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Class Trips beyond Borders: Reimagining the Nation through State-Sponsored Heritage Tourism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 April 2023

Virág Molnár
Virág Molnár*
Affiliation:
The New School for Social Research, New York, NY, USA
*
Email: molnarv@newschool.edu
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Abstract

The article explores how cross-border heritage tourism is promoted in public schools to reimagine Hungary as an ethnically homogeneous nation by incorporating ethnic kin communities that live in neighboring countries. Cross-border heritage tourism has long served to establish strong ties to ethnic diaspora communities that live beyond the territorial borders of the nation-state. National borders in Central and Eastern Europe were repeatedly redrawn across ethnic groups over the twentieth century. Heritage tourism remains a key cultural and economic practice that symbolically questions current national borders and aims to increase the viability of ethnic enclave economies in countries where the given ethnic group is a minority. The article focuses on a large-scale student travel program that was launched by the Hungarian government in 2010, the year that marked the start of a brisk populist turn in Hungarian politics. The program provides funding to public school students for organized class trips to areas of neighboring countries (Romania, Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, and Ukraine) that belonged to the Hungarian state before World War I. It shows how the Hungarian government mobilizes the public education system to foster a narrow and exclusionary ethnic understanding of cultural membership by selectively overemphasizing Hungarian heritage in regions that have had multi-ethnic, multi-religious, and multicultural histories for centuries. This project extends research on identity-based heritage tourism to show how it has become an integral part of the propaganda toolkit of populist governments.

Keywords

public educationpopulismheritage tourismnation-buildingethnic diasporabordersirredentismCentral EuropeHungary
Type
Governing Culture
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 65 , Issue 3 , July 2023 , pp. 557 - 586
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History

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References

References

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Lomsky‐Feder, Edna. 2011. Competing Models of Nationalism: An Analysis of Memorial Ceremonies in Schools. Nations and Nationalism 17, 3: 581–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marschall, Sabine. 2016. The Role of Tourism in the Production of Cultural Memory: The Case of ‘Homesick Tourism’ in Poland. Memory Studies 9, 2: 187–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michalkó, Gábor, Rátz, Tamara, and Keszeg, Réka. 2016. A határokon átívelő tanulmányi kirándulások szerepe a nemzetépítésben: A “Határtalanul!” Program társadalomföldrajzi vizsgálata. Kissebségkutatás 25, 2: 36–58.Google Scholar
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Molnár, Virág. 2021. The Toolkit of Nationalist Populism in Contemporary Hungary: Symbols, Objects, and Modalities of Circulation. East European Politics and Societies, and Culture 35, 4: 948–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nora, Pierre. 1996. Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past. Goldhammer, A., trans. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Osler, Audrey. 2011. Teacher Interpretations of Citizenship Education: National Identity, Cosmopolitan Ideals, and Political Realities. Journal of Curriculum Studies 43, 1: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pap, Szilárd István. 2013. Encountering the Nation beyond National Borders: Hungarian High School Students, Tourism and the Micromanagement of Nation Building. MA thesis in Nationalism Studies, Central European University, Budapest.Google Scholar
Peleikis, Anja. 2010. Heritage and the Making of (Trans-)Local Identities: A Case Study from the Curonian Spit (Lithuania). In Freitag, U. and Oppen, A.v., eds., Translocality: The Study of Globalising Processes from a Southern Perspective. Leiden: Brill, 229–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogonyi, Szabolcs. 2011. National Reunification beyond Borders: Diaspora and Minority Politics in Hungary since 2010. European Yearbook of Minority Issues 10: 537–62.Google Scholar
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