, and Ladas, op. cit., pp. 648-51, 654-5.

38. Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 154-7, Ladas, op. cit., pp. 660-4, Morgenthau, op. cit., pp. 276-9, and Eddy, op. cit., p. 93.

39. Pentzopoulos, op. cit., p. 155, Morgenthau, op. cit., pp. 277-8, and Eddy, op. cit., pp. 102-3, 190.

40. Pentzopoulos, op. cit., p. 160, Ladas, op. cit., pp. 670-2, and Morgenthau, op. cit., p. 280.

41. Ladas, op. cit., pp. 656, 665-9, Morgenthau, op. cit., 273-4, and Eddy, op. cit., pp. 197-8.

42. Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 160-5, Ladas, op. cit., pp. 677-81, and Morgendiau, op. cit., pp. 248-58.

43. Ladas, op. cit., pp. 688-4, and Eddy, op. cit., pp. 101-2, 188-9.

44. Ladas, op. cit., pp. 684-8.

45. Ibid., pp. 705-19.

46. From the Nansen statement read by Lord Curzon at the 1 December 1922 meeting of the Territorial and Military Commission of the Lausanne Conference, Britain, Great, Lausanne Conference, op. cit., pp. 113–23 Google Scholar, and quoted by Ladas, op. cit., pp. 338-9.

47. Pentzopoulos, op. cit., p. 176.

48. Ibid., p. 257, and Psomiades, op. cit., p. 120.

49. Ladas, op. cit., pp. 688-96.

50. Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 181-90.

51. Ibid., pp. 205-7, and Mitrany, op. cit., pp. 252-3.

52. Pentzopoulos, op. cit., pp. 190-5.

53. Ibid., p. 184.

54. The cultural benefits, though universally acknowledged, have not been comprehensively treated in any scholarly work. For a brief evaluation, see ibid., pp. 212-19. For the impact of the Asia Minor disaster on subsequent Greek literary development, see, for instance, Liatsos, D. P., [The Asia Minor Catastrophe in Modern Greek Literature, 2nd ed. (Athens, 1972)Google Scholar and Meliores, N. E., [The Asia Minor Tragedy in Literature and Art] (Athens, 1967)Google Scholar.

55. Ladas, op. cit., pp. 637-8.