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Post-Byzantine hermeneiai zographikes in the eighteenth century and their dissemination in the Balkans during the nineteenth century1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2016

Emmanuel Moutafov
Emmanuel Moutafov*
Affiliation:
Institute for Art Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
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Abstract

This article focuses on the significance of the Orthodox painters’ manuals, called hermeneiai zographikes, in the development of post-Byzantine iconography and painting technology and techniques in the Balkans during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Using a number of unpublished painters’ manuals (Greek and Slavonic) as primary sources for the study of Christian and Ottoman culture in the Balkan peninsula, it is possible to examine perceptions of Europe in the Balkans, in particular the principal routes for the transmission of ideas of the European Enlightenment, as well as the role of artists as mediators in the processes of ‘Europeanization'.

Type
Research Article
Information
Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , 2006 , pp. 69 - 79
Copyright
Copyright © The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 2006 

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Footnotes

1

This paper was written while I was a Visiting Fellow at the Program in Hellenic Studies at Princeton University. Part of the data was gathered during field-work on my ‘Greek Painters in Bulgaria’ project, sponsored by the Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation.

References

2 Bulgarian icon-painters (zografi) in the early nineteenth century tended to use the word in its Modern Greek pronunciation, erminia, to refer to icon-painting manuals.

3 A. Vassiliev, Erminii: tehnologia i ikonografia (Sofia 1976) 16.

4 This is the popular title of the book edited by A.N. Didron, Manuel d'iconographie chrétienne grecque et latine, avec une introduction et des notes par M. Didron, traduit du manuscrit byzantin, le Guide de la peinture par le dr. Paul Durand (Paris 1845, repr. New York 1963).

5 The Russian medieval and later practice includes two kinds of podlinniki.

6 Panagiotes Doxaras, Пερί ςωγραφίας (Athens 1871). See preface to the recent edition by Ekati publishers (Athens 1998), i-viii. D. Deligianni, Hραγµατεία του Пαναγιώτη Δοξαρά “Пερί ςωγραφίας” του 1726', Διπλή Eιkóνα 4-5 (Athens 1985).

7 S. Radojchich, Ikoni ot Balkanite (Sofia and Belgrade 1966); for the ‘Typikon of Bishop Nectarius', see Ixxi—lxxii.

8 For Christophor Zhepharovich see E. Moutafov, Europeanisation on Paper: Treatises on Painting in Greek during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century (Sofia 2001).

9 For the exact title see E. Moutafov, ‘Manuil Panselinos i krajat na “istinskata zhivopis“', in Moutafov, Srednovekovnite Balkani (Sofia 2000) 211.

10 For the different meanings of the word see also M. Theochari, ‘Пερί της νέας πραγµατείας της τεχνικής της µεταβυςατινής τέχνης’ Пρακτικά της Aκαδηµίας Aθηνών 4 (1973) 66.

11 Διονυσίου του εκ Φουρνά Eρµηνείσ της ςωγραφικής τέχνης, ed. A. Papadopoulos-Kerameus (St Petersburg 1909) 6.

12 Ibid., 5: ‘Пρογυµνασία και παιδαγωγίαπρος του βΟυλóµενον µαθείν την τέχνην της ζωγρα-φικής’.

13 'Katehizis', in T. Koev and D. Kirov, Kratka bogoslovska enciktopedia (Sofia 1993) 124.

14 Gr. 886 (RAS), f. V and 3r.

15 A. Tselikas, ‘To βιβλιο και η τεχνικήτου την εποχή του Kωνσταντίνου Пορφυρογέννητου και γενικά τον 10° -αιώνα Διαβάςω129 (23 Oct. 1985) 25-32.

16 Papadopoulos-Kerameus (ed.),Διονυσίου του εκ Φουρνά, 1.

17 A. Miltenova, ‘Edno talkuvane na “Otche nash” v erminia ot XIX v.', Problemi na izkustvoto I (Sofia 1999) 54-5.

18 See Vassiliev, Erminii, 342.

19 Ibid., 234.

20 Koev and Kirov, Kratka bogoslovska enciklopedia, 124.

21 S. Smyadovski, Nadpisite karri zemenskite stenopisi (Sofia 1998) 8.

22 Vassiliev, Erminii, 44.

23 P. Florenskii, Ikonostas (Sofia 1994) 63. The cited opinion is not well supported with historical evidence by the Russian author and by S. Smyadovski.

24 Smyadovski, Nadpisite, 8.

25 Papadopoulos-Kerameus (ed.), 25 Papadopoulos-Kerameus (ed.), Διoνυσíoυ τoυ εκ Φoυρνά, 3: ‘Πρóλoγoς πάσι τoις τ ων ζωγράφων παíσι’

26 E. Moutafov, ‘Pogled varhu dvete erminii na Ditcho Zograph', Zbornik, Nova serja broj 3 (Skopje 2001) 268-80.

27 Vassiliev, Erminii, 34.

28 Gr. 886 (RAS). Published by E. Moutafov, Gadaene s tri zara (Sofia 2004).

29 Vassiliev, Erminii, 253.

30 E. Moutafov, ‘Ioannes Tsetires from Grabovo or Iovan Chetirevitch Grabovan?’ in Zητήµατα µεταβυςαντινής ςωγραφικής (Athens 2002) 217-28.

31 Vassiliev, Erminii, 17.

32 Centre for Slavo-Byzantine Studies ‘Ivan Dujcev', cat. no. SI. 47. See also A. Vassiliev, Toma Vishanov-Molera (Sofia 1969) 83, table 25.

33 Vassiliev, Erminii 18.

34 The term was invented by Russian art historians.

35 Vassiliev, Erminii, 18.

36 E. Moutafov, ‘Gratskiat protograph na Erminiata na Zakharii Petrovich', Starobalgaristika 21/3 (Sofia 1997) 103-06.

37 E. Moutafov, ‘Niakoi mehanizmi za oformiane na ikonographiata na novomachenicite', Sbornik 200 godini sv. Rajko Sbumenski (Shoumen 2002) 103.

38 Theochari, ‘Περí της νέας πραγματεíας’, 80.

39 Vassiliev, Ermini, 23.

40 V. Grecu, ‘Byzantinische Handbiicher der Kirchenmalerei', Byzantion 9 (1934) 54.

41 D. Eremeev and M. Majer, Istoria na Turcia (Sofia 1998) 194—6. S. Dimitrov, Sultan Mahmud II i krajat naenicerite (Sofia 1993) 4. M. Stajnova, ‘Tendencii v kulturnoto i ideinoto razvitie v osmanskoto obshtestvo prezdvadesette godini na XVIII v.’ (1718-1730), Studia Balcanica, 13, lz istoriata na balgarskoto V'azrazhdane, (Sofia 1977) 72-94. A. Refic, Lale devri (Istanbul 1932) 119 etc.

42 N. Gentchev, ‘Balgarskoto vazrazhane; Francia v balgarskoto duhovno vazrazhdane. Pak po niakoi vaprosi ot istoriata na Balgarskoto vazrazhdane', Istoria, obshtestvoznanie (Sofia 1985) no. 4, 12-13.

43 The term is used in I. Konev, Balgarskoto vazrazhdane i Prosveshtenieto, II (Sofia 1991) 23.

44 M. Chatzidakis, (1453-1830) (Athens 1987) 104.

45 Ibid.

46 E. Moutafov, ‘Izobrazhenia na hramove varhu tsokalnite pana na ikonostasa v rajkovskata carkva “Sveta Nedelja“', Rhodopica, I (Sraoljan 1998) 166.

47 E. Moutafov, ‘Kade e ucil Christophor Zhepharovich?', Annuaire de I'Universite de Sofia St. KlimentOhridski. Centre de recherches Slavo-byzantines ‘Ivan Dujcev’ 90 (Sofia 2000) 411—25.

48 I use the word ‘compiler’ here without understimating the work of the post-Byzantine authors.

49 Moutafov, ‘Gratskiat protograph', 105.

50 See ‘Slavianski, gratski i orientalski rakopisi ot sbirkata na Centara za slaviano-vizantiiski proucvania “Ivan Dujcev“', Catalog na izlozhba (Sofia 1988) 12.

51 Smyadovski, Nadpisite (Sofia 1998) 7. Similar to the above-mentioned manuscript is the Hermeneia by Georgi Damianov, which appeared in 1832 and is now at the I. Dujcev Centre collection, cat. no. 30 ﹛ibid., 12).

52 Such is Dujcev Gr. 381, ibid., 30.

53 See Vassiliev, Erminii 28. E. Moutafov, ‘Imalo li e erminii vav Vizantia?’ Problemi na izkustvoto I (Sofia 2001) 37-42.

54 N. Gentchev, Trancia v balgarskoto dubovno Vazrazbdane (Sofia 1979) 386.

55 For the term see D. Papastratou, Xάρτινες εικóνεςOρθóδoξα θρησκτικά χαρακτικά (1665–1899) (Athens 1986)

56 E.Z. Karal, Tanzimat edebiyatinda Fransiz tesiri (Istanbul 1946) 37.

57 La Turquie et le Tanzimat ou I'histoire des reformes dans I'Empire Ottoman, ed. Engelhardt, I (Paris 1882). S. Dimitrov, K. Mantchev, Istoria na balk.ansk.ite narodi (XV-XIX v.), I (Sofia 1971) 203-5, and Eremeev and Majer, Istoria na Turcia, 225-7 etc.

58 For the term Balkan Revival (Balkansko Vazrazhdane) see S. Dimitrov and V. Paskaleva, ‘Evropa i Balkanskoto Vazrazhdane', Istoria na Bulgaria, V (Sofia 1985) 28. See also A. D. Zheltiakov and J.A. Petrosian, htoria Prosveshtenia Turcii (Moscow 1965) 3—6. P. Mitev, Balgarsko Vazrazhdane (Sofia 1999) 5. For Romanian culture see A. Duju, European Intellectual Movements and Modernization of Romanian Culture (Bucharest 1981).