^1. Francis Patrick Kenrick (1796–1893) was born in Dublin, studied at the Propaganda College in Rome and was ordained in 1821. is first years as a priest were passed as a missionary and seminary professor at Bardstown, Kentucky. He served as Bishop Benedict Plaget's theologian at the First Provincial Council of Baltimore in 1829. The following year he was consecrated coadjutor Bishop of Philadelphia, succeeding to the see in 1842. He is best known for his abolition of the lay trustee system in the diocese and his attempts to provide the Douai-Rheims version of the Bible for Catholic students in the public schools. He also authored several major theological works and completed a reputable translation and annotation of the Bible. In 1851 he was named Archbishop of Baltimore, the premier American see, which was later accorded a primacy of honor. [The author is most grateful to the Reverend Vincent F. Holden, C.S.P., for his perceptive comments and suggestions on this paper.]

^2. Archives of the Archdiocese of Baltimore (hereafter cited as AAB): 34-K-33, FKP to Bishop Spalding, Baltimore, February 22, 1858. Isaac Thomas Hecker (1819–1888) was born in New York City, worked in a foundry and bakery, and during 1842–43 joined the Brook Farm and later the Fruitlands communities. In 1844 he became a convert to Catholicism, joined the Redemptorists the following year, was ordained in London in 1849 where he served as a parish priest until his return to the United States in 1851. Clarence Augustus Walworth (1820–1900) was born in Plattsburg, New York, graduated from Union College and was admitted to the bar in 1841. He left his law practice to study for the Episcopalian ministry. He was converted to Catholicism in 1845 before his ordination and entered the Redemptorists the following year. Augustine Francis Hewit (1820–1897) was born in Fairfield, Connecticut. He studied at Exeter and Amherst, tried the Congregational ministry, served as an Anglican deacon in 1844, and was a convert to Catholicism in 1846. He was ordained for the Diocese of Charleston in 1847 and two lears later joined the Redemptorist Congregation.

^3. Orestes Brownson later characterized Hafkenscheid as one who had “studied the American character, and, me judice, understood it better than any foreigner or native born American” he had ever met. Review of The Life of Father Bernard, by Claessens, P., “Literary Notices and Criticisms,” Brownson's Quarterly Review, Last Series, III (07, 1875), 410.Google Scholar For a comparison of the personalities of Ruland, and Hafkeuscheid, , cf. Holden, Vincent F., C.S.P., The Yankee Paul: Isaac Thomas Hacker (Milwaukee, 1958), pp. 205–212.Google Scholar

^4. Manuscript Collection of the University of Notre Dame (hereafter cited as MOUND): New Orleans Papers, Ruland to Blanc, Baltimore, June 17, 1854.

^5. MOUND: New Orleans Papers, Kenrick to Blanc, Baitimore, January 15, 1856. Holden, op. cit., pp. 178–180, 190–195. George Deshon (1823–1903) was born in New London, Connecticut, graduated from West Point, taught at the same academy until 1851 when he resigned his captaincy, became a convert, joined the Redemptorists, and was ordained in 1855. Francis Asbury Baker (1820–1865) was born in Baitimore, graduated from Princeton in 1839, became an Episcopalian minister, served in two Baltimore churches, and then became a convert to Catholicism in 1863. He was ordained three years later and associated himself with the Redemptorists.

^6. The Kenrick-Frenape Correspondence: Francis E. Tourscher, ed., (Philadelphia, 1920), (hereafter cited as K-F), p. 299Google Scholar, Francis Kenrick to Peter Kenriek Baltimore, October 2, 1849.

^7. Archives of the Sacred Congregation de Propaganda Fide (hereafter cited as APF), Acta, Vol 220, foL 486r-v, Kenrick to Cardinal Giacomo Fransoni, Baltimore, February 28, 1856.

^8. Holden, op. cit., pp. 214–223.

^9. The intricate legal details of Hecker's trip are treated in Ibid., pp. 224–246, and much more briefly in Byrne, John F., C.S.S.R., The Redemptorist Centenaries (Philadelphia, 1932), pp. 264–268.Google Scholar

^10. APP: Scr. rif. A.C., VoL 17, foL 1001rGoogle Scholar, Keurick to Cardinal Alessandro Baruabo, Baltimore, July 29, 1857.

^11. Hewit to Hecker, July 22, 1859, in Holden, op. cit., pp. 320, 485 n. At this time Hewit was a provincial counsultor residing in Baltimore.

^12. Holden, op. cit., pp. 186–268.

^13. For anecdotal sidelights on Reeker's Roman visit, [cf. Robert]Seton, , Memories of Many Years: 1839–1922 (London, 1923), pp. 122–123.Google Scholar

^14. APF: Lett., Vo1. 348, fol. 530v, Barnabo to Kenrick, Rome, September 14, 1857.

^15. AAB: 30-P-6, Manron to Kenrick, Rome, October 30, 1857, in which the rector major major mentioned that he had asked Father Ruland to inform Keurick of the reasons for Reeker's dismissal.

^16. AAB: 30-P.6, Mauron to Kenrick, Rome, October 30, 1857.

^17. Archives of the Congregation of St. Paul (Paulists), (hereafter cited as ACSP), Smith Papers [authenticated typed copy], Pittsburgh, December 6, 1857. Smith was rector of the Irish College at Rome.

^18. Holden, op. cit., pp. 340–346. The entire concatenation of events leading to this action are related in Ibid., pp. 269–365.

^19. ACSP: Heeker Papers, [authenticated typed copy], Hecker to the fathers, Rome, November 26, 1857.

^20. Walworth to Hecker, December 5, 1857, as quoted in Holden, op. cit., p. 382.

^21. ACSP: Hecker Papers, Hewit to Hecker, Baltimore, December 22, 1857.

^22. APF: Scr. rif. A.C., Vol 17, fols. 1113r–vGoogle Scholar, Baltimore, December 30, 1857.

^23. Holden, op. cit., pp. 385–391.

^24. ACSP: Hecker Papers, Hecker to the fathers, January 31, 1858, as quoted in Holden, op. cit., p. 393, 496n.

^25. AAB: 34-K-33, Keuriek to Spalding, Baltimore, February 22, 1858.

^26. AAB: 34-K-34, Baltimore, March 17, 1858.

^27. Nuper nonnulli, March 6, 1858, quoted in full in Holden, op. cit., pp. 407–408.

^28. Hecker to the fathers, March 18, 1858 [enclosed in an account of the papal audience], as quoted in Holden, op. cit., pp. 409, 499n.

^29. APP: Lett., Vol. 349, fol. 207rGoogle Scholar, Barnabò to American bishops, Rome, March 9, 1858.

^30. ACSP: Smith Papers [authenticated typed copy], Hecker to Smith, New York, July 20, 1858. The church in Ellicott's Mills was named in honor of St. Paul—the future patron of the Society founded by Becker.

^31. ACSP: Hewit Papers, Kenrick to Hewit, Baltimore, April 8, 1858.

^32. “It is the desire of Bishop Bayley, as well as of the Archbishops of New York and Baltimore, with whom we have consulted since the issuing of the decree, that we should remain together, form a new community, and continue the English missions.” Archives of the Archdiocese of Boston: Letterbook A, #56, Walworth, Clarence to Bishop Fitzpatrick, , New York, 04 [(doubt)], 1858.Google Scholar

^33. MCUND: Cincinnati Papers, Baltimore, April 9, 1858. Be similarly expressed his doubts to his brother, Peter Richard, viz, that the project “will hardly have happy results.” K-F, p. 410, Francis Kenrick to Peter Kenrick, Baltimore April 16, 1858.

^34. ACSP: Hecker Papers, Kenrick to Hecker, Baltimore, June 18, 1958.

^35. AAB: 32-I-1, Troy, July 13, 1858.

^36. ACSP: Hewit Papers, Kenrick to Hewit, Baltimore, July 14, 1858; also, AAB: Letter- book, p. 151, Kenrick to Walworth, Baltimore, July 15, 1858.

^37. ACSP: Hecker Papers, Baker to Hecker, Baltimore, July 17, 1858.

^38. ACSP: Hewit Papers, Kenrick to Hewit, Baltimore, July 14, 1858.

^39. ACSP: Hecker Papers [authenticated typed copy], Baker to Recker, Baltimore, July 17, 1858.

^40. Ibid.

^41. Ibid.

^42. ACSP: Hecker Papers, Baltimore, July 19, 1858. Kenrick's statement that the group had, been “refused” a sanction is false, because Hecker had not formally applied for approval of a new congregation.

^43. ACSP: Hecker Papers, St. John's, N.B., July 28, 1858.

^44. Ibid.

^45. Ibid., July 29, 1858.

^46. APP: Lett. vol. 349, fols. 288v–289rGoogle Scholar, Barnabò to the Archbishops of New York, Baltimore, Cincinnati, et alii, Rome, April 24, 1858.

^47. ACSP: Hecker Papers, Heeker to Barnabo, New York, August 14, 1858 rough copy in Hecker's handwriting. APF: A.C., Vol. 18: 292–3Google Scholar, Hughes to Smith, New York, July 21, 1858.

^48. MCUND: Cincinnati Papers, Baltimore, August 9, 1858.

^49. ACSP: Smith Papers [authenticated typed copy], Baltimore, September 10, 1858.

^50. ACSP: Smith Papers [authenticated typed copy], New York, September 14, 1858, also Ibid., Same to Same, October 8, 1858.

^51. APF: A.C., Vol. 18, fol. 356–57Google Scholar, Bizarri to Bedini, Rome, September 20, 1858. AOSP: Becker Papers, Barnabo to Becker, Rome, October 6, 1858.

^52. AAB: 31-J-7, Rome, October 10, 1858.

^53. ACSP: Hecker Papers, Rome, October 11, 1858.

^54. AAB: 30-Y-8, Pittsburgh, November 4, 1858. It is interesting to note that many years later Father Hecker, referring to the establishment of an American Bedemptoriat house, said to Father Walter Elliott that O'Connor “was the only one of the American Prelates who was against us.” ACSP: Elliott Papers, Notes, November, 1885, as cited Holden, op. cit., p. 496n. Ibid.: Smith Papers, O'Connor to Smith, Pittsburgh, October 10, 1858; Same to same, October 21, 1858.

^55. Baltimore, November 8, 1858, as quoted in ACSP: Hecker Papers, O'Connor to Recker, Pittsburgh, November 11, 1858.

^56. ACSP: Hewit Papers, Heeker to the fathers, New York, November 15, 1858.

^57. ACSP: Hecker Papers, Pittsburgh, November 18, 1858.

^58. Ibid., November 19, 1858.

^59. AAB: 29-L-131, New York, November 23, 1858.

^60. APF: Scr. rif. A.C., Vol. 18, fol. 356rGoogle Scholar, Kenrick to Barnabo, Baltimore, November 23, 1858; cf. also, AAB: Letterbook, pp. 161–162, for the sequence of letters to O'Connor, Barnabò, and Hecker.

^61. ACSP: Reeker Papers [authenticated typed copy], Foley to Recker, Baltimore, November 25, 1858.

^62. ACSP: Hecker Papers, Baltimore, November 26, 1858. Kenrick's reference to the diocesan collection cannot be understood except, in Father Hecker's words, as “a sort of set off to letting F.B. go.” Ibid., Hecker to the fathers, New York, November 27, 1858.

^63. ACSP: Hewit Papers [authenticated typed copy], Hecker to the fathers, New York, November 27, 1858.

^64. ACSP: Hecker Papers [authenticated typed copy], Baker to Kenrick, Jackson, Michigan, November 30, 1858. (The original of this letter could not be found in the Archives of the Archdiocese of Baltimore.)

^65. AAB: Acta Episcopalia, “Dimissoriales litterae,” p. 152.Google Scholar

^66. Smith Papers [authenticated typed copy], Hecker to Smith, New York, March 25, 1859.

^67. AC3SP: Hecker Papers, Kenrick to Hecker, Baltimore, June 18, 1858.

^68. ACSP: Hecker Papers [authenticated typed copy], note signed by “I.T.H.” and attached to an extract of the letter: FPK to Nelligan, Baltimore, May 2, 1859.

^69. Ibid.

^70. ACSP: Hecker Papers, Baltimore, October 18, 1860.

^71. ACSP: Hecker Papers [authenticated typed copy], Hecker to Kenrick, New York, October 28, 1860. The use of Kenrick's version of the Bible was especially significant at this time in view of the archbishop's attempts to win its approval for general use from members of the American hierarchy who sometimes found fault with its oc. casional use of the Protestant text.

^72. Manuscript Collection of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia: Kenrick to Mary Allen, Baltimore, October 18, 1859.