Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-wq484 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T13:33:33.467Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Frequency and Cause of Parkinson’s Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2015

A.H. Rajput*
Affiliation:
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
*
Professor of Neurology, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0X0
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Parkinson syndrome (PS) is a common disorder in the North American population. The annual incidence rate is 20.5/100,000 population and the mean survival after onset is approximately 12.3 years. The estimated prevalence rate is about 300/100,000 population. The incidence and prevalence rates rise with advancing age. Both the widespread use of levodopa and the improved health care in general have increased the longevity in PS. The survival in PS from the time of the first clinic visit is still significantly shorter when compared with the regional age and sex matched population. The cause of IPD may be related to some environmental factor(s) – most likely a toxin. Genetic factors are not the cause but in some families, may predispose to IPD.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation 1992

References

1.Rajput, AH, Offord, KP, Beard, CM, et al. Epidemiology of parkinsonism: incidence, classification, and mortality. Ann Neurol 1984; 16:278282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Pallidal, Jellinger K., pallidonigral and pallidoluysionigral degenerations including association with thalamic and dentate degenerations. In: Vinken, PJ, Bruyn, GW, Klawans, HL, eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurology; Extrapyramidal Disorders. 49th ed. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc. 1986: 445463.Google Scholar
3.Rajput, AH, Rozdilsky, B, Rajput Alex, H.Accuracy of clinical diagnosis in parkinsonism – a prospective study. Can J Neurol Sci 1991; 18:275278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Rajput, AH, Rozdilsky, B, Rajput, Alex, Ang L. Levodopa efficacy and pathological basis of Parkinson syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 1990; 13(6): 553558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Rajput, AH, Uitti, RJ, Rajput Alex, H.Neurological disorders and services in Saskatchewan – a report based on provincial health care records. Neuroepidemiology 1988; 7: 145151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Schoenberg, BS, Anderson, DW, Haerer, AF.Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in the biracial population of Copiah County, Mississippi. Neurology 1985; 35 (6): 841845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Schoenberg, BS.Environmental risk factors for Parkinson’s disease: the epidemiologic evidence. Can J Neurol Sci 1987; 14: 407413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Tanner, CM, Langston, JW.Do environmental toxins cause Parkinson’s disease? A critical review. Neurology 1990; 40 (Suppl 3): 1730.Google ScholarPubMed
9.Marttila, RJ, Rinne, UK.Dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1976; 54: 431441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Kurland, LT, Hauser, WA, Okazaki, H, Nobrega, FT.Epidemiologic studies of parkinsonism with special reference to the cohort hypothesis. In: Proceedings of Third Symposium on Parkinsonism. Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone, Ltd., 1969: 1216.Google Scholar
11.Teravainen, H, Forgach, L, Heitanan, M, et al. The age of onset of Parkinson’s disease: etiological implications. Can J Neurol Sci 1986; 13:317319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Hoehn, MM, Yahr, MD.Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 1967; 17: 427442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Nobrega, FT, Glattre, E, Kurland, LT, Okazaki, H.Comments on the epidemiology of parkinsonism including prevalence and incidence statistics for Rochester, Minnesota, 1935–1966. In: Barbeau, A, Brunette, JR, eds. Progress in Neurogenetics. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1967: 474485.Google Scholar
14.Marttila, RJ. Epidemiology. In: Koller, WC, ed. Handbook of Parkinson’s Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1987: 3550.Google Scholar
15.Uitti, RJ, Rajput, AH, Offord, KP.Parkinsonism survival in the Levodopa era. Neurology 1991; 41 (suppl 1): 190.Google Scholar
16.Bennett, VL, Rajput, AH, Bonat, JR, et al. Underdiagnosis of Parkinson’s disease in the elderly. Trans 2nd Annual Symposium on Parkinson’s disease 1988: (abstract).Google Scholar
17.Kurtland, LT.Epidemiology: incidence, geographic distribution and genetic considerations. In: Fields, WS, ed. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Parkinsonism. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1958: 543.Google Scholar
18.Krusz, JC, Koller, WC, Ziegler, DK.Historical review: abnormal movements associated with epidemic encephalitis lethargica. Mov Disord 1987; 3 (3): 137141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Duvoisin, RC, Yahr, MD.Encephalitis and parkinsonism. Arch Neurol 1965; 12:227239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Kessler, II.Epidemiology study of Parkinson’s disease. Am J Epidemiol 1972; 96: 242254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Paddison, RM, Griffith, RP.Occurrence of Parkinson’s disease in black patients at Charity Hospital in New Orleans. Neurology 1974; 24: 688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Rosati, G, Graniere, E, Pinna, L, et al. The risk of Parkinson’s disease in Mediterranean people. Neurology 1980; 32: 250255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Schoenberg, BS, Osuntokun, BO, Adejua, AOG, et al. Comparison of the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in black populations in the rural United States and in rural Nigeria: door-to-door community studies. Neurology 1988; 38: 645646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Diamond, SG, Markham, CH.Present mortality in Parkinson’s disease: the ratio of expected to observed deaths with a method to calculate expected deaths. J Neural Transm 1976; 38: 259269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Marttila, RJ, Rinne, UK, Siirtola, T, Sonninen, V.Mortality of patients with Parkinson’s disease treated with levodopa. J Neurol 1977; 216: 147153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Lilienfeld, DE, Chan, E, Ehland, J, et al. Two decades of increasing mortality from Parkinson’s disease among the U.S. elderly. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 731734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Lilienfeld, DE, Sekkor, D, Simpson, S, et al. Parkinsonism death rates by race, sex and geography: a 1980’s update. Neuroepidemiology 1990; 9: 243247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Chandra, V, Bharucha, NE, Schoenberg, BS.Mortality data for the U.S. for deaths due to and related to twenty neurologic diseases. Neuroepidemiology 1984; 3: 149168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.de Pedro, J, Rosenqvist, U.Tracers for paralysis agitans in epidemiological research. Neuroepidemiology 1984; 3: 8296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Bharucha, NE, Bharucha, EP, Bharucha, AE, et al. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in the Parsi Community of Bombay, India. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 13211323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Mutch, WJ, Dingwall-Fordyce, I, Downie, AW.Parkinson’s disease in a Scottish city. BMJ 1986; 292: 534536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Marttila, RJ, Rinne, UK.Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease in Finland. Acta Neurol Scand 1976; 53: 81102.Google ScholarPubMed
33.Jellinger, K.The pathology of parkinsonism. In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S, eds. Movement Disorders 2. London: Butterworths and Co., 1987: 124165.Google Scholar
34.Duvoisin, R, Golbe, LI.Toward a definition of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1989; 39: 746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Calne, DB, Langston, JW.Aetiology of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 1983; 2: 14571459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.McGeer, PL, McGeer, EG, Suzuki, JS.Aging and extrapyramidal function. Arch Neurol 1977; 34: 3335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Thiessen, B, Rajput, AH, Laverty, W, Desai, HB.Age, environments and the number of substantia nigra neurons. In: Streifler, MB, Korczyn, AD, Melamed, E, Youdim, MBH, eds. Advances in Neurology. New York: Raven Press, 1990: 201206.Google Scholar
38.Kish, SJ, Shannak, K, Rajput, A.Aging produces a specific pattern of striatal dopamine loss: implications for the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 1991 (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Golbe, LI.The genetics of Parkinson’s disease: a reconsideration. Neurology 1990; 40 (Suppl. 3): 714.Google ScholarPubMed
40.Muenter, MD, Howard, FM, Okazaki, H, et al. A familial parkinson-dementia syndrome. Neurology 1986; 36 (Suppl 1): 115.Google Scholar
41.Golbe, LI, Di lorio, G, Bonavita, V.A large kindred with autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1990; 27: 276282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Ward, CD, Duvoisin, RC, Ince, SE.Parkinson’s disease in 65 pairs of twins and in a set of quadruplets. Neurology 1983; 33: 815824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Marsden, CD.Parkinson’s disease in twins. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 105106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Marttila, RJ, Kaprio, J, Koskenvuo, M, Rinne, UK.Parkinson’s disease in nationwide twin cohort. Neurology 1988; 38: 12171219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Johnson, WG, Hodge, SE, Duvoisin, R.Twin studies and the genetics of Parkinson’s disease – a reappraisal. In: Movement Disorders. 5th ed. 1990: 187194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.Hertzman, C, Wiens, M, Bowering, D.Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study of occupational and environmental risk factors. Am J Industrial Med 1990; 17: 349355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Kurtzke, JF, Goldberg, ID.Parkinsonism death rates by race, sex and geography. Neurology 1988; 38: 15581561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Ludin, SM, Ludin, HP.Is Parkinson’s disease of early onset a separate disease entity? J Neurol 1989; 236: 203207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Rajput, AH, Uitti, RJ, Stern, W, et al. Early onset Parkinson’s disease in Saskatchewan. Can J Neurol Sci 1986; 13: 312316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Tanner, CM, Chen, B, Wang, W, et al. Environmental factors in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1987; 14: 419423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Koller, W, Vetere-Overfield, B, Gray, C, et al. Environmental risk factors in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1990; 40: 12181221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.Calne, S, Schoenberg, B, Martin, W, et al. Familial Parkinson’s disease: possible role of environmental factors. Can J Neurol Sci 1987; 14: 303305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.Langston, JW.MPTP-induced parkinsonism: how good a model is it? In: Fahn, S, et al., eds. Recent Developments in Parkinson’s Disease. New York: Raven Press, 1986: 119126.Google Scholar
54.Forno, L, Langston, W.Delanney, L.Locus ceruleus lesions and eosinophilic inclusions in MPTP-treated monkeys. Ann Neurol 1986; 20: 449455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Rajput, AH, Uitti, RJ, Stern, W, et al. Geography, drinking water chemistry, pesticides and herbicides and the etiology of Parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1987; 14: 414418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56.Calne, DB, Lees, AJ.Late progression of post-encephalitic Parkinson’s syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci 1988; 15: 135138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.The Parkinson Study Group. Effect of Deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 13641371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58.The Parkinson Study Group. Datatop: a multicenter controlled clinical trial in early Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 1989; 46: 10521060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Eldridge, R, Ince, SE.The low concordance rate for Parkinson’s disease in twins: a possible explanation. Neurology 1984; 34: 13541356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60.Mattock, C, Marmot, M, Stern, G.Could Parkinson’s disease follow intra-uterine influenza – a speculative hypothesis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 753756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Ebmeier, KP, Mutch, WJ, Calder, SA.Does idiopathic parkinsonism in Aberdeen follow intra-uterine influenza? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52: 911913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62.Rajput, AH, Offord, KP, Beard, CM.A case control study of smoking habits, dementia and other illnesses in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1987; 37: 226232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Mindham, RHS, Ahmed, SWA, Clough, CG.A controlled study of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982; 45: 969974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.Mayeux, R, Stern, Y, Rosenstein, R, et al. An estimate of the prevalence of dementia in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 260262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed