¹ Frend, William H. C., The Archaeology of Early Christianity: A History (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996), 76–81Google Scholar.

² Frend, The Archaeology of Early Christianity, 160–64. For varying interpretations of these early Christian finds, see the writings of Josef Wilpert and Josef Strzygowski.

³ O'Leary, Dan, Roman Catholicism and Modern Science: A History (New York: Continuum, 2006), 113–28Google Scholar.

⁴ Providentissimus Deus (1893); for quotes, see paragraphs 15, 10, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_18111893_providentissimus-deus_en.html (accessed November 11, 2010). See also O'Leary, Roman Catholicism, 68–72.

⁵ Ibid., paragraph 20.

⁶ Ibid., paragraph 10.

⁷ O'Leary, Roman Catholicism, 114; Dean Bechard, “Remnants of Modernism in a Postmodern Age,” America (February 4, 2002), http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=1466 (accessed November 8, 2010).

⁸ O'Leary, Roman Catholicism, 115; Hill, Harvey, “Leo XIII, Loisy, and the ‘Broad School’: An Early Round of the Modernist Crisis,” Catholic Historical Review 89, no. 1 (January 2003): 39–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 58–59.

⁹ Much has been written on the Law of Guarantees; see, for example, Higgins, A. Pearce, “The Papacy and International Law,” Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, New Ser., vol. 9, no. 2 (1908): 252–64Google Scholar and Ireland, Gordon, “The State of the City of the Vatican,” The American Journal of International Law 27, no. 2 (1933): 271–89Google Scholar.

¹⁰ “A Letter from Italy, Rome, December 20, 1879,” The Churchman 41 (1880), 62–63Google Scholar.

¹¹ de Blaauw, Sible, “Il Patriarchio, la basilica laternanense e la liturgia,” Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Antiquité 116 (2004), 168Google Scholar; Schimmelpfennig, Bernhard, The Papacy, trans. Sievert, James (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 161Google Scholar.

¹² In 1521, Pope Leo X issued a bull that threatened excommunication to those who offered the mass from the altar of the Sancta Sanctorum without special papal permission; see Marangoni, Giovanni, Istoria dell'antichissimo oratorio, o cappella di San Lorenzo nel Patriarchio Lateranense comunemente appellato Sancta Sanctorum (Rome, 1748), 64–68Google Scholar, esp. 65; and Moroni, Gaetano, s.v. “Scala Santa,” in Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica, vol. 62 (Venice: Tipografia Emiliana, 1853), 67Google Scholar.

¹³ Even the noteworthy Christian archaeologist, Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–1894), “to whom most doors in Rome flew open,” had difficulty in gaining access to the Sancta Santorum; see H. M. Bannister, review of Le trésor du Sancta Sanctorum, by Philippe Lauer and Die römische Kapelle Sancta Sanctorum, by Grisar, Hartmann, The English Historical Review 24 (1909): 762Google Scholar. The Sancta Sanctorum remained closed to the public until just prior to the Jubilee of 2000.

¹⁴ For a summary of the sources for the relics in the Sancta Sanctorum, see Galland, Bruno, Les authentiques de reliques du Sancta Sanctorum (Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica, 2004)Google Scholar.

¹⁵ For a reproduction of John the Deacon's text, see Lauer, Philippe, Le trésor du Sancta Sanctorum (Paris: Ernest Leroux, Éditeur, 1906), 28–31Google Scholar.

¹⁶ For Urban V's removal of the relics, see Marangoni, Istoria, 61. Prior to Urban V's intervention, Tolomeo da Lucca created an abbreviated list of relics following Nicholas III's (1277–1280) restoration of the chapel. See Marangoni, Istoria, 24–25; Lauer, Le trésor, 32.

¹⁷ See Lauer's discussion and transcription of Panvinio, Onofrio, De praecipuis urbis Romae sanctiorbusque basilicis, quas septem ecclesias vulgo vocant (Rome, 1570)Google Scholar in Le trésor, 32–33.

¹⁸ Onofrio Panvinio describes that a piece of the true cross was taken during the Sack (Le sette chiese romane [Rome, 1570], 240). Lorenzo Bonincontri compiled an additional description of the relics in 1624; for a reproduction of this text, see Lauer, Le trésor, 34–37.

¹⁹ Marangoni, Istoria.

²⁰ For the most complete discussion of the examination of the treasure of the Sancta Sanctourm in the early twentieth century, see Cempanari, Mario, Sancta Sanctorum Lateranense, vol. 2, Il Santuario della Scala Santa dalle origini ai nostri giorni (Rome: Città Nuova, 2003), 634–50Google Scholar.

²¹ Jubaru subsequently published his findings in “Le chef de Sainte Agnèse au trèsor du Sancta Sanctorum,” Etudes 104 (1905): 721–31Google Scholar; Jubaru, , Sainte Agnès. Vierge et martyre de la Voie Nomentane d'après de nouvelles recherches (Paris: J. Dumoulin, 1907)Google Scholar; Jubaru, , Sainte Agnès d'après de nouvelles recherches (Paris: J. Dumoulin, 1907)Google Scholar.

²² Jubaru, “Le chef de Sainte Agnèse,” 722.

²³ Ibid., 723.

²⁴ For additional information on Rampolla, see Claar, Maximilian, “Kardinal Rampolla als Staatssekretär und Papstwerber 1887–1903,” Europäische Gespräche 7 (1929): 465–81Google Scholar.

²⁵ Leo XIII also had a special relationship with the Jesuits; see Schultenover, David, A View from Rome: On the Eve of the Modernist Crisis (New York: Fordham University Press, 1993)Google Scholar, esp. 164–68

²⁶ Jubaru (“Le chef de Sainte Agnèse,” 724) indicates that the lack of keys explains Pius IX's unsuccessful attempt to open the altar.

²⁷ The events leading up to the opening of the altar on April 14, 1903, and the examination of the relics on April 19 is extensively discussed in Jubaru, “Le chef de Sainte Agnèse,” 723–31, and in the Platea (or Cronaca) of the Passionisti of 1903, 87–89 found in the Archivio Provinciale dei Passionisti della Scala Santa (hereafter APPSS). See also, APPSS, Casella II, Cartella 1, Apertura della Cassa delle Reliquie nel Sancta Sanctorum, Documents II-1-1a, II-1-2. Jubaru requested permission to photograph the reliquaries found in the Sancta Sanctorum on April 15, 1903, as recorded in ASV, Segreteria di Stato, Anno 1902–1903, Rubrica 1G, fasc. 19. Permission was conceded on April 18.

²⁸ Jubaru, “Le chef de Sainte Agnèse,” 728. Jubaru briefly mentions his findings in a letter to Cardinal Satolli on April 15; see ASV, Segreteria di Stato, Anno 1902–1903, Rubrica 1G, fasc. 19. Lauer reproduces the document of the recognition of the head of Saint Agnes, dated April 19, 1903 (see Le tresor, 8–9).

²⁹ ASV, Segreteria di Stato, Anno 1903, Rubrica 16, fasc. 2: “Secondo il permesso ottenuto dal S. Padre il Rev. P. Floriano Jubaru S.J. fece aprire l'interno del altare nel Sancta Sanctorum, alla mia presenza, del rev. P. Bonavenia e di alcuni religiosi Passionisi della Scala Santa. Realmente insieme alla Teca contenente il capo di S. Agnese, ivi per ravvisata gran quantità di teche e reliquie, ripostevi da lunga mano di secoli. Si richiederebbe accurato esame sul pregio delle varie teche, (o capsule), piene di reliquie. Ma quello che mi sembra più conveniente, se non vogliamo dire necessario per la conservazione e pel decoro delle tante venerande reliquie, è che il S. Padre dia ordine di una visita regolare all'Emo. Vicario e Commissione Liturgica, onde si prorenegga [?] in proposito.”

³⁰ ASV, Segreteria di Stato, Anno 1903, Rubrica 16, fasc. 2: “Adcuspio [?] ora all'incarico di significarle esser mente di Sua Santità che, terminasi dal P. Jubaru gli studi per i quali era stato autorizzato, l'altare del Sancta Sanctorum sia subito rimesso in pristinum.”

³¹ Notably, Grisar received permission from Leo XIII in 1894 to enter and photograph the chapel, but he was unable to see more than a few objects preserved behind the grills located above the altar; from that point on, however, he was very interested in returning to examine the altar itself. See Grisar, , Il Sancta Sanctorum ed il suo tesoro sacro (Rome: Civiltà Cattolica, 1907), 1Google Scholar. For Grisar's exploration of the altar, see also Cempanari, Sancta Sanctorum Lateranense, 2:638–41.

³² Grisar describes his desire: “pensai di approfittare del mio prossimo soggiorno in Roma per i passi occorrenti a levare intieramente il velo, o, se debbo ripetere un'espressione del discorso che pronunciai a Bonn (veggasi più oltre), per conquistare completamente, il più presto possibile, la posizione sulla quale il P. Jubaru aveva pel primo piantato la bandiera della scienza” (Il Sancta Sanctorum, 3).

³³ Grisar, Il Sancta Sanctorum, 3–4. Grisar noted his need to investigate the relics of the Sancta Sanctorum as part of his study on the popes of the Middle Ages and, furthermore, requested to photograph the objects. A copy of this letter is also found in the APPSS, Casella II, Cartella 1, Apertura della Cassa delle Reliquie nel Sancta Sanctorum, Document II-1-3.

³⁴ For Grisar's investigation, see APPSS, Platea, 1905, 94–95: “Il suo studio si limitava quindi alla parte archeologica, artistica e storica e nulla avea da fare colla parte liturgica, cioè relativamente alle reliquie” (95); Grisar's emphasis on the reliquaries, rather than the relics themselves, was reconfirmed in a letter dated June 9, 1905 (APPSS, Casella II, Cartella 1, Apertura della Cassa delle Reliquie nel Sancta Sanctorum, Document II-1-6) and in his publication, Il Sancta Sanctorum (5). Grisar further notes that he developed a provisional catalogue of the discovered objects “secondo qualità, numero ed importanza archeologica” (6). In his investigation of the altar's treasures, Grisar was assisted by P. Bricarelli, S.J. and Wuescher Becchi, an archaeologist and member of the Accademia Pontificia.

³⁵ Records of the Passionisti explain the reasons for the treasure's transfer and how that transfer was conducted (APPSS, Platea, 1905, 95): the cardinal secretary of state “o spinta dalla notizia direi quasi incredibile del dotto archeologo che stimolò il Cardinale di trasferire i preziosi oggetti al Vaticano col pretesto di averli in maggior sicurezza, o per evitare una questione liturgica prevalente quella artistica per cui solo valeva il permesso accordatogli in nome di Sua Santita ne ordinò il trasloco con lettera del 15 giugno… . Monsig.r Marzolini, rappresentante del Vaticano, avendo chiamati i soliti sacerdoti e fratelli nella Cappella del Sancta Sanctorum e presente anche il P. Grisar, dopo imposto a tutti il Segreto del S. Officio, ordinò l'estrazione degli oggetti dell'arca, li depose in appositi canestri, e colla carrozza pontificia, li trasferi insieme al P. Grisar al Vaticano. Era sul declinare del 19 giugno.” See also APPSS, Casella II, Cartella 1, Apertura della Cassa delle Reliquie nel Sancta Sanctorum, Document II-1-4; Cempanari, Sancta Sanctorum Lateranense, 2:642.

³⁶ Galland, Les authentiques de reliques, 22. This catalogue is conserved in BAV, Arch. Bibl., 78.

³⁷ Ibid., 23. The head of Saint Agnes was instead transferred to the church of Sant'Agnese on January 19, 1908. On February 16, 1933, the modest containers from 1907 were replaced with “altre custodie di argento e metallo dorato, non senza qualche valore artistico”; APPSS, Platea, 1933, 199. In 1999, the Museo Sacro came under the general direction of the Vatican Museums (Monumenti, Musei e Gallerie Pontificie).

³⁸ For copies of these letters, see ASV, Segreteria di Stato, Anno 1905, Rubrica 255, fasc. 1, number 13411. The “Görres-Gesellschaft zur Pflege der Wissenschaft im katholischen Deutschland” was founded in 1876. For the early history of the Görres Society, see Cardauns, Hermann, Die Görres-Gesellschaft 1876–1901. Denkschrift zur feier ihres 25jährigen bestehens nebst Jahresbericht für 1900 (Cologne: J. P. Bachem, 1901)Google Scholar; Mary Gonzaga, The Mysticism of Johann Joseph von Görres as a Reaction against Rationalism (Ph.D. diss., Catholic University of America, 1920), esp. 160–62.

³⁹ The Apostolic Nunciature of Bavaria explains: “E poichè i miei visitatori insistevano sul diverso grado di pubblicità che avrebbe avuto l'insezzione degli accennati studii nella Civiltà Cattolica contro quella di un discorso letto in un'Accademia mi convenne dimostrare all'evidenza la proposizione apposta, in vista dell'importanza della Società Görres, della fama del dotto Gesuita già noto per altri troppo geniali lavori, che attrarrebbero a Monaco tutti gli amatori di novità e della moderna critica e tutti i corrispondenti dei giornali di Germania, anche dalle tinte più accentute.” ASV, Segreteria di Stato, Anno 1905, Rubrica 255, fasc. 1, number 13411.

⁴⁰ Jubaru, “Le chef de Sainte Agnèse,” 721–31; Grisar, Il Sancta Sanctorum, 7.

⁴¹ ASV, Segreteria di Stato, Anno 1905, Rubrica 255, fasc. 1, number 13744.

⁴² Grisar, Il Sancta Sanctorum, 8. Permission had been granted by Cardinal Merry del Val.

⁴³ Grisar reproduces this letter in Il Sancta Sanctorum, 9. For a biography of Philippe Lauer (1874–1953), see Bayet, Jean, “Philippe Lauer,” Mélanges de l'École française de Rome 65 (1953): 287–89Google Scholar; and Samaran, Charles, “Philippe Lauer,” Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes 113 (1955): 354–57Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ Lauer, Le trésor, 7–8. His history of the Lateran Palace was subsequently published as Le Palais de Latran; étude historique et archéologique (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1911)Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Lauer was a member of the École Française from 1898–1900; see Bayet, “Philippe Lauer,” 288; and Samaran, “Philippe Lauer,” 354.

⁴⁶ Lauer presented this material to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres on June 1, 1900 and published his findings in “Les Fouilles du Sancta Sanctorum au Latran,” Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire 20 (1900): 251–87Google Scholar. See also Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Comptes Rendus 1 (1900): 318Google Scholar, 320–24, 380–82.

⁴⁷ Galland, Les authentiques de reliques, 22. For information on Delisle, see Bates, David, “Léopold Delisle (1826–1910),” in Medieval Scholarship: Biographical Studies on the Formation of a Discipline. Vol. 1: History, ed. Damico, Helen and Zavadil, Joseph B. (New York: Garland, 1995), 101–13Google Scholar. Delisle, one of the most renowned experts on the Middle Ages in Europe, retired from his position at the Bibliothèque nationale on February 21, 1905.

⁴⁸ In his early publication, Lauer thanks especially Léopold Delisle, A. de Boilisle, Perrot, Cagnat, Schlumberger, Héron de Villefosse, the Baron de Baye, Cardinal Vivès y Tuto, Fr. X. Hertzog, Fr. Thédenat, Fr. Cormier, Fr. Subiger, Fr. Pie de Langogne, Fr. Lemius, Fr. Florian Jubaru, and Fr. Louis-Antoine de Porrentruy. See Lauer, , “Le trésor du Sancta Sanctorum,” Revue de l'art ancien et moderne 20 (1906): 12Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ A record of this presentation is found in Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Comptes Rendus (1906): 223–26Google Scholar. Father Louis-Antoine de Porrentruy provided Lauer with the photographs used during his presentation.

⁵⁰ Lauer, , “Notice sur le trésor du Sancta Sanctorum au Latran,” Le Moyen Age, 2e série, vol. 10 (1906): 189–98Google Scholar; Lauer, Le trésor; and Lauer, “Le trésor.” In H. M. Bannister's review of Lauer's book (761n1), he notes that the text has a publication date of 1906, but the book also has plates that date to 1907.

⁵¹ “Die angebliche Christusreliquie im mittelalterlichen (Praeputium Domini),” Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschicte 20 (1906): 109–22Google Scholar; “L'oratorio di S. Lorenzo nell'antico palazzo del Laterano,” La Civiltà Cattolica 4 (1906): 673–87Google Scholar; “Il ‘Sancta Sanctorum’ in Roma e il suo tesoro novamente aperto,” La Civiltà Cattolica 2 (1906): 513–44Google Scholar; “Il ‘Sancta Sanctorum’ in Roma e il suo tesoro novamente aperto,” La Civiltà Cattolica 2 (1906): 708–30Google Scholar; “Il ‘Sancta Sanctorum’ in Roma e il suo tesoro novamente aperto,” La Civiltà Cattolica 3 (1906): 161–76Google Scholar; “Il tesoro del ‘Sancta Sanctorum,’” La Civiltà Cattolica 4 (1906): 51–73Google Scholar; “Tessuti antichi nel tesoro del ‘Sancta Sanctorum,’” La Civiltà Cattolica 4 (1906): 563–75Google Scholar.

⁵² “L'immagine acheropita del Salvatore al Sancta Sanctorum,” La Civiltà Cattolica 1 (1907): 434–50Google Scholar; “L'oratorio di S. Lorenzo nell'antico palazzo del Laterano,” La Civiltà Cattolica 1 (1907): 48–62Google Scholar; Il Sancta Sanctorum; “Die lateranische Palastkapelle der mittelalterlichen Päpste und ihr neuerschlossener Schatz,” Jahresbericht der Görres-Gesellschaft zur Pflege der Wissenschaft im katholischen Deutschland für das Jahr 1906 (1907): 21–35Google Scholar.

⁵³ Die römische Kapelle Sancta Sanctorum (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1908)Google Scholar. For a critique of this text, see Steinmann, Ernst, “Sancta Sanctorum,” review of Hartmann Grisar's Die römische Kapelle Sancta Sanctorum in Monatshefte für Kunstwissenschaft 1 (1908): 298–310Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ “L'acheropita ossia l'immagine del Salvatore nella Cappella del Sancta Sanctorum,” L'Arte 10 (1907): 161–77Google Scholar, 247–62; “Die Acheropita oder das Bild des Emmanuel in der Kapelle ‘Sancta Sanctorum,’” Römische Quartalschrift 21 (1907): 65–92Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ “Le chef de Sainte Agnèse”; Sainte Agnès. Vierge et martyre; Sainte Agnès d'après de nouvelles recherches.

⁵⁶ Higgins, “The Papacy,” 258.

⁵⁷ Italia, Salvatore, “La battaglia per la tutela: premesse storiche,” in Cento anni di tutela. Atti del Convegno di studi, Florence, 19 September 2005, ed. Ceccuti, Cosimo (Florence: Edizioni Polistampa, 2007), 13–14Google Scholar; Pollard, John F., Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 66Google Scholar. The 1873 law was known as number 1402.

⁵⁸ Italia, “La battaglia per la tutela,” 14–15.

⁵⁹ Legislazione nazionale Beni Culturali: dagli Stati preunitari all'età contemporanea, 20–21 (http://db.formez.it/FontiNor.nsf/2447e0c392628e8dc1256f4f005690aa/D6FA863F96A1D4D0C1256F8900472FC7/$file/legislazione.pdf; accessed November 8, 2009). For a brief discussion of the protection of artistic patrimony in the early twentieth century, see also Cempanari, Sancta Sanctorum Lateranense, 2:636.

⁶⁰ Paola Monari, “The Creation of Regional Architectural and Cultural Heritage Superintendency,” http://www.emiliaromagna.beniculturali.it/index.php?en/125/la-nascita-delle-soprintendenze-in-emilia-romagna (accessed November 8, 2009). A new law of Antiquities and Fine Arts (number 364) was passed two years later on June 20, 1909.

⁶¹ Pollard, Money, 66.

⁶² Ibid.

⁶³ Ibid., 95.

⁶⁴ Notably, Leo XIII's predecessor, Leo X (1513–1521), restored the Lateran baptistery and investigated the relics housed in the Sancta Sanctourm; see Freiberg, Jack, The Lateran in 1600: Christian Concord in Counter-Reformation Rome (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 9Google Scholar. For Leo XIII's project, see Köhler, Oskar, “The World Plan of Leo XIII: Goals and Methods,” in The Church in the Industrial Age, vol. 9, History of the Church, ed. Jedin, Hubert and Dolan, John (New York: Crossroad, 1981), 18Google Scholar; Schultenover, A View from Rome, 21; de Maeyer, Jan, “Léon XIII: ‘Lumen in Coelo’ Glissements de la perception dans le contexte d'un processus de modernisation religieuse,” in The Papacy and the New World Order. La papauté et le nouvel ordre mondial (Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 2005), 314Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ For a discussion of the transfer of the remains of Innocent III, see Köhler, “The World Plan of Leo XIII,” 18–19; Schultenover, A View from Rome, 19–21. The transfer of Innocent III's remains was justified in a speech given by Leo XIII to his cardinals; see Acta Leonis XII, 383–85, as cited and discussed in Köhler, “The World Plan of Leo XIII,” 18–19.

⁶⁶ See Köhler, “The World Plan of Leo XIII,” 18.

⁶⁷ Schultenover, A View from Rome, 20.

⁶⁸ Ibid.

⁶⁹ Köhler, “The World Plan of Leo XIII,” 19.

⁷⁰ In 1934, under Pope Pius XI, the reliquaries were displayed to the public following a rearrangement of the Museo Sacro. von Matt, Leonard, Daltrop, Georg, and Prandi, Adriano, Art Treasures of the Vatican Library (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1970), 10Google Scholar, 74.

⁷¹ As cited by Webb, Matilda, The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome (Brighton: Sussex Academic, 2001), 30Google Scholar.

⁷² Thurston, Herbert S.J., The Holy Year of Jubilee: An Account of the History and Ceremonial of the Roman Jubilee (London: Sands, 1900), 185Google Scholar; for the Scala Santa and the Sancta Sanctorum, see 185–96.

⁷³ Ibid., 196.

⁷⁴ Bannister noted that the chapel was “opened for a few minutes only on six days of the year” (review of Le trésor, by Lauer, and Die römische Kapelle, by Grisar, 762).

⁷⁵ For the mention of the Sancta Sanctorum in pilgrims' guides, see, for example, Laumonier, M. l'Abbé, The Pilgrim's Guide to Rome, trans. Munich, Charles J. (London: R. & T. Washbourne, 1900), 57–58Google Scholar. Indulgences were offered to pilgrims who climbed the Scala Santa on their knees.

⁷⁶ “Pope Leo XIII.'s Jubilee,” New York Times, February 21, 1903, p. 1Google Scholar; Zambarbieri, Annibale, “Forms, Impulses and Iconography in Devotion to Pope Leo XIII,” in The Papacy and the New World Order. La papauté et le nouvel ordre mondial, ed. Viaene, Vincent (Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 2005), 254Google Scholar; Klieber, Rupert, “Efforts and Difficulties in Financing the Holy See by Means of Peter's Pence. Can Ultramontanism be Quantified?” in The Papacy and the New World Order. La papauté et le nouvel ordre mondial. 1878–1903, ed. Viaene, Vincent (Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 2005), 290–92Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ Klieber, “Efforts and Difficulties.”

⁷⁸ The increasing numbers of pilgrims may also be related to advances in train and steamship transportation (Pollard, Money, 34, 59).

⁷⁹ For a general discussion on the financial state of the Vatican during this period, see Klieber, “Efforts and Difficulties”; and Pollard, Money.

⁸⁰ Klieber, “Efforts and Difficulties,” 288–89. Pollard (Money, 56–58) notes that there is some uncertainty over the exact amount of papal reserves that remained at the end of Pius IX's pontificate and suggests that a decrease in Peter's Pence at the beginning of Leo XIII's reign may have affected Vatican finances more so than a lack of reserves.

⁸¹ “Pope Leo XIII's Jubilee,” 1.

⁸² Ibid.; “Restoring the Lateran Church,” New York Times, December 13, 1903, p. 4.

⁸³ For general information on the opening of the Vatican Archives and the various research institutes in Rome, see Haskins, Charles H., “The Vatican Archives,” The American Historical Review 2, no. 1 (1896): 40–58Google Scholar; Baumgarten, Paul Maria, “Roman Historical Institutes,” Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 8 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910)Google Scholar, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08061a.htm (accessed November 8, 2009).

⁸⁴ Cardauns, Die Görres-Gesellschaft; Alexander Carlson Merrow, “Clio's Nuncios: The Catholic Historical Discipline in Imperial Germany, 1876–1901,” Ph.D. diss., Georgetown University, 2006. Grisar became a member of the Görres Society in 1900.

⁸⁵ As cited by Chadwick, Owen, Catholicism and History: The Opening of the Vatican Archives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 103CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁶ Ibid., 103.

⁸⁷ Address of 12 December 1904 in Acta Sanctae Sedis. Ephemerides Romanae, vol. 37 (Rome: Typographia Polyglotta S.C. de Propaganda Fide, 1905), 435Google Scholar: “Ne deriva che alcuni dei nostri giovani chierici, animati da questo spirito di critica senza freni che domina oggidì, giungono a perdere ogni rispetto per la scienza derivata dai nostri grandi maestri, dai padri e dottori della Chiesa, interpreti della dottrina rivelata.” See also Aubert, Roger, “Intervention of Ecclesiastical Authority and the Integralist,” in The Church in the Industrial Age, ed. Jedin, Hubert and Dolan, John, vol. 9 (New York: Crossroad, 1981), 456Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ Pius, X, E supremi apostolatus in The Papal Encyclicals, vol. 3, 1903–1939, ed. Carlen, Claudia Ihm (Wilmington, N.C.: McGrath, 1981), 8, par. 11Google Scholar; see also Schultenover, A View from Rome, 17.

⁸⁹ An English translation of the Pascendi dominici gregis is found in The Papal Encyclicals, vol. 3, 71–98.

⁹⁰ Ibid., 89–90, par. 39.

⁹¹ Ibid., 94, par. 50.

⁹² Ibid., 94–95, par. 52–53.

⁹³ Ibid., 95, par. 54.

⁹⁴ Higgins, “The Papacy,” 260.

⁹⁵ Schultenover, A View from Rome, 18.

⁹⁶ As translated and quoted in Schultenover, David G., “Luis Martín García, the Jesuit General of the Modernist Crisis (1892–1906): On Historic Criticism,” Catholic Historical Review 89, no. 3 (2003): 445–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁷ Ibid., 448; Grisar, Hartmann, “S. Maria ad Praesepe, la Betlemme di Roma; Antichità e significato della denominazione S. Maria ad Praesepe; La stazione del Natale in S. Maria ad Praesepe,” La Civiltà Cattolica 16, no. 4 (1895): 467–75Google Scholar.

⁹⁸ As quoted in Schultenover, “Luis Martín García,” 453.

⁹⁹ As quoted in Ibid., 453–54.

¹⁰⁰ Ibid., 458.

¹⁰¹ Ibid., 448–49.

¹⁰² As further expressed in the letter from the Nunciatura Apostolica in Bavaria on September 5, 1905: “Compresi subito che le ragioni addotte per dubitarne erano sofismi più che ragioni, ed ispirandomi ai gravi motivi, facili a comprendersi, del segreto già imposta da S. Santità e confermato dall'E.V., ed avuto riguardo alla spiccata tendenza di critica troppo libera, che è caratteristica del Conferenziere [Grisar], il quale altra fiata, in un altro discorso letto qui, non si tenne nei limiti convenienti, dichairai esser mia fondata opinione che il divieto comprendesse anche il discorso promesso.” See ASV, Segreteria di Stato, Anno 1905, Rubrica 255, fasc. 1, number 13411.

¹⁰³ Grisar, “Il ‘Sancta Sanctorum,’” 730. For Grisar's complete discussion of the gemmed cross and its potential relic, see “Il ‘Sancta Sanctorum,’” 718–30. Shortly before his text in La Civiltà Cattolica, Grisar published another article that focused on the history of the relic of the circumcised foreskin of Christ; see “Die angebliche Christusreliquie,” 109–22.

¹⁰⁴ For the general history of the journal, see De Rosa, Giuseppe S.J., La Civiltà Cattolica. 150 anni al servizio della Chiesa. 1850–1999 (Rome: La Civiltà Cattolica, 1999)Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ Schultenover, “Luis Martín García,” 461; Zuccotti, Susan, Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), 11Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁶ De Rosa, La Civiltà Cattolica, 28.

¹⁰⁷ I would like to thank Catherine Granger and Jamie Hazlitt for information on the Revue de l'art ancien et moderne; see information on the journal at http://www.inha.fr/spip.php?article2251 (accessed July 9, 2009).

¹⁰⁸ The Ècole Française de Rome, where Lauer was a fellow, also came under the direction of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. See Haskins, “The Vatican Archives,” 50.

¹⁰⁹ Grisar, “Die lateranische Palastkapelle,” 21.

¹¹⁰ Ibid., 22.

¹¹¹ Grisar, “Il ‘Sancta Sanctorum,’” 513–14. In his 1906 articles, Grisar mentions Lauer only in relation to the French scholar's work on the environment below the Sancta Sanctorum (as published in Lauer, “Les Fouilles”); see Grisar, “L'oratorio di S. Lorenzo,” 674.

¹¹² Grisar, Il Sancta Sanctorum, 3. See also Grisar's overall introduction (1–15).

¹¹³ Grisar, however, does not give specific citations of these articles (ibid., 6). For a description and transcription of his September 26 lecture in Bonn for the Görres Society, see “Die lateranische Palastkapelle der mittelalterlichen Päpste und ihr neuerschlossener Schatz,” Kölnische Volkzeitung, October 26, 1907, n. 917. See, also, the descriptions of an archaeological meeting held in December 1906 at which Grisar publicized his 1905 finds in “Conferenze di archeologia cristiana,” Corriere d'Italia, January 2, 1907 and “Conferenze di archeologia cristiana,” Corriere d'Italia, January 18, 1907. The finds were announced in the United States in Paton, James M., “Archaeological News. Notes on Recent Excavations and Discoveries; Other News,” American Journal of Archaeology 11, no. 1 (1907): 123Google Scholar.

¹¹⁴ Grisar references Jubaru's article in Etudes 104 (1905): 721–31; see Il Sancta Sanctorum, 8–9.

¹¹⁵ Grisar, Il Sancta Sanctorum, 11.

¹¹⁶ See Lauer, “Notice sur le trésor,” 191 and “Le trésor,” 9–10.