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¹² Steiner, Zara's landmark works on the period do not discuss the LSI: The Lights That Failed: European International History 1919–1933 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; The Triumph of the Dark: European International History, 1933–1939 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). Marks's shorter account mentions the LSI in passing: Marks, Sally, The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918–1933 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2003), 65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²³ Friedrich Adler to Emile Vandervelde, 8 Feb. 1930, folder EV/III/75, ‘correspondence entre Emile Vandervelde et Friedrich Adler (1929–1937)’, Institut Emile Vandervelde, Brussels.

²⁴ William Gillies to Friedrich Adler, 4 Apr. 1930, ibid.

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³⁵ ‘An die Mitglieder der Kommission für die Fragen der Demokratisierung des Völkerbundes’, 26 July 1928, file 850/1, LSI Archives.

³⁶ The Draft Convention originated in a German proposal of 1928; in 1930, the League's Arbitration and Security Committee discussed the document but did not reach an agreement. See ‘Report of the Commission for the Problem of the League of Nations to the Executive of the L.S.I.’, 1 Sept. 1930, file 851/21, LSI Archives.

³⁷ See e.g. the debates surrounding the Geneva Protocol on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes: Pugh, Liberal Internationalism, 34–41.

³⁸ Steiner, Lights That Failed, 581.

³⁹ Tosstorff, Reiner, ‘Albert Thomas, the ILO and the IFTU: A Case of Mutual Benefit?’, in Daele, Jasmien Van, García, Magaly Rodríguez, Goethem, Geert Van and der Linden, Marcel van, eds., Writing ILO Histories: Essays on the International Labour Organization and its Impact on the World During the Twentieth Century (Bern: Peter Lang, 2010), 94Google Scholar. For recent research on the ILO, see also Kott, Sandrine and Droux, Joëlle, eds., Globalizing Social Rights: The International Labour Organization and Beyond (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁵⁰ ‘Labour and the League of Nations: The Need for a League Foreign Policy’, file 3083/1, LSI Archives.

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⁵⁴ Van Goethem, Amsterdam International, 33.

⁵⁵ Ibid., 49.

⁵⁶ ‘Les Trois Internationales réclament l’évacuation de la Ruhr. Elles réclament en même temps les Réparations’, Journal de Charleroi, 30 Jan. 1923.

⁵⁷ ‘The Situation in the Ruhr’, Interparliamentary Conference in the French Chamber of Deputies, 20 Mar. 1923, doc. 59, papers of the London Bureau of the LSI.

⁵⁸ WILPF, ‘Possible Courses which might be taken through the Instrumentality of the League of Nations’ (January 1923), doc. 55, papers of the London Bureau of the LSI. On pacifist responses in 1923, see also Daniel Laqua, ‘Reconciliation and the Post-War Order: The Place of the Deutsche Liga für Menschenrechte in Interwar Pacifism’, in idem, Internationalism Reconfigured, 213–14.

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⁶⁵ Friedrich Adler, ‘To the National Centres affiliated to the I.F.T.U. and to the Parties affiliated to the L.S.I.’, 17 May 1931, file 777/13, LSI Archives.

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⁷¹ Leventhal, Henderson, 202–3.

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⁷⁹ Mazower, No Enchanted Palace, 13. On the compatibility of notions of an imperial mission and support for the League of Nations, see Morefield, Jeanne, Covenants without Swords: Idealist Liberalism and the Spirit of Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005)Google Scholar.

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⁸³ Friedrich Adler to William Gillies, file 3050/65, LSI Archives.

⁸⁴ Natoli, Claudia, ‘Pour une histoire comparée des organisations communistes de solidarité: le Secours ouvrier international et le Secours rouge international’, in Gotovich, José and Morelli, Anne, eds., Les Solidarités Internationales. Histoire et perspectives (Brussels: Labor, 2003), 17–42Google Scholar; McMekeen, Sean, The Red Millionnaire: A Political Biography of Willi Münzenberg, Moscow's Secret Propaganda Tsar in the West (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁸⁸ Brockway, Inside the Left, 168.

⁸⁹ Maxton's tenure ended in 1929. The official reason was his refusal to condemn the Labour government's Middle Eastern policy: ‘Mr Maxton Expelled: The Anti-Imperialist League's Action’, Glasgow Herald, 20 September 1929. However, Brockway's memoirs (s.a.) describe Maxton's removal as part of a communist takeover.

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⁹⁶ Adami, [Romano Cocchi], ‘Die Aktion des Weltkomitees Amsterdam-Pleyel gegen den Krieg des italienischen Faschismus in Afrika’, Rundschau über Politik, Wirtschaft und Arbeiterbewegung, no. 43 (29 Aug. 1935) 1953Google Scholar.

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⁹⁸ Eley, Forging Democracy, 266. The term ‘Zimmerwaldism’ refers to revolutionary position that was articulated at the Zimmerwald Conference. Led by Lenin, the Zimmerwald Left attacked ‘[t]he perceived betrayal of the social democratic right’ and engaged in a ‘determined struggle against all odds for an uncompromised internationalism’: Nation, War on War, xii.

⁹⁹ Kowalski, Geschichte der Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Internationalen, 208–12; Horn, European Socialists, 47.

¹⁰⁰ Letter by Johan Willem Albarda, Het Volk, 16 June 1937.

¹⁰¹ Louis de Brouckère to Friedrich Adler, 19 June 1937, folder 2763, LSI Archives.

¹⁰² Friedrich Adler to Louis de Brouckère, 20 June 1937, ibid.

¹⁰³ Horn, European Socialists, 117.

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